2015年自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料

《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料第一章

一、术语

制成品manufactured goods

资本货物capital goods

国际收支balance of payments

经常项目current account

有形贸易项目visible trade account

无形贸易项目invisible trade account

贸易顺差trade surplus

贸易逆差trade deficit

易货贸易barter

补偿贸易compensation trade

反向贸易counter-trade

组装生产assembly manufacturing

工商统一税industrial and commercial consolidated tax

合资企业joint venture

延期付款deferred payment

买方信贷buyer credit

卖方信贷supplier credit

软贷款（低息贷款）soft loan 最惠国待遇MFN treatment （Most Favored nation treatment）

永久性正常贸易关系PNTR （Permanent Normal Trading Relations）

国民收入NI（National Income）国民生产总值GNP（Gross National Product）

国内生产总值GDP（Gross Domestic Product）

国际复兴和开发银行IBRD （International Bank for Reconstruction and Development）国际开发协会IDA（International Development Association）

国际金融公司IFC（International Finance Comporation）经济合作和发展组织OECD

（Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development）

国际清算银行BIS（Bank for

International Settlement）

欧洲经济共同体EEC

（European Economic

Community）

欧洲联盟EU（European Union）

外商直接投资FDI（Foreign

Direct Investment）

二、词语释义：

substantially ：dramatically，

significantly，considerably

subsequently：afterwards

exacerbate：deteriorate，

worsen；aggravate；make worse

withdraw：cancellation

theme：principle

in return for：in exchange for

disrupt：interrupt

destined：designed

pronounced：marked

in the wake of：following；after

with

undue：too much；unbearable

reverse：change to the opposite

buoyant：brisk

outcome：result

boost：stimulate；promote；

develop

recover：rebound

facilitate：make easy

run-down：reduction

mount exhibitions：hold

exhibitions

insofar as：to the extent

bottlenecks：obstacles

三、句子翻译

1. During the 1950s China

exported agricultural products to

the USSR and East European

countries in return for

manufactured goods and the

capital equipment required for the

country…s industrialization

programme which placed

emphasis on the development of

heavy industry.

20世纪50年代，中国向前苏联

和东欧各国出口农产品以换取

制成品和国家的工业化计划所

要求的资本设备，而国家的工业

化计划则强调重工业的发展。

2. The growth of foreign trade

was distrupted again during the

Cultural Revolution when

agricultural and industrial

production fell sharply and

transportation constraints became

more serious.

在文化大革命期间，外贸的增长

又一次被打断了。当时农业和工

业生产急剧下降，运输管制变的

更严重。

3. Exports grew much faster than

imports during this period not

only because of the strong

emphasis placed on exporting by

China…s economic planners，but

also because a number of

industrial projects were

postponed in 1979. Official

recognition that foreign

technology could play a major

role in modernizing the Chinese

economy has caused imports to

rise by more than 50 per cent in

1978，placing undue strain on

the national economy.

在这个时期，出口增长要快于进

口增长不仅是由于中国经济计

划者着重强调出口，也是因为大

多工业项目在1979年被推迟

了。官方承认外国技术能够在中

国经济的现代化化中起重大作

用，这导致了1978年中国的进

口增加了50%以上，从而给国民

经济带来了重压。

4. Chinese official stress the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry，but the need is for technology of varying degrees of sophistication，not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West.

中国官员强调为国内工业引进先进技术的重要性，但是需要的是各种程度不同的精尖技术，而不是像西方国家理解的先进技术。

5. There are no official statistics covering the invisible account of the balance of payments，but the size of the visible trade surplus during 1981-1983 and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest that the current account has been in surplus over the past few years. 没有官方的统计资料涉及无形贸易收支，但在1981-1983年期间的有形贸易顺差的大小和旅游赢利的显著增长表明了经常项目在过去几年里有盈余。

6. Goods are produced according to a sample provided by the customer，while strong encouragement is given to compensation trade whereby a foreign seller supplies raw materials and equipment and receives manufactured goods，produced by the equipment provided，in return .Compensation trade differs from barter or counter-trade insofar as there is a direct link between the equipment supplied from abroad and the manufactured product. Assembly manufacturing began in 1978 and

particular forms of foreign trade

are eligible for exemption from

customs duties and taxation.

