经济学原理(双语)-教学大纲

《经济学原理》（双语）教学大纲

Principles of Economics（Class Syllabus）

课程编号：032023A

课程类型：□通识教育必修课□通识教育选修课

□专业必修课□专业选修课

?学科基础课

总学时：48讲课学时：48实验（上机）学时：0

学分：3

适用对象：经济类本科生

先修课程：高等数学

一、课程的教学目标

《经济学原理》包括《微观经济学》和《宏观经济学》两部分。经济学是研究稀缺资源在各种可供选择的用途中，如何进行最有效的配置，以使得人类的无限欲望得到最大满足的一门理论经济学。经济学作为理论经济学，是许多经济学科如管理经济学、公共财政学、市场学、国际经济学、货币银行学、财政学、国际贸易学、国际金融学等的理论基础。

微观经济学是以个体经济单位例如单个家庭、单个企业、单个市场为研究对象的一门理论经济学。它试图通过对个体经济单位经济行为的研究，来说明现代社会中市场机制的运行和作用以及如何改善这种运行的途径。宏观经济学是以社

会总体的经济行为即宏观经济运行作为研究对象的一门理论经济学。它试图通过对社会总体经济行为的研究，来说明市场经济条件下宏观经济的运行以及如何改善这种运行的途径。

目标1：系统理解和掌握经济学基本理论和基础知识

目标2：熟悉经济学中基本概念和基本原理的英文表述

目标3：能够运用所学原理分析实际经济问题和现象

目标4：为进一步学习其他经济类课程打下坚实的理论基础。

二、教学基本要求

教学内容：第二章的消费理论、第三章的生产理论、第五章的市场理论、第六章的生产要素市场和收入分配理论、第七章一般均衡、第九章国民收入核算、第十一章产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡、第十三章财政政策和货币政策、第十五章通货膨胀与失业应精讲、细讲。对各章重点内容，教师应阐述清楚基本原理，并在此基础上以一些浅显易懂的案例增进学生的理解，启发学生的求知欲与好奇心。

教学方法：为实现教学目标，本课程主要采取教师讲授的方式授课，任课教师应以多媒体教学为基本授课方式，教师也可以所采取的其他教学手段如课堂讨论、案例教学等。

课程要求：任课教师应要求学生在课前预习，课后应布置一些较深入的问题供学生探讨，学生须做课后习题。

课程的考核方式：本课程采用闭卷考试的形式，平时成绩占30％，期末考试成绩占70％。

教学过程中应注意理论与现实相结合。

三、各教学环节学时分配

Table：Distribution of Teaching Hours

四、教学内容

Chapter 1 Basic Elements of Supply and Demand

A. The Demand Schedule

1. The Demand Curve

2. Factors Affecting Demand

3. Demand Function

4. Shifts in Demand

5. The Market Demand Curve

B. The Supply Schedule

1. The Supply Curve

2. Factors Affecting Supply

3. Supply Function

4. Shifts in Supply

C. Equilibrium of Supply and Demand

1. Equilibrium of Supply and Demand Curve

2. The Invisible Hand

3. Some Examples

D. Elasticity of Demand and Supply

1. The Price Elasticity of Demand

2. Calculating Elasticities

3. Elasticity and Revenue

4. The Paradox of the Bumper Harvest

5. Price Elasticity of Supply

E. Applications to Current Economic Issues

1. The Economics of Agriculture

2. Long-Run Relative Decline of Farming

3. Impact of a Tax on Price and Quantity

4. Minimum Floors and Maximum Ceilings

教学重点、难点：

The Demand Curve; Factors Affecting Demand; Shifts in Demand; The Supply Curve; Factors Affecting Supply; Shifts in Supply; Equilibrium of Supply and

Demand Curve; The Price Elasticity of Demand; Price Elasticity of Supply 课程的考核要求：

通过本章的学习，使学生理解微观经济运行中需求与需求量、供给和供给量的区别、影响需求和供给的因素、均衡价格和供求定律、市场的作用、需求的价格、收入、交叉弹性和供给弹性的概念。

复习思考题：

1．What are the factors that affect the equilibrium price changes?

2. Peter took a vacation trip to Hainan Province last week. He thought his air travel was free because the airline ticket was bought using his frequent-flyer miles. Did Peter enjoy a free flight? What’s the consequence of his belief on travel decisions? Explain.

3. Please find the equilibrium in the following market and show your result graphically.

(a) Demand Q d = 5-2P and supply Q s = 3P.

(b) Demand Q d = 2-P and supply Q s = 1.

(c) Inverse demand P = 2 and supply Q s = 4P.

