外交学概论复习资料

理论篇：基本概念、外交起源与发展

一. What is diplomacy?

Diplomacy is the exercise of independent states to manage external affairs through official activities; an important peaceful means by the nation’s representatives to protect its interests an d implement its foreign policy; the science , art and skill of peaceful management of state relations. (The core of diplomacy is concerning to the idea of communication, It is the necessity of rational relations among states. The foundation of diplomacy is the international principles , conventions and regulations that is universally accepted.)

二. 5 functions served by diplomacy

⑴Representation;Communication;Negotiation;Observation;Protection

⑵New functions in the changing world:

①Expanding the public relations in foreign countries

②Promoting the national image by the Marketing ways

③Participating multilateral diplomacy, learn to deal with international controversial issues and provide international public goods

④Embassies must serve the broadening needs of their fellow citizens traveling /working/living abroad

三. what’s features of the definition of “narrow-sense”

diplomacy ?

“narrow-sense” diplomacy overweight the business of management of the foreign relations between states;

Implementing foreign policy; skills of the conduct of foreign behavior.

四.外交如何走向规范化？

The four development stages of diplomacy

1、the bud stage

in ancient times, there are lots of diplomatic activities in ancient China, India, Greece and Roman.

2、Preliminary stage of development—in the middle ages

AC.1455 The duke of milan sent envoys

to Genoa in the Italian Peninsula that is be seen

as the beginning of modern form of diplomacy.

The beginning of Resident envoys system

3、Regularization stage

①.1648, “Westphalia Contract ”----affirming the resident diplomat system by treaty

②.1815,”Vienna Meeting”---Diplomatic personnel rank in the articles of association

③.1961, “Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations”

五、冷战后外交新变化New diplomacy stage—after Cold War What’s the characteristic of the new diplomacy in the era of Globalization and multilateralism?

1. More players in diplomacy-----

1) more international organizations (including NGOs/MNCs)

2) more other government departments

3) more individuals who are not foreign service officers (heads of states/track two diplomats/general public )

2. More contents of diplomacy-----

the economy/technology/environmental protection/human rights/ money laundering/refugee dumping……

3. More diplomatic methods-----

Typical diplomatic methods: bilateral diplomacy/professional diplomatic representatives/

New methods: summit diplomacy /multilateral diplomacy/public diplomacy/internet diplomacy……

4. old or new? Change or unchanged?

unchanged: typical resident representatives---still important unchanged: purpose of diplomacy

制度篇：外交准则、外交规则与惯例、外交机构

一、Universally-Accepted fundamental Norms Governing Today’s diplomacy国际公认的当代外交基本准则

1. Sovereign equality 主权平等

2. Peaceful settlement of international disputes and non-use of force

和平解决国际争端，互不使用武力

?The contents in the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War (1928)

?The contents in the UN Charter

?“The parties to any dispute the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security , shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies of arrangements , or other peaceful means of their own choice.”

3. Non-interference in internal affairs of any state

不干涉任何国家的内政

what’s the principles of Chinese diplomacy?

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

1. mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity

2. mutual non-aggression

3. non-interference in each other’s internal affairs

4. equality and mutual benefit

5. peaceful coexistence

二、外交规则与惯例Diplomatic regulations and conventions

1.外交承认含义、方式P235、238

2.外交关系的建立P240

3.外交代表机关的建立和馆长的就任P244

4.外交团和外交团团长（diplomatic corps）P268

5.外交特权与豁免diplomatic privileges and immunities P334

6. order of precedence in diplomatic practice P326

三、外交机构Modern diplomatic institutions

1.The ministry of foreign affairs

?Functions of the ministry of foreign affairs

1) Representative as a whole

2)Connection between diplomatic decision-making departments and resident institutions

3)Policy recommendation and implementation

2.The embassy 大使馆P251

●The course of establishing an embassy

what’s the work of the charge d’ affaires ad interim?

what’s the difference between charge d’ affaires and charge d’ affaires ad interim?