根据顾客提供的样品来生产产

品，同时强烈鼓励补偿贸易。由

此国外的供应商提供原材料和

设备并收到由其提供的设备生

产出来的制成品作为回报。补偿

贸易在某种程度上不同于易货

贸易和反向贸易，在国外提供的

设备和制成品中有直接的联系。

来件组装始于1978年，特殊的

对外贸易形式有资格免除关税

和其他税收。

7. The debt problems confronting

a number of developing countries

have reinforced China…s

determination to introduce

foreign technology by means of

direct investment and

concessionary finance rather than

by raising substantial sums of

money on the international capital

markets. The authorities do not

consider it appropriate to incur

large amounts of external

debt until a number of practical

bottlenecks in the economy，

such as an inadequate transport

network and energy constraints，

have been tackled.

许多发展中国家面对的债务问

题使中国在引进外国技术时下

了这样的决心：采用直接投资和

优惠付款方式融资，而不是在国

际资本市场筹集大额的资金。在

经济中的许多实际瓶颈，如运输

网络的不足和能源缺乏被克服

以前，官方认为招来大笔外债的

做法是不妥当的。

第二章

一、术语：

1.The special Economic Zone 经

济特区

2.a well-placed source 一位高层

消息灵通人士

3.infrastructure 基础设施

4.capital stock 实际资本

5.consumer goods 消费品

6.preferential tax rate 优惠

税率

7.cooperative enterprise 合

作（经营）企业

8.ETDZ （Economic

&Technical Development Zone ）

经济技术开发区

9.entrepreneurship 企业家

精神

10.means of production 生

产资料

11.stock-taking 评估

12.Allocation of resources

资源配置

13.macroregulation and

control 宏观调控

14.fiscal policies 财政政策

15.tight monetary policy 紧

缩的货币政策

16.working capital 运营资

本

17.basic policy 基本国策

18.technical transformation

技术革新

二、词语释义：

1.in piecemeal form：piece

by piece；gradually 逐渐的

2.showpiece： a prime or

outstanding example 典范

3.pipedream：fantasy；

daydream；dream that cannot be

realized 白日梦

4.from scratch：from the very

beginning 从零开始，从最初开

始

5.grassroots：basic level 基层

6.the dust settles：the

confusion ends 尘埃落定

7.in the driver…s seat：in the dominant position

三、句子翻译：

1.A clearly confident China has rolled up a large section of its bamboo curtain，declared itself “open to the outside world” and hung signs on nearly all its cities inviting foreign investors to come and do serious business.

明显地，满怀信心的中国卷起了大部分的竹幕，并宣布向外部世界开放，打出邀请外国投资者来它所有的城市投资项目的招牌。

2.The literally，this does not make more sense as the parts of the coast which have not been “opened” are simply not ready for the demands of foreign businessman.

从字面上来理解，这没有太大的意义，由于部分沿海城市还没有为外商的需求做好准备。

3.In the SEZs，which are being built almost from scratch，foreigners can invest in anything which the state deems useful for the country，be it，for example，production of goods for export or construction of private-housing estates.

在一切几乎从零开始的经济特区，只要中国政府认为对国家有益，外国人可对任何项目进行投资，例如出口货物的生产或私人住宅的房地产开发。

4.So，while comprehensive framework for the country“s modernization has been provided by the central committee”s 21 October 1984 decision to reform the economic structure，it will be some time before the dust settles and local authorities and foreign investors can deal with one

another in a systematic way.

因此，虽然中央委员会1984

年10月21日的改革经济结构的

决定为该国的现代化提供了一

个综合的框架，但要等尘埃落

定、要等地方政府与外国投资者

能有条不紊的打交道却还需要

一段时间。https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee11486953.html,/

5.Stock-taking of the open

policy will come later this year

when the National People…s

Congress discusses the seventh

five-year plan，which will run to

the end of the decade.