(d) Demand Q d = 16 = P and supply Q s = 2P2.

4. Below is a demand schedule for goods A and B. Please derive the aggregate demand. Show your results graphically.

Price A B

0 9 6

1 6 5

2 4 3

4 2 1

5 0 0

5．What are the factors that affect the price elasticity of demand changes?

6. What are the factors that affect the price elasticity of supply changes?

7. For the following functions, find the point elasticities at the points Q=5 and

Q=15 respectively. Is demand elastic, inelastic, or unitary elastic at these points?

(a) Q = 100 - 3P

(b) Q = 100 - 8P

(c) Q = 100 - P

8. Point Elasticities: suppose that the demand function for iPhone 6 is described by

Q = 4 - 2P + 2Y + 3P a

In this form Q is quantity, P is iPhone price, Y is income and P a is Android phone price.

Assume that P = 5; Y = 100; P a = 4. Please answer the following questions.

(a) Trivial: What is the quantity demanded for iPhone 6?

(b) Please derive the price, income and cross-price elasticities.

(c) Please derive three elasticities under new parameters: P = 4; Y = 200; P a = 5

Chapter 2 Consumer Behavior

A. Choice and Utility Theory

1. Cardinal Utility （基数效用）

2. Ordinal Utility （序数效用）

B. Marginal Utility and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

1. Why demand curves slope downward?

2. Substitution Effect VS. Income effect

C. From Individual to Market Demand

1. Demand Shifts

2. Substitutes and Complements

3. Empirical Estimates of Price and Income Elasticities

D. The Economics of Addiction

1. The Paradox of Value

2. Consumer Surplus

E. Analysis of Consumer Equilibrium

1. The Indifference Curve

2. Budget Line or Budget Constraint

3. The Equilibrium Position of Tangency

4. Changes in income and Price

5. Deriving the Demand Curve

教学重点、难点：

Utility; Marginal Utility; The Indifference Curve; budget line; Geometrical Analysis of Consumer Equilibrium; The effect of changes in income and price;

课程的考核要求：

通过本章的学习，学生应掌握消费者行为理论的基本内容，用理论分析消费者均衡即消费者效用最大化的基本条件、价格变化与收入变化对消费者均衡的影响、能够用消费者均衡理论推导需求曲线和恩格尔曲线；熟练掌握价格变动的替代效应与收入效应。

复习思考题：

1．How to derive a demand curve using ordinal utility theory?

2. Pizza-beer trade-off

(a) A slice of pizza costs $2 and a bottle of beer costs $1. Peter has a budget of $20. Please write down his budget line and show your result graphically. What is the slope of the budget line?

(b) Peter’s utility function is described by

u(x1; x2) = 0.4 ln x1 + 0.6 ln x2;

where x1 is the amount of pizza and x2 is the amount of beer. Please derive his marginal utility for pizza and beer respectively. What is the marginal rate of substitution? Show graphically the relationship between marginal utility (y-axis) and quantity of the good (x-axis).

(c) Using the information in the above two questions, can you derive the optimal choice for Peter? Hint: the optimal demand bundle is where the marginal rate of substitution equals the price ratio.

Chapter 3 Production Theory

A. Theory of Production and Marginal Products

1. Basic Concepts

The Production Function

Total, Average, and Marginal Product

The Law of Diminishing Returns

2. Returns to scale

3. Short Run and Long Run

4. Technological Change

5. Productivity and the Aggregate Production Function

B. Business Organizations

1. The Nature of the Firm

2. Big, Small and Infinitesimal Business

教学重点、难点：

The production function; productive factors; The Law of diminishing returns; total, average, and marginal product; production with two variable inputs；equal-product curve; CRS, IRS, DRS

课程的考核要求：

通过本章的教学，旨在使学生熟练掌握一种可变生产要素的生产函数、两种可变生产要素的生产函数，即厂商作为经济人为实现利润最大化，应如何选择生产的合理投入区和最优的生产要素投入组合，掌握规模收益和生产扩张的途径。

复习思考题：

1．In the case of only one variable factor of production, how to determine optimal utilization of the factors of production, when achieve a reasonable investment in the production area?