●The appointment of an ambassador

What’s the course of appointing an ambassador

in China /the U.S./the United Kingdom?

why the agreement between two countries is necessary?

●Explain the core Functions of the embassy?

Representing

Protecting

Negotiating

Ascertaining

Promoting

●The composition and size of embassy

composition with ambassador as centre

1) Ambassador

(minister )

2) Counselor (political /commercial/cultural)

(charge d’ affaires )

3) Foreign secretary(3)

4) Diplomatic attache (attendant) /military attache

5) Diplomatic agents’ spouses

administrative and technical staff

Size: from 1 to 100 agents

2.领事馆

定义：Consulate is the representative of a government . When the government agreed by a government of another country, or according to the agreement reached with a government of another country , the consulate will be stationed in a particular city to the other country, and exercise of consular functions in a certain area.

职责

实践篇：外交谈判、外交方式（公共、首脑、经济）、外交官

一、公共外交、

1. What’s the public diplomacy?

work aiming to inform and engage individuals and organizations overseas in order to improve understanding and strengthen influence for the state by using mass media/cultural exchange and so on.

2.What’s the features of public diplomacy?

1. differences from traditional diplomacy

2. differences from propaganda

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee10924054.html,pared with people to people diplomacy cultural diplomacy

4.why does public diplomacy rise?

①informationization/democratization/and civil society enhance the influence of the public ,the public is becoming more important for diplomacy

②many countries take public diplomacy as the part of national

strategy because the soft power and national branding are more crucial for the country.

5.Brief summary:

①Public diplomacy is a new way that can be close to foreign public . It becomes many governments’ the important part of foreign strategy

②generally speaking, public diplomacy can promote understanding among different countries’ public.

③public diplomacy is the development of diplomatic institutions. The diplomatic system is forming “one body two wings” frame.

④Public Diplomacy can promote foreign policy, but can’t save a flawed policy.

二、经济外交

1.定义：The decision-making, policy-making by countries or international organizations for economic interests.

The decision-making, policy-making by countries or international organizations using economic methods to realize non-economic aims.

2.Origin and development

①before 19th century

②in 1866,the foreign affairs ministry of the U.K. established commerce

department

③rising after World War Second---Japanese economic diplomacy

④universal phenomenon after 1990s’

3.The form of economic diplomacy

Economic cooperation：trade/finance /oil

Economic aid：physical/technical/currency

Economic sanction：embargo/trade ceased/financial assets freeze International economic coordination:G8/G20/WTO/IMF

三、首脑外交见下

四、外交谈判

1.what is diplomatic negotiation?

Broad Sense：a peaceful method for the countries to deal with disputes and come to agreements.

Narrow Sense：

negotiation is a process in which explicit proposals are put forward publicly for the purpose of reaching agreement.

2. Features of negotiations

1. negotiation is like a sport, needing training and practising .

2. Mixed motives: all parties participating negotiation have mutual interests (the base) as well as conflict interests (the focus).

3. the course: all parties will set the highest and lowest aims for this negotiation. The final result will be in this range.

4. any negotiations will be the course of joint decision-making.

3. Types of negotiations

Rival negotiations :dispute solving

b oundary/trade/security incident……

Cooperative negotiations :

establishing relations/developing relations /aid/economic projects/arms control………

The negotiations in reality sometimes have mix of two types.