评估开放政策将在这年迟一

些到来，在全国人民代表大会讨

论第七个五年计划，到10年末

将进行。

第三章

一、术语：

1.economic heavyweight 举足轻

重的经济强国

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee11486953.html,mercial hub 商业活动中

心

3.Per capita 人均

4.Gross National Product 国民生

产总值

5.punitive import tariff 惩罚性进

口关税

6.securities 有价证券

7.real estate market 房地产市场

8.“ Greater China”trade bloc “大

中华”贸易集团

9.conglomerate 跨行业公司

10.consortium 国际财团

11.GA TT：General Agreement on

Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定

二、词语释义：

1.jockey：move

2.is bustling with：is filled with

3.giddy：dizzy；euphoric

4.farfetched：improbable；

incredible

5.clear：earn a net profit

6.deal a hard blow t strike heavily

7.rung：level

8.retaliation：return of ill

treatment for ill treatment；

revenge；reprisal

9.career out of control：run out

of control

三、句子翻译：

1. A farfetched prediction？The

new American administration

doesn't think so. Bill Clinton has

appointed China hands to top

Asia posts at the state and

Treasury departments. When

critics called the appointments a

slight to Japan，the leading

Pacific economic power，U.S.

Deputy Treasury Secretary Roger

Altman explained the

administration's reasoning：by

early in the next century，he

said ，China may replace Japan in

importance to the U.S. as an

economic partner. Japan

recognizes the rise of China. As a

warning shot in an intensifying

rivalry，Tokyo last week put

punitive import tariffs on Chinese

steel.

一个牵强的预测吗？新美国行

政机构不这样俯为，克林顿已被

委任中国国务院和财政部在亚

洲的要职，评论家称这个委任冷

落了日本。最大的太平经济力

量，美国的代表-财政部长罗

格·奥得曼解释行政机构的理

由：他说：“在下个世纪初，中

国可以会取代日本作为美国经

济伙伴的重要地位。”日本承认

中国的崛起，上周日本作为在日

益激烈竞争中的一次鸣枪警示

给中国的钢以惩罚性的进口关

税。

2.With the U.S. Congress due to consider the renewal of China's most-favored nation trade status in June，officials in Beijing fear the trade imbalance could surpass human rights as a source of U.S. opposition to preferred status for China. "The trade surplus itself will be the NO.1 problem this year." Says one Chinese official. "After Japan，we'll be first in line for relation."

美国议会由于考虑在六月延长中国最惠国待遇，北京的官员担心贸易不平衡可能超越人权问题而作为反对优惠待遇的借口。中国的一位官员说：“贸易顺差将会成为今年首要问题。”继日本之后，我们会成为第一个被报复的国家。

3.However，even as the party promotes growth as a national priority，it worries about going too far. Inflation has recently climbed back into double digits，and the party press is issuing strident warnings，urging restraint on buyers and sellers alike. Rapid development is overwhelming China's antique transport networks.

然而，正当党把促进增长作为一个国家优先的问题时，它又担心增长的太快。通货膨胀已在近期又回到了两位数，党政刊物发出刺耳的警告，力劝买卖方都要克制。

第四章

一、术语：

1.centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济

2.market economy 市场经济

3.disinflationary

anti-inflationary）policies 反通货膨胀政策

4.deflation 通货紧缩

5.short-term dollar interest rates

短期美元利率

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee11486953.html,modity market 商品市场

