桥式起重机控制线路设计毕业设计

畢業設計

設計題目： 205t橋式起重機控制線路設計系別：機械工程系

專業：

班級：

姓名：

學號：

指導老師：

完成時間：

目錄

摘要 (Ⅰ)

ABSTRACT (Ⅱ)

第一章20/5t橋式起重機常用電器，電機及選用………………………………………

1.1 常用低壓電器……………………………………………………………………

1.2 熔斷器………………………………………………………………………………

1.3 刀開關………………………………………………………………………………

1.4 20/5t橋式起重機變頻調速系統主要輔件選用……………………………………

1.5 20/5t橋式起重機變頻調速系統電動機容量選用……………………………………

1.6 20/5t橋式起重機變頻調速系統變頻器容量選用……………………………………

1.7 電阻器和頻敏變阻器…………………………………………………………………

1.8 電磁鐵………………………………………………………………………………第二章凸輪控制器，變頻器……………………………………………………………

2.1 凸輪控制器……………………………………………………………………

2.2 變頻器………………………………………………………………………………第三章20/5t橋式起重機電氣控制線路………………………………………………………

3.1 橋式起重機的電氣控制要求………………………………………………………

3.2 副鉤凸輪控制器控制電路………………………………………………………

3.3保護電路………………………………………………………………………

結束語…………………………………………………………………………………………參考文獻………………………………………………………………………………

摘要

橋式起重機是橋架在高架軌道上運行的一種橋架型起重機，又稱天車。橋式起重機的橋架沿鋪設在兩側高架上的軌道縱向運行，起重小車沿鋪設在橋架上的軌道橫向運行，構成一矩形的工作範圍，就可以充分利用橋架下麵的空間吊運物料，不受地面設備的阻礙。橋式起重機廣泛地應用在室內外倉庫、廠房、碼頭和露天貯料場等處。橋式起重機可分為普通橋式起重機、簡易粱橋式起重機和冶金專用橋式起重機三種。

普通橋式起重機一般由起重小車、橋架運行機構、橋架金屬結構組成。起重小車又由起升機構、小車運行機構和小車架三部分組成。

起升機構包括電動機、制動器、減速器、捲筒和滑輪組。電動機通過減速器，帶動捲筒轉動，使鋼絲繩繞上捲筒或從捲筒放下，以升降重物。小車架是支托和安裝起升機構和小車運行機構等部件的機架，通常為焊接結構。

起重機運行機構的驅動方式可分為兩大類：一類為集中驅動，即用一臺電動機帶動長傳動軸驅動兩邊的主動車輪；另一類為分別驅動、即兩邊的主動車輪各用一臺電動機驅動。中、小型橋式起重機較多採用制動器、減速器和電動機組合成一體的“三合一”驅動方式，大起重量的普通橋式起重機為便於安裝和調整，驅動裝置常採用萬向聯軸器。

起重機運行機構一般只用四個主動和從動車輪，如果起重量很大，常用增加車輪的辦法來降低輪壓。當車輪超過四個時，必須採用鉸接均衡車架裝置，使起重機的載荷均勻地分佈在各車輪上。

橋架的金屬結構由主粱和端粱組成，分為單主粱橋架和雙粱橋架兩類。單主粱橋架由單根主粱和位於跨度兩邊的端粱組成，雙粱橋架由兩根主粱和端粱組成。主粱與端粱剛性連接，端粱兩端裝有車輪，用以支承橋架在高架上運行。主粱上焊有軌道，供起重小車運行。橋架主粱的結構類型較多比較典型的有箱形結構、四桁架結構和空腹桁架結構。

箱形結構又可分為正軌箱形雙粱、偏軌箱形雙粱、偏軌箱形單主粱等幾種。正軌箱形雙粱是廣泛採用的一種基本形式，主粱由上、下翼緣板和兩側的垂直腹板組成，小車鋼軌佈置在上翼緣板的中心線上，它的結構簡單，製造方便，適於成批生產，但自重較大。偏軌箱形雙粱和偏軌箱形單主粱的截面都是由上、下翼緣板和不等厚的主副腹板組成，小車鋼軌佈置在主腹板上方，箱體內的短加勁板可以省去，其中偏軌箱形單主粱是由一根寬翼緣箱形主粱代替兩根主粱，自重較小，但製造較複雜。四桁架式結構由四片平面桁架組合成封閉型空間結構，在上水平桁架表面一般鋪有走臺板，自重輕，剛度大，但與其他結構相比，外形尺寸大，製造較複雜，疲勞強度較低，已較少生產。空腹桁架結構類似偏軌

箱形主粱，由四片鋼板組成一封閉結構，除主腹板為實腹工字形粱外，其餘三片鋼板上按照設計要求切割成許多窗口，形成一個無斜杆的空腹桁架，在上、下水平桁架表面鋪有走臺板，起重機運行機構及電氣設備裝在橋架內部，自重較輕，整體剛度大，這在中國是較為廣泛採用的一種型式。

