初中英语语法简单句

初中英语语法简单句
初中英语语法简单句

十、简单句

1、简单句的特点:简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。

2、简单句的种类:简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。

3、陈述句:

用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。

▲陈述句的肯定式: He is a middle school student.(他是个中学生)/ I have a hammer in my hand.(我手上有把锤子)/ She teaches us geography.(她教我们地理)/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.(新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢)

▲陈述句的否定式:

1)谓语动词如果是to be 、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如:My brother is not a teacher.(我的弟弟不是教师)/ He does not have a cousin.(他没有堂兄弟)/ I will not go there tomorrow.(明天我不去那儿)/ My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.(我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭)/ You must not make such mistakes again.(你不该再犯类似错误了)/ We haven’t discussed the question yet(我们还没有讨论那个问题呢).

2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(don’t).如:I don’t know anything about it.(此事我一无所知) / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.(李明不在农村养猪)/ We didn’t expect to meet her right here.(我们没指望着在这里见到她)/ We didn’t have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)

3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与have got的否定式相同。如:I haven’t (got) any brothers or sisters.(我没有兄弟姐妹)

[注意]

①句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、not…at all等;All of them went there.→None of them went there.(他们全都去了那里→他们全都没去那里)②句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom 等词时, 则视为否定句。如:Few people live there because life there is very hard.(几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了)

③陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如:That’s your boss?(那就是你的老板?!)

④陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序,即:主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。

⑤所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。如:The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. (老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家)/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?(能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗?)

4、疑问句:

▲一般疑问句:用“yes”或“no”来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。

1)一般疑问句构成:句中谓语动词是to be、助动词、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。如:Is he an engineer?(他是工程师吗?)/ Have you got today’s newspaper? (你有今天的报纸吗?)/ Shall we go to see a film this evening? (我们今晚去看电影好吗?)/ Can you explain it ?(你能解释它吗?)/ Is there any fish for supper?(晚饭有鱼吗?)/ Would you like to go out for a walk?(你想出去散步吗?)

谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do / does / did, 原来的谓语动词改为原形。如:Do you get up at six every morning?(你天天早晨六点起身吗?)/ Does she study hard?(她学习努力吗?)/ Did you go there yesterday?(昨天你去那儿了吗?)

2)一般疑问句的回答:

一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如:

Will you join us in playing basketball?(你加入我们打篮球好吗?)—Yes, we will.(是的我们会。)/ —No, we won’t.(不我们不会。)

Have you got today’s newspaper?(你有今天的报纸吗?)—Yes, I have .(是的有。)/ —No, I haven’t.(不没有。)

回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。

[注意] 回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。

3)一般疑问句的否定结构(即否定形式的一般疑问句)表示惊奇、责怪、建议、看法等,只要将“not”置于主语之后或者将“not”放到主语之前与be, have等助动词或情态动词合并在一起就可以了。如:

Will he not come?(他难道不来吗?)/ Isn’t your sister a Party member?(你的姐姐不是党员吗?)/ Haven’t you any brothers?(你没有哥哥吗?)/ Don’t you like the play?(你难道不喜欢这个话剧吗?)/ Can’t we walk a little farther?(我们不能走远些吗?)/ Won’t you sit down?(你不想坐下吗?)/ Hasn’t she heard of the matter?(她没听说过这事儿?)

这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定结构”;如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定结构”。(情况与反意问句类似。)如:

Can’t he answer the question? (他不能回答这个问题吗?)

—Yes,he can.(不,他能回答这个问题。) —No,he can’t. (是的,他不能回答这个问题。)

▲特殊疑问句:要求具体回答的问句。

1)特殊疑问句结构是:

疑问代词+一般疑问句+?

除who以外的疑问代词短语

疑问副词

如:What do you want?(你要什么?)/ Who(m) are you looking for ?(你在找谁?)/ Whose magazine is this?(这是谁的杂志?)/Which class are you in?(你在哪班?)/ When did you get up this morning?(你今早什么时候起身的?)/ Where have you been?(你到哪儿去了?)/ Why did he go to bed so early?(他为什么这么早睡觉?)/ How did you go there?(你是怎么去的那儿?)

但是,“who”引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句

词序相同:如:Who is dancing over there?(谁在那边跳舞?)

有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如:What is on the wall?(什么东西在墙上?/墙上有什么?)/ Which is yours?(哪个是你的?)/ Whose book is in your bag?(谁的书在你的书包里?)[注意]从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用!如果只对主语或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。

2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词:

疑问代词: who, whom, whose, which, what,

疑问副词: when, where, why, how,

how构成的短语:how many (多少个) (独立用;或跟可数名词), how much (多少) (独立用;或跟不可数名词), how old (多大年纪), how far (多远), how often (多常),how long (多久,多长), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。

3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如:Why don’t you ask Jim instead?(常缩略为Why not…?) (你为什么不转请Jim呢?)

4) 特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如:When and where were you born? (你是何时何地出生的?)

5) 疑问词如果是介词的宾语,则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如:What do you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干嘛要一台电脑呢?)

▲反意疑问句:反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”或“no”来进行回答。

1) 构成:由两部分组成:前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,它是由be ,have, 助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构;反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致;反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。

陈述句部分附加问句部分注意点

肯定陈述句否定的简短一般问句当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句中沿用该词;否则就使用do/does//did.

否定陈述句肯定的简短一般问句

如:He is old, isn’t he? (他老了不是吗?) / The man went away, didn’t he? (那个男人走开了不是吗?) / He isn’t ol d, is he? (他不老是吗?) / He never went there, did he? (他从没有去过那里是吗?)

2) 反意问句的回答:

无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循:“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式”

如:The man went away, didn’t he?(那人走开了,不是吗?)

——Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didn’t.(不,他没有走。)

The man never went there, did he?(这人从来不去那里,是吗?)

——Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, he didn’t.(是呀,他不去。)

▲选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。

1) 构成:(1) 一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项?

(2) 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项?

2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如:

Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl. (----你的朋友是男孩还是女孩?----是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? –Tea, please. (---你要哪一样咖啡还是茶?----请来茶吧。) / Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? --Dancing, of course. (----唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样?----当然是跳舞啦!)

5、祈使句:祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。

▲祈使句的肯定式:动词(原形) + 其他如:Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) / Shut up! (住嘴!)

▲祈使句的否定式:Don’t +动词原形 + 其他如:Please don’t talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。) / Don’t look back! (不要掉头看。)

[注意] 以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“let’s”后面。如:Let’s not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)

肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如:Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)

6、感叹句:感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“!”

▲对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是:

What + (a /an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如:What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩!) / What bad weather (it is)! (天气真糟糕!)

▲仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是:How + 形容词/副词 + 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefully the old man walks! (这老人走路真小心!) / How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃!) / How beautiful! (真美呀!)

▲有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。He is sitting on a tiger’s back! (他坐在老虎的背上!) / A nice shot! (漂亮一击!) / Good goal! (好球!)

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3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。 5、定语:对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。 The black bike is mine.(形容词) The boy in blue is Jim.(介词短语) I have nothing to do today.(动词不定式) 注意:1) 当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如: I tell him something interesting. 2) 不定式、短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。 例如:The boys who are in the room are playing games. 6、状语:用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置灵活。 1、修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前; I am very sorry. 2、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首。In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth. They are writing English in the classroom. 3、一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。 We often help him.

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