7.nominal （dollar）terms 名义

（美元）价

8.constant （dollar）terms 不变

（美元）价9.business cycle 商

业周期

10.weighted average 加权平均

数

11.hard currencies 硬通货

12.fiscal adjustment 财政调整

13.portfolio investment 有价证

券投资

14.market diversification 市场多

元化

15.tight credit policy 紧缩的信

贷政策

16.exchange-rate devaluation 汇

率贬值

17.accommodative monetary

policy 融通性货币政策

18.yield curve 收益曲线

9.per capita GDP 人均国内生产

总值

20.GATT：General Agreement

on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定

21.EMS：European Monetary

System 欧洲货币体系

22.GDP deflator 消除国内生产

总值通货膨胀因素指数（GDP

平减指数）

23.CMEA （Comecon）：Council

for Mutual Economic Assistance

经互会

24.LIBOR：London Inter-Bank

Offered Rate 伦敦同业银行优惠

利率

22.per capita income 人均收入

23.multilateral trade agreements

多边贸易协定

24.Portfolio investment 证券投

资

25.cyclical deceleration in

investment spending 生产总值

通货膨胀因素指数

26.the population-weighted

growth rate 人口加权增长率

二、词语释义：

1.in a row：in succession

2.easing：slowing down；

decrease

3.momentum：force of

movement

4.underlying：being at the basis

of

5.slackening：slowing of speed

https://www.360docs.net/doc/ee11486953.html,pound：worsen

7.moderate inflation：ease

inflation

8.robust：strong and healthy

9.setbacks：frustrations

10.slump：depression

11.edge down：move slowly

down

12.depreciation：devaluation

13.spike：abrupt increase

14.pick-up：recovery

15.rein in：control

16.bottoming-out：reaching the

lowest point before rising again

（止跌回升）

17.stagnat：stop；almost

三、句子翻译：

1.International conditions for

growth in developing countries

deteriorated in 1991. The Seven

major industrial countries （the

G-7）experienced a significant

slowdown in GDP growth-from

2.8 percent in 1990 to 1.9 percent

during 1991 as recession gripped

Canada，the United Kingdom，

and the United States and growth

rates slowed in Continental

Europe and Japan. In important respects. The slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies，weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983. In addition， a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending.

1991年，在发展中国家增长恶化的国际情形下，七个主要工业国的国内生产总值经历了一个急剧的下滑，从1990年的2.8%下降到1991年的1.9%，像加拿大、美国、英国陷入了萧条，欧洲大陆和日本增长率减缓。这个减速与发生在20世纪70年代和80年代的不同。并不是反通货膨胀政策的结果，需求的疲软大多与发展势头的丧失紧密相关，这个势头开始于1983年，在长期扩充中已经形成。此外，在许多工业国减速的一个普遍的根本因素是投资开支的周期性。2.Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 percent in nominal commodity prices and to a slackening，to 3 percent，in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the soviet Union and its successor states，

where a growing shortage of

foreign exchange led to a

compression of import from

Eastern Europe and an

acceleration of certain commodity

exports to earn hard currencies.

尽管美国疲软的需求导致了短

期美元利率急剧地下跌，但对于

发展中国家的发展是积极的，它

也导致了名义产品价格约6%的

下跌，世界贸易增长下跌了3%.

苏联和它的后继国经济情形的

恶化加剧了这一趋势，外汇短缺

的增长导致了从东欧进口的压

缩，加速了某些产品的出口，获

得了硬通货。

3.Financial stress brought on by

excessive debt in the household

and corporate sectors was an

example of another kind of

structural problem，in particular

for the economies of Japan and

the United States. Financial

institutions in these two countries

adopted more conservative

lending policies，curtailing

financing of higher-risk projects

such as commercial construction

and highly leveraged corporate

transaction. A number of weaker

institutions were also

consolicated through bankruptcy，

merger and reorganization.

过多债务的财政压力招致了家

族和公司部门是另外一种结构

问题的例子，尤其是日本和美国

的经济。这两个国家在财政制度

上采取了比较保守的借贷政策，

削减了对商业建筑这类高风险

的财政项目和对公司依靠大量

借贷进行交易的融资。大多数疲

软的机构也通过破产，合并和重

组来联合。

4.The major risk facing this

highly trade-oriented region is the

potential for sluggishness or

disruption in world-trade flows.

Economic weakness in some of

the region's traditional export

markets has underlined the

importance of market

diversification，including a

further strengthening of ties

within the region. Increasingly

buoyant intraregional trade in

East Asia may be viewed as

evidence of an ongoing process of

“market-oriented” regional

integration，a development that

could partially offset lackluster

progress in the area of

multilateral trade agreements.

这个高度以贸易为导向的地区

面对的风险主要是潜在的世界

贸易流中的萧条或混乱。一些地

区传统出口市场的经济萎靡已

强调了市场多样化的重要性。包

括进一步加强地区内的联系。

日益活跃的东亚内贸易可被视

为一个“市场导向”地区一体化

的见证，这一点可弥补多边贸易

协定领域毫无生气的进展局面。

第五章

一、术语：

trade representative 贸易谈判代

表

government procurement 政府采

购

NAFTA （North America Free

Trade Agreements ）北美自由贸

易协定

trade sanctions 贸易制裁

trade hawks 贸易中主张强硬路

线的鹰派人物

二、词语释义：

1.tough：uncompromising （不

妥协的，强硬的）

2.discrimination：unfair treatment

3.sanctions：penalty

4.escalate：develop；intensify

5.frictions：conflicts

6.procurement：purchase

7.be bullied into doing：be forced to do

8.is awake t is conscious of

9.amenable to responsive to

10.a ragged start：a poor start

11.intolerable：unbearable

12.retaliate：revenge；reprisal

13.impose：exert；influence 14s.drawn-out：prolonged and boring

15.shock：impact

16. prompting：provoking

17. tactical：skillful

18. underpinning：foundation

19. peeved：annoyed

20. embrace：acceptance

三、句子翻译：

1.WASHINGTON-The Clinton administration is drawing the first lines of a tougher U.S. policy on trade，signaling to Europe and Japan that it will demand fairer treatment for American exports and is prepared to see relationships with U.S. trading partners get worse before they get better.