2. Explain the reasons for increasing returns to scale and decreasing returns to scale.

3. Please derive marginal product of labor, marginal product of capital, marginal rate of technical substitution, and returns to scale for the following production functions:

(a) Q = 2L + 8K

(b) Q = 3L + 5K + 1

(c) Q = 5LK

(d) Q = 2L0.3K0.7

(e) Q = 7L0.2K0.5

(f) Q = 4L0.4K0.8

Chapter 4 Analysis of Costs

A. Economic Analysis of Costs

1. Total Cost: Fixed Cost（FC）and Variable Cost（VC）

2. Marginal Cost （MC）

3. Average Cost

4. The Link between Production and Costs

5. Choice of Inputs by the Firm

B. Economic Costs and Business Accounting

1. The Income Statement （收益表）,or Statement of Profit and Loss（损益

表）

2. The Balance Sheet

C. Opportunity Cost

D. Production, Cost Theory, and Decisions of the Firm

1. The Law of Diminishing Marginal Product

2. Least-Cost Factor Combination for a Given Output

教学重点、难点：

Opportunity Cost; The Link between Production and Costs; total revenue, average revenue and marginal revenue; Equal-cost line; Least-Cost conditions 课程的考核要求：

通过本章的教学，旨在使学生熟练掌握厂商的生产成本与产量之间的关系，短期成本曲线、长期成本曲线，三种收益的关系、收益曲线，利润最大化均衡的条件，企业的行为。

复习思考题：

1．A firm’s short-run cost function is given by TC = 20 + 5Q + 2Q2, please derive the firm’s short-run marginal cost, average total cost, average fixed cost, average variable cost. Show your results graphically.

2. The figure below gives a firm’s long-run average cost curve.

$/unit

LAC

Q

(a) Over what region(s) does the firm experience increasing returns to scale?

(b) Over what region(s) does the firm experience constant returns to scale?

(c) Over what region(s) does the firm experience decreasing returns to scale?

(d) What is the firm’s minimum efficient scale?

Chapter 5 Markets Theory

A. Supply Behavior of the Competitive Firm

1. Factors determine the market type

2. Key Points for Perfectly Competition

3. Supply Decision of Competitive Firm

4. Shutdown Point

B. Supply Behavior in Competitive Industries

1. Summing All Firms’Supply Curves to Get Market Supply

2. Short-run and Long-run Equilibrium

3. The Long-run Equilibrium in A competitive Industry

C. Efficiency and Equity of Competitive Markets

1. Evaluating the Market Mechanism

2. Efficiency of Competitive Equilibrium

3. Equilibrium with Many Consumers and Markets

4. The Central Role of Marginal-Cost Pricing

D. Patterns of Imperfect competition

1. Definition of Imperfect competition

2. Varieties of Imperfect Competitors

3. Sources of Imperfect Competitors

E. Marginal Revenue and Monopoly

1. The Concept of Marginal Revenue

2. Profit Maximizing Conditions

3. The Marginal Principle: Let Bygones Be Bygones

F. Behavior of Imperfect Competitors

1. Four Kinds of Market Structures

2. Theories of Imperfect Competition

3. Price Discrimination

教学重点、难点：

Behavior of a Competitive Firm；Competitive Supply where Marginal Cost equals Price; Total Cost and Shutdown Condition; The Long-run Equilibrium in A competitive Industry; Efficiency and Equity of Competitive Markets; Definition of Imperfect competition；Varieties of Imperfect Competitors; Profit Maximizing Conditions; Monopoly Equilibrium in graphs; Oligopoly; Cournot Model; Game Theory

课程的考核要求：

通过本章的学习，使学生熟练掌握厂商实现利润最大化的条件，三种不同市场上的厂商的长期、短期均衡、完全竞争厂商的供给曲线的获得，不同市场结构

的条件，不同市场的均衡以及不同的市场结构对经济效率的影响，寡头市场上的博弈。

复习思考题：

1．Please describe the short-term and long-term equilibrium balance of perfectly competitive market.

2. In a perfectly competitive market, the demand function is Q d = 3-P and the supply function is Q s = 2P. Answer the following questions. Show your results both numerically and graphically.

(a) What is the competitive equilibrium?

(b) What is the consumer surplus?

(c) What is the producer surplus?

(d) If the government imposes a tax of $0.5 per unit, what are the new equilibrium quantity and price?

(e) What are the consumer surplus and producer surplus with the above tax?

(f) What is the deadweight loss caused by the above tax?

3．Determine the consumer surplus and the producer surplus for the following perfectly competitive market:

(a) Q d = 17-2P and Q s = 4P-1

(b) Q d = 15-5P and Q s = 5P-5

(c) Q d = 10-4P and Q s = 2P-2

4．Please draw a graph to explain monopolist's short-run equilibrium and long-run equilibrium.

5. In a pure monopoly market, the demand function is Q = 2-2P and the monopolist’s cost function is C = Q2. Answer the following questions both numerically and graphically.

(a) What is the marginal cost and marginal revenue?

(b) What is the supply function?

(c) What is the equilibrium quantity and price under monopoly?