普通橋式起重機主要採用電力驅動，一般是在司機室內操縱，也有遠距離控制的。起重量可達五百噸，跨度可達60米。簡易梁橋式起重機又稱粱式起重機，其結構組成與普通橋式起重機類似，起重量、跨度和工作速度均較小。橋架主粱是由工字鋼或其他型鋼和板鋼組成的簡單截面粱，用手拉葫蘆或電動葫蘆配上簡易小車作為起重小車，小車一般在工字粱的下翼緣上運行。橋架可以沿高架上的軌道運行，也可沿懸吊在高架下麵的軌道運行，這種起重機稱為懸掛粱式起重機。冶金專用橋式起重機在鋼鐵生產過程中可參與特定的工藝操作，其基本結構與普通橋式起重機相似，但在起重小車上還裝有特殊的工作機構或裝置。這種起重機的工作特點是使用頻繁、條件惡劣，工作級別較高。

主要有五種類型。鑄造起重機：供吊運鐵水注入混鐵爐、煉鋼爐和吊運鋼水注入連續鑄錠設備或鋼錠模等用。主小車吊運盛桶，副小車進行翻轉盛桶等輔助工作。

夾鉗起重機：利用夾鉗將高溫鋼錠垂直地吊運到深坑均熱爐中，或把它取出放到運錠車上。脫錠起重機：用以把鋼錠從鋼錠模中強制脫出。小車上有專門的脫錠裝置，脫錠方式根據錠模的形狀而定：有的脫錠起重機用項杆壓住鋼錠，用大鉗提起錠模；有的用大鉗壓住錠模，用小鉗提起鋼錠。加料起重機：用以將爐料加到平爐中。主小車的立柱下端裝有挑杆，用以挑動料箱並將它送入爐內。主柱可繞垂直軸回轉，挑杆可上下擺動和回轉。副小車用於修爐等輔助作業。鍛造起重機：用以與水壓機配合鍛造大型工件。主小車吊鉤上懸掛特殊翻料器，用以支持和翻轉工件；副小車用來抬起工件。

ABSTRACT

The bridge-type hoist crane is the bridge one kind of bridge hoist crane which moves on the elevated track, also calls the overhead traveling crane. The bridge-type hoist crane's bridge along lays down on the both sides high structure the orbital longitudinal movement, the crab along lays down on bridge's orbital crosswise movement, constitutes a rectangular operating region, may lift the material fully using the bridge following space, not above-ground equipment's hindrance. the bridge-type hoist crane widely applies in the indoor outside warehouse, the workshop, the wharf and open-air stores the materials yard and so on place. The bridge-type hoist crane may divide into the ordinary bridge-type hoist crane, the simple Liang bridge-type hoist crane and the metallurgy special-purpose bridge-type hoist crane three kinds. The ordinary bridge-type hoist crane by the crab, the bridge movement organization, the bridge metal structure is composed generally. The crab by the hoisting mechanism, the car movement organization and the trolley frame three parts is composed. Hoisting mechanism including electric motor, brake, reduction gear, reel and block and tackle. The electric motor through the reduction gear, leads the reel rotation, causes the steel wire to wind the reel or to lay down from the reel, rises and falls the heavy item. The trolley frame is a request with installment part's and so on hoisting mechanism and car movement organization racks, usually for welding structure.

The hoist crane movement organization's drive type may divide into two broad headings: One kind is the centralism actuation, namely drives the long pass moving axis with an electric motor to actuate two side the driving wheels; Another kind to actuate, namely two side driving wheels to use a direct motor drive respectively separately. Medium, the small bridge-type hoist crane uses the brake, the reduction gear and the motor group synthesizes a body “the method of three-in-one” the drive type, the great lifting capacity's ordinary bridge-type hoist crane to be

advantageous for the installment and the adjustment, the drive often uses the rotary shaft coupling. The hoist crane movement organization only uses four generally initiative and the driven wheel, if the lifting capacity is very big, increases wheel's means to reduce the wheel-pressure commonly used. When the wheel surpasses four, must use the hinge balanced frame installment, causes hoist crane's load to distribute evenly on various wheels.

Bridge's metal structure is composed of main Liang Heduan Liang, divides into Shan Zhuliang the bridge and the double Liang bridge two kinds. Shan Zhuliang the bridge is composed of simple root main Liang and located at span two side end Liang, the double Liang bridge is composed of two main Liang Heduan Liang. Main Liang Yuduan the Liang rigid connection, carries the Liang both sides to be loaded with the wheel, with moves by the supporting bridge on the high structure. On main Liang welds has the track, for crab movement. The bridge main Liang's structure type are many quite typical has the box of shape structure, four girder constructions and the open-web truss structure. the box shape structure may divide into stock rail box shape double Liang, leaning axle box shape double Liang, leaning axle box shape Shan Zhuliang and so on several kinds.

Stock rail box shape double Liang is one fundamental mode which widely uses, advocates Liang is composed of the top and bottom flange plate and the both sides vertical web plate, the car rail arrangement in on flange plate's middle line, its structure is simple, the manufacture is convenient, is suitable for the mass productions, but is self-possessed in a big way. The leaning axle box shape double Liang Hepian axle box shape Shan Zhuliang section is and the uniform thickness host vice-web plate is not composed of the top and bottom flange plate, the car rail arrangement above the main web plate, the box in vivo's short stiffening plate may omit, leaning axle box shape Shan Zhuliang is replaces two main Liang by a wide flange box shape main Liang, is self-possessed is small, but makes complex. Four truss type structure combines the enclosed type spatial structure by four piece of plane girders, is sailing upstream the plane frame work surface general shop to have the platen, is self-possessed lightly, the rigidity is big, but