4. key elements and skills for successful negotiation

Interests, options, criteria, people

the skills as a whole

1. Identify your interests, guess and make sure the other side’s interests.

2. Set the highest and lowest aims for a negotiation and identify an explicit agenda and strategy in the negotiation.

3. Expand the mutual interests by inventing some options.

4. Provide the objective criteria for realizing the aims

5. Listening actively and healthy communication

6. Make use of the influence that your country has.

7. Make sure what you should do next if the negotiations broke down. (alternative)

例题

1、论述首脑外交的含义、形式和功能？

首脑会晤：双边首脑会晤的直接目的在于首脑直接参与会谈和对话，它不同于一般的外交磋商，是由首脑直接出面澄清国家的基本政策与战略，就国家间的基本原则达成谅解。首脑的通信通话：不同于传统的外交文书交往礼仪，越过传统的外交渠道，往往为重大的外交谈判或首脑会晤铺平道路。首脑访问，增进国家间的友好关系和相互理解的重要形式，通过首脑互访，可以使首脑之间建立相互信任和协商的关系。派遣特使或私人代表，到别国就两国关心的问题进行高级对话或传达讯息，突破外交僵局，以便尽快地再高层次取得决定性的谅解。首脑个人对外政策声明，首脑通常通过个人对政策声明，或利用回家发表对外讲话，虽以首脑个人名义发表，但往往体现了一国在特定时期对外政策的调整。

2、论述外交使团和外交人员应享有的不可侵犯性包括哪些方面？

根据《维也纳外交关系公约》的规定，外交使团及外交人员享有外交特权和豁免，在不可侵犯性方面表现为：

1、使馆馆舍不得侵犯：接受国官员在未经使馆馆长允许之前，不得进入使馆馆舍；接受国有义务采取一切适当步骤保护使馆馆舍免受损害或侵害，以及防止一切扰乱使馆安宁或有损使馆尊严之事情。

2、使馆档案文件不受侵犯：外交代表的档案和公文，外交人员的文件和信件及包括使馆馆舍内的其他设备和财产也不得侵犯。

3、使馆人员人身不受侵犯：接受国的有关机构不得对使馆人员加以逮捕或拘留，不得对其施加直接的强迫措施；接受国有义务对使馆人

员给予特殊的保护。

4、外交通讯不可侵犯：接受国有义务不妨碍外交代表机关通讯方便，并加以保障。

二、简答题

1.请回答外交代表机关的主要职责。

答：使馆之职务如下：第一，在接受国代表派遣国；第二，与国际法许可限度内，在接受国保护派遣国及其国民之利益；第三，与接受国政府办理交涉；第四，以一切合法手段调查接受国之状况及发展情形，向派遣国政府具报；第五，促进派遣国与接受国之友好关系。

2.请说明当代公认的主要外交基本准则。

答：联合国准则是当代国际关系中公认的准则和原则，概括起来可归结为：

主权平等原则：是主权原则的自然延长，一切主权国家之间自然应该是平等的。这一原则是指导当代外交实践的首要准则。

和平解决国际争端，互不使用武力：《联合国宪章》规定，各会员国在国际关系中不得以武力相威胁或使用武力。

不干涉任何国家的内政：这一规定仍是主权原则的自然延伸，联合国无权干涉会员

4.外交承认的理论含义和实践方式是什么？

理论含义：它有两种含义：一是指一个主权国家承认另一个主权国家；二是指承认一个主权国家的新政权为这一主权国家的合法政府。

实践方式：外交承认可以采取不同的方式，第一种是比较郑重的方式，

如有关国际发表联合公报，宣布相互承认。另外，在外交实践中还存在“事实上的承认”的做法，即一国不公开对另一国表示承认，但通过具有法律效果的实际行动，如签订具有官方色彩的协定，事实上对另一国的主权国家地位或新政府的合法性表示了承认。

5.多边外交的特点和作用是什么？

特点：1、以国际会议、国际协商为主要工作方式

2、组织工作是多边性的，达成协议进程缓慢，不能急于求成

3、通过投票表决程序和协商机制来决定多边外交的成果

4、议程较为确定，讨论有较大的公开性

5、不过分拘于外交位次、礼仪

作用：1.、多边外交是国家间广泛交往的重要渠道

2、在和平解决国际争端，消除地区热点，缓和紧张局势方面，多边外交起着特殊的促进作用

3.、区域性的多边外交对维护地区和平与安全，反对霸权主义的控制和排除外来干涉方面，作用更为直接和明显

4、加强国际合作，开展国际援助，促进全球谈判与国际经济秩序的改造，推动各国经济、社会的发，解决人类共同面临的全球性问题

5、在冷战后国际格局的重组，国际政治经济新秩序的建立，国际关系民主化发展的进程中，多边外交有其特殊的作用