(d) What is the maximum profit for the monopolist?

(e) What are the consumer surplus and producer surplus?

(f) What is the deadweight loss?

6．Please briefly describe the main contents and conclusions of the Cournot model.

Chapter 6 Productive Factor Markets and Income Distribution

A. Income and Wealth

B. Input Pricing by Marginal Productivity

1. The nature of factor demands

2. Distribution Theory and Marginal Revenue Product

3. The Demand for Factors of Production

4. The Supply for Factors of Production

5. An Invisible Hand for Income?

C. Fundamentals of Wage Determination

1. The General Wage Level

2. Demand for labor

3. The Supply of labor

4. Wage Differentials

D. Land and Rent

1. Rent as Return to Fixed Factors

2. Taxing Land

E. Capital and Interest

1. Basic concepts

2. Present Value for Assets

3. Profits

4. The Theory of Capital and Interest

5. Applications of Classical Capital Theory

6. Empirical Findings

7. Valedictory Thoughts on Factor Prices, Efficiency, and Distribution

教学重点、难点：

Input Pricing by Marginal Productivity; Fundamentals of Wage Determination; Land and Rent;Capital and Interest; Lorenz Curve; Gini Coefficient; Inequality 课程的考核要求：

通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握要素供给原则、买方和卖方垄断不同情况下的厂商对要素的需求，劳动供给曲线的特征、均衡工资的决定、土地的供给曲线、经济租金的决定、资本的供给曲线，掌握洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数，了解库兹涅茨的倒“U”字形假说

复习思考题：

1．Briefly explain the principles how the perfectly competitive firms use the productive factors.

2．Briefly describe the characteristics of the labor supply curve.

3. Briefly describe the determinants of equilibrium wages.

4．Briefly describe the characteristics of the land supply curve and the determinants of rent.

5. Briefly describe the characteristics of the capital supply curve and the determinants of equilibrium interest.

Chapter 7 General Equilibrium and Welfare Economics

A. The Efficiency of Perfect Competition

1. Partial Equilibrium

2. General Equilibrium

3. Positive Economics vs. Normative Economics

4. Judging Economic Efficiency

5. Pareto Criterion and Pareto Efficiency

B. Inequality

1. Gini coefficient

2. The Sources of Inequality

3. Improve Equality Will Hurt Efficiency

教学重点、难点：

partial equilibrium; general equilibrium; Pareto efficiency; perfect competition and Pareto Optimal; The Efficiency of Perfect Competition

课程的考核要求：

通过本章的学习，旨在使学生熟练掌握局部均衡和一般均衡、经济效率、帕累托最优的概念，帕累托最优、帕累托最优条件的交换、生产以及交换与生产，掌握完全竞争与帕累托最优、经济效率与公平的关系。

复习思考题：

1．What is the difference of partial equilibrium and general equilibrium? What is the condition of general equilibrium?

2. In an economy, what are the necessary conditions to achieve Pareto optimal state?

Chapter 8 Market Failure and Microeconomic Policy

A. Definition of Market Failure

B. Causes of Market Failure

1. Monopoly

2. Externality

3. Public Goods and Common Resources

4. Asymmetric Information

C. The Role of Government

教学重点、难点：

Definition of Market Failure; Causes of Market Failure; externalities; public goods; asymmetric information and moral hazard; government failure

课程的考核要求：

通过本章的学习，旨在使学生熟练掌握市场失灵以及导致市场失灵的原因，熟练掌握垄断、外部性、公共物品、信息不对称对经济效率的影响。

复习思考题：

1. Explain the reasons for the existence of market failure.

2. What are the reasons that market failure will lead to inefficient allocation of

resources?

Chapter 9 Measuring Economic Activity

A. Gross Domestic Product

1. Two Measures of National Income

2. The Problem of “Double Counting”

3. Value Added

B. Details of the National Accounts

1. Real vs. Nominal GDP

2. GDP, NDP and GNP

3. Composition of GDP

C. Beyond the National Accounts

教学重点、难点：

GDP; Two Measures of National Income; Real GDP; Nominal GDP; Inflation Rate; Full Employment、

课程的考核要求：

通过本章的学习，旨在使学生掌握宏观经济学的研究对象、宏观经济模型和宏观经济学的研究方法。学生应熟练掌握国民收入核算的基本方法，国民收入的基本公式即投资储蓄恒等式，掌握名义GDP与实际GDP的区别。

复习思考题：

1. Why invest equals savings is the macroeconomic equilibrium condition?

2. In the short term, explain why increase consumption, investment, government spending and exports can increase national income? And increase savings, income taxes and import will reduce income?

