高中英语语法句法篇八、特殊句式

最常见到的四种特殊句式：全部倒装、部分倒装、省略句和反意疑问句。

1 全部倒装

1. There be句型：可以用在这类句型中的动词除be外，还可用live，exist，remain，stand等作谓语。例如：

(1) There are many students in the classroom.

(2) Long long ago, there lived a king who loved horses very much.

2. 用于“here（there，now，then）+不及物动词+主语”的句型中，或以out，in，up，down，away等副词开头的句子里，以表示强调。例如：

Here comes the bus.

Out went the children.

3. 由then引起，谓语为come，follow的句子。例如：

(1) Then came a new difficulty.

(2) Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War.

4. 当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语时，也常常引起全部倒装。例如：

In the middle of our school stands a high building.

5. 表语放在句首时，倒装结构为“表语+系动词+主语”。表语常为形容词、过去分词和介词短语。例如：

(1) Gone are the days when they would do what they liked.

(2) Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.

2 部分倒装

1. only+副词/介词短语/状语从句置于句首。

例如：Only then did I realize the importance of English.

注意：①在only+状语从句+主句结构中，主句用倒装结构但从句用正常语序。

Only when you have finished your homework（从句用正常语序）can you go to the cinema.

②only修饰主语，不倒装。Only Tom knows how to deal with the tough situation.

2. 否定词(短语)开头的句子：

表示否定意义的副词never，nor，neither；xk;w

表示半否定意义的副词hardly，few，seldom，little；

含有no和not的词组by no means(绝不)，in no time(很快)，at no time(在任何时候都不)，not until, not only … but also...，no sooner...than

(1) Never shall I believe you again.

(2) Little did he know who the woman was.

(3) Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

3. 以so开头，用“so+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”表明前面叙述的肯定情况也适合于另一个人或物，译作“也，同样，也如此”。表示前面叙述的否定情况也适合于另一个人或物，用“neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”。译作“也不是，也没有”。例如：

The boy left home, and so did his sister a week later.

－I don’t think I can walk any further.

—Neither can I. Let’s stop for a rest.

注意：当so表示对前句内容的肯定、附和或进一步强调前面所说的情况，译作“的确，正是”时，用正常语序。例如：

— Tom works hard.

— So he does and so do you.

4. 如果虚拟条件句的谓语含有were，should，had，可以把if省略，而将这三个词放于条件句主语前构成倒装。

例如：

If there should be a flood, what would we do?

Should there be a flood, what would we do?

5. 频度副词及短语often，always，now and then，many a time，every other day等放在句首时，有时也倒装。

例如：Many a time has he come to comfort me.

6. 某些表示祝愿的句子也用倒装语序。例如：May you succeed!

3 省略句

1. 如果复合句中的时间、条件、原因状语从句用了主语+be+分词结构，且主、从句主语一致时，可省略从句的连接词、主语和be动词，只保留分词和其他成分。例如：

Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (Lost in thought为As he was lost in thought的省略)

2. 如复合句中从句的句尾和主句相重复的话，从句的句尾可省略。例如：

(1) Li Lei will play football if Mike will (play football).

(2) Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won’t (sweep the floor).

3. 在回答问句及其他形式的答语中，如有和上文重复的不定式时，在答语中只保留其不定式符号to，而把动词和其他部分省略。例如：

— I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?

— Not at all. I’d be happy to. (I’d be happy to后省略了look after your cat)

4. 在英语中，有一些特殊的省略结构，如：What/How about...? Why not do...?等实际上已形成了习惯用法。例如：

— I usually go there by train.

— Why not try going by boat for a change?

4 反意疑问句

反意疑问句是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定，而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句。其结构为：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简单问句。完成后一部分简单问句时，要根据前面陈述句的动词时态和人称来选择适当的助动词进行提问，前后两部分的人称和动词时态要保持一致。如果前一部分用肯定式，后一部分一般用否定式；反之，前一部分为否定式，后一部分要用肯定式。

1、反意疑问句的一般情况

(1) 当陈述部分的主语是everyone，everybody，someone，no one，nobody，somebody等时，其附加部分的主语强调全部可用they，强调个体也可用he。例如：

Somebody phoned while I was out, didn’t he?

Everyone knows what money means, doesn’t he/don’t they?

(2) 当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this，that或these，those时，附加问句中的主语分别用it和they。例如：This is important, isn’t it?

These are your friends Tom and Jack, aren’t they?

(3) 当陈述部分的主语是everything，anything，nothing等时，附加问句中的主语用it。

例如：Everything seems all right now, doesn’t it?

(4) 陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词，如：never，hardly，scarcely，seldom，no，none， no one，rarely，nowhere，nothing，nobody，few，little等，附加问句一般用肯定式。

例如：She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?

2、常见句型的反意疑问句

(1) 当陈述部分是there be句型时，其后的附加问句也用there。

There will be a special exhibition on tomorrow, won’t there?

(2) 祈使句后面的反意疑问句问题：

①祈使句是否定形式，附加疑问部分只能用will you。

Don’t forget the meeting, will you?xk,w

②祈使句是肯定形式，附加疑问部分用肯定、否定均可。

Give me some cigarettes, will you/ won’t you?

3、复合句的反意疑问句

当陈述部分是“I’m sure，I’m afraid，I don’t think (suppose，expect，imagine，believe等)+宾语从句”结构时，附加问句应与从句主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意陈述部

分的否定转移现象。

例如：

I’m sure that he is late for school, isn’t he?

I don’t think she cares, does she?

4、关于情态动词的反意疑问句

(1) 陈述部分中有have/had to，附加疑问句部分通常用do的相应形式代替。例如：

You have to get up early tomorrow to catch the first bus, don’t you?

(2) 陈述部分中是mustn’t表示“禁止”时，附加疑问句部分用must；陈述部分中的must表示“一定、想必”等推测意义时，附加疑问句部分则是根据陈述部分的谓语动词或其助动词来定。

例如：

You mustn’t walk on the grass, must you?

You must be very thirsty, aren’t you? （对想在情况的推测）

It must have snowed last night, didn’t it? （对过去情况的推测）

(3) 陈述部分是I wish，表示询问或征求意见，附加疑问部分用may I。

例如：

I wish to see you again, may I?

5 强调句句型

1. 陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其他部分。

eg. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping. 他撞见李萍是在昨天。

2. 一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。

eg. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping？

3. 强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。

强调主语：It was I that （who） met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.

强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.

强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.

强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.

4. 注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that， who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that， who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was ……，其余的时态用It is ……

6 not … until … 句型的强调句

句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分

eg. 普通句：He didn't go to bed until/ till his wife came back.

强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.

注意：此句型只用until，不用till.

7 谓语动词的强调

It is/ was …… that ……结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did.

eg. Do sit down. 务必请坐。

He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。

Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！

注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。

【真题演练】

【2017·天津卷】It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.

A. who

B. where

C. which

D. that

【答案】D

【解析】

【2016·江苏】.Not until recently ______the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.

A. they had encouraged

B. had they encouraged

C. did they encourage

D. they encouraged

【答案】C

【解析】

地区开展与旅游业有关的活动。故C正确。

【2015·湖南】Always ________ in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.

A. to keep

B. to have kept

C．keep D．have kept

【答案】C