华盛顿消息：克林顿政府正采取更加强硬的美国贸易政策，向欧洲和日本发出信号要求对美国的出口品提供一个更为公正的待遇，并已做好准备迎接将在与贸易伙伴关系改善之前出现的关系恶化。

2.The strongest signal came last week，when Mickey Kanter，the U.S. trade representative，moved quickly to cite the 12-nation European Community

for “intolerable” discrimination

against U.S. companies seeking

government contracts within the

community. The administration

will begin retaliating in six weeks

if EC policies remain unchanged.

最强的信号来自于上周，美国贸

易代表米奇·凯特引用欧共体的

话指出，12国欧共体谋求共同

体内部的政府间合同是对美国

公司的“令人无法忍受的”歧视。

凯特先生说，如果欧共体一意孤

行，美国政府将于六周后开始报

复。

3.Administration officials see

little risk that this more

aggressive policy could escalate

into a full-fledged trade war that

would shock the world's fragile

economies. Thus，the

administration will not be

deterred by complaints that it has

moved to"protectionism."

对于这种更加大胆的政策会升

级为震动世界脆弱经济的全面

贸易战争，政府官员认为这种危

险的可能性很小，因此虽有人抱

怨美国已趋向“贸易保护主义”，

政府不会受其阻碍。

4.In some ways，Mr. Clinton and

his advisers are following the

same well-trod path as the Bush

administration，which threatened

sanctions against the Community

last year and walked away from

GA TT negotiations rather than

sign an agreement that would

provide only small gains for U.S.

companies.

从某种程度上，克林顿先生和他

的顾问们正在走一条人们熟悉

的与布什政府相同的路。布什政

府去年曾威胁对欧共体实行制

裁，并退出了关贸总协定的谈

判，没有答署只会给美国公司带

来小量收益的协定。

第六章

一、术语：

the single market 统一大市场

Maastricht Treaty 马斯特里赫特

条约

barrier-free market 无壁垒市场

free-trade zone 自由贸易区

referendum 公民复决投票

merger 兼并

budget cuts 预算削减political

and economic integration 政治经

济一体化

deregulation 放松管制

privatization 私有化

二、词语释义：

big bang：strong and powerful

effect；impact （不同凡响的效

果）

sour：worsen backlash：a strong

adverse reaction

be bursting to：be eager to （迫

不及待地… ）skid：slide；

fall

gush about：talk about with

excessive enthusiasm （滔滔不绝

地谈论）

translate into：transform into

hang over：impend over；

threaten

三、句子翻译：

1.Yet in its current dour mood，

Europe risks almost overlooking

the revolutionary step forward it

has taken in creating the world's

largest and wealthiest barrier-free

market —and on a continent

where，for centuries，economic

battles have led to some of

history's bloodiest wars. But

perhaps the major reason is the

dark economic clouds now

hanging over Europe. One of the central justifications for the single market was its ability to create greater prosperity，but it is making its debut just as Europe traverses one of its roughest economic storms in years.

然而在目前抑郁的情绪中，欧洲几乎冒险忽视了那种前进的革命性步伐，它曾以那种步伐创立了世界上最大的、最富有的自由市场——在一个大洲，那里几个世纪以来经济上的争斗已经导致了一些历史上最血腥的战争。另外，一些观察家说，如果无法通过推进欧洲一体化来加强大市场，那将导致破坏内部市场计划已经取得的成就。

2. The single market is central to the community's progress，but it is by no means certain that it could stand alone，says one senior EC official here，"if the political will to continue moving forward fails，we can anticipate more strains in the marriage contract that ultimately would strike at what we've accomplished."

“大市场是共同体进步的中心，但是决不能肯定它能独立存在”，一位欧共体高级官员在这里说，“如果继续前进的政治意愿没有了，我们能预见到联姻协议中会出现更多的紧张因素，它们最终会打击我们已经取得的成绩。”

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