3. How to understand the complementary relationship between private savings, investment, government budget and foreign trade between?

4. How to understand the difference between nominal GDP and real GDP?

Chapter 10 Determination of National Income

A. Consumption and Saving

1. Consumption, Income and Saving

2. The Marginal Propensity to Consume

3. The Marginal Propensity to Save

4. National Consumption Behavior

B. Investment

1. Determinants of Investment

2. The Investment Demand Curve

C. The Basic Multiplier Model

1. Output Determination with Saving and Investment

2. Output Determined by Total Expenditures

3. The Multiplier

教学重点、难点：

Simple income determination theory; equilibrium output; Keynesian consumption theory; the determination of national income in two sectors economy; the multiplier theory; a variety of multipliers.

课程的考核要求：

通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握总需求、总产出、消费函数、乘数、两部门经济中的均衡产出决定模型、乘数发挥作用的条件。

复习思考题：

1. Using the changes in inventories mechanism to describe why actual output always tends to parallel equilibrium output in an economy?

2. How to understand the basic principles of national income determination and AD in the short term?

3. How to use investment equals savings identity to explain the determination of national income?

4. What is the role of the multiplier? What are the conditions for the multiplier effect of economic expansion?

Chapter 11 IS-LM Analysis

A. The IS Curve and Fiscal Policy

1. Fiscal Policy: The Transmission Mechanism

2. Crowding Out Effect

B. The LM Curve and Monetary Policy

1. Liquidity Trap

2. The Classical Case

教学重点、难点：

Investment function; IS Curve; the Demand for Money; Money Demand Function; LM Curve; Money Supply; Money Supply Function; IS-LM Model; effective Demand; MEC

课程的考核要求：

通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握产品市场上怎样推导出IS曲线、货币需求、货币供给、货币市场下怎样推导出的LM曲线、IS－LM模型、均衡国名收入和利率是如何变动的以及有效需求理论。

复习思考题：

1. What is the product market equilibrium condition? How is the IS curve

derived?

2. What is the role and conditions of the money multiplier mechanism?

3. What is the money market equilibrium condition? How is the LM curve derived??

4. How did Keynes explain the reasons for insufficient effective demand? What is his policy conclusion?

Chapter 12 Open-Economy Macroeconomics

A. Net Export Function

1. Open Economy IS Curve

2. Open Economy Multiplier

B. The BP Curve

1. Net Capital Outflow Function

2. Equation of the BP Curve

C. Mundell-Fleming Model

1. Fiscal Policy under Flexible Exchange Rate System

2. Monetary Policy under Flexible Exchange Rate System

3. Fiscal Policy under Fixed Exchange Rate System

4. Monetary Policy under Fixed Exchange Rate System

D. The Trilemma

教学重点、难点：

Exchange Rate; Net Export Function; Balance of International Payments; Exchange Rate System; J-curve Effect; IS-LM-BP Model

课程的考核要求：

通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握汇率及其标价、汇率的决定、净出口函数、国际收支的平衡、汇率变动对国际收支的影响、IS－LM－BP模型、资本完全流动下的IS－LM－BP模型。

复习思考题：

1. How to calculate purchasing power parity? Why PPP can only decide the long-term movements in the exchange rate?

2. What is the impact of changes in the real exchange rate on the balance of payments?

3. How is the net export function derived?

4. In an open economy, what is the determination of equilibrium output? Why

open economy multiplier is smaller than the closed economy multiplier?

Chapter 13 Monetary and Fiscal Policies

A. Fiscal Policy in the Multiplier Model

1. How Government Fiscal Policies Affect Output

2. Fiscal Policy Multiplier

3. Multipliers in Action

B. Central Banking and the Federal Reserve System

1. The Federal Reserve System

2. The Nuts and Bolts of Monetary Policy

C. The Effects of Money on Output and Prices

1. The Money Market

2. The Monetary Transmission Mechanism

D. The Policy Mix

教学重点、难点：

Objectives of Economic Policies; Tools of Fiscal Policy; Tools of Monetary Policy; Monetary Policy Multiplier; Fiscal Policy Multiplier; Spillover Effect 课程的考核要求：

通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握经济政策目标、财政的构成与财政政策工具、财政与货币政策内在稳定器、货币政策及其基本工具、财政政策与货币政策的乘数、财政政策和货币政策的传导过程以及溢出效应和回振效应。

复习思考题：

1. What are the objectives of economic policies?

2. What are the tools of monetary and fiscal policies? How to use these tools to intervene into the macroeconomic operation?

3. Why is there the crowding-out effect when we use expansionary fiscal policy?