南平市最新时事政治—价值决定价格的易错题汇编含解析
一、选择题
1．2017年初动车票价普遍上涨3成，其主要原因之一在于动车提速所带来的电力机械损耗、安全保障、调度难度及服务质量等运营成本增加了。这说明
A．价值决定价格 B．供求影响价格 C．价格制约供求 D．质量影响价格
2．随着科技的进步，智能机器人逐渐进入了人们的视线，但智能机器人高昂的价格让不少人望而却步。让智能机器人进入寻常百姓家的关键是智能机器人行业要
①提高产品的科技含量
②提高社会劳动生产率
③加大互补品的研发力度
④降低社会必要劳动时间
A．①③B．①④C．②③D．②④
3．春节期间，同学们外出旅行既可以乘坐飞机，也可以乘坐高铁。在这里，飞机和高铁是A．互补关系的交通工具B．互相替代的交通工具
C．价值量相同的交通工具D．价格相等的交通工具
4．经济学的“丰收悖论”是这样表述的：“（在完全竞争的市场上）如果某一农场主获得丰收，他的农场收入会增加；如果所有农场主的收成都破丰收纪录的话，则他们的农场收入都会下降。”“丰收悖论”的合理性在于
A．农产品需求弹性大
B．农产品需求弹性小
C．商品的价值决定商品的价格
D．在完全竞争的市场上，劳动效率与劳动收益成反比
5．今年我国面临的贸易摩擦形势复杂严峻。前11个月，我国产品共遭遇101起贸易救济调查，其中反倾销57起，反补贴29起；涉案金额总计324亿美元。与去年同期相比，案件数量和金额分别增长了38%和108%。从行业来看，主要是钢铁、化工、建材；从国别来看，主要是美国、印度、加拿大、澳大利亚。面对复杂严峻的贸易环境，我国企业应该：①降低商品价值量，形成价格优势②依靠自力更生，改变国际化战略
③转变对外贸易方式，优化出口商品结构④实施多元出口战略，积极开拓国际市场A．①②B．②③C．①④D．③④
6．人工智能已经成为新一轮产业变革的核心驱动力。当前，不少企业正加大人工智能的投入。从劳动价值论角度看，企业加大人工智能投入对企业的影响传导正确的是
①商品价值总量增加
②单位商品价值量增加
③个别劳动生产率提高
④产品数量增多
⑤企业竞争力增强
A．③→④→①→⑤B．③→④→②→⑤
C．②→③→①→⑤D．③→①→⑤→④
7．手工面包使用纯天然酵母需要等待3-5个小时进行发酵，花近24小时去打造一个面
包；而工厂面包使用加速发酵添加剂，大约3小时左右即可制作完成。这意味着
①手工面包生产者将迅速被淘汰②劳动时间的长短影响面包价格
③工厂面包生产者得到丰厚利润④生产要素的不同影响面包成本
A．①②B．②③C．②④D．③④
8．2019年7月10-13日，第8届中国国际机器人展览会（CIROS）在国家会展中心隆重举办。本届展览会汇集了200多家优质展商、300多家专业媒体以及数万名参展观众，向我们呈现了一场机器人领域的科技盛宴。展出的机器人不仅颜值高、会说话，还能进行主持、解说、弹琴服务等工作。机器人逐渐向社会生活领域普及带来的影响是（）A．相对于一般的劳动者，机器人会创造出更多的价值
B．会逐步取代人们对生存资料的消费需求
C．会增强人对机器的依赖，使人的劳动技能不断下降
D．使得部分行业用工减少，逐渐改变就业结构
9．对下图判断正确的是
①该图展示的是市场配置资源的流程②该图展示的是国家宏观调控的流程
③该图说明企业要面向市场调节生产④该图说明价格是由供求关系决定的
A．①②B．①③C．②④D．③④
10．1颗柠檬值多少钱?鲜果批发大约每公斤7元，平均下来1颗还不到1元钱。然而，经深加工之后，变成柠檬片、柠檬糕、柠檬饮料等绿色食品，变成生物药液、面膜等，附加值提升了几十倍。这说明
①创新发展决定着商品价值②供给侧结构调整能提升产品竞争力
③全产业链能提升商品附加值④深加工是提高企业经济效益的关键
A．①④B．②③C．①②D．③④
11．在其他条件不变的情况下，某汽车零部件厂率先提高了劳动生产率，因此该厂生产的零部件单位商品价值量______，商品价值总量______。
A．提高提高B．不变提高C．降低提高D．不变降低
12．物价是反映国民经济运行与发展的重要指标，是国民经济运行与发展的“晴雨表”。作为“晴雨表”的物价，可以反映下列内容
①商品的价值
②企业的发展质量和效益
③商品的使用价值
④市场供给和需求的关系
A．①③ B．②④ C．①④ D．③④
13．每年的11月11日成了全民狂欢“购物节”。据统计，2013年“双11”，淘宝24小时便创造出350亿元的成交额。电子商务模式与传统商务模式相比，对居民消费产生越来越大
的影响。下列传递路径正确的是（）
①居民收入增加②流通环节减少③消费观念转变④居民消费水平提高
⑤流通成本降低⑥商品价格下降⑦社会保障制度健全
A．①一③一⑦一④B．⑦一⑥一③一④
C．①一⑥一②一④D．②一⑤一⑥一④
14．社会必要劳动时间，是指在现有的社会正常的生产条件下，在社会平均的劳动熟练程度和劳动强度下，制造某种商品所需要的劳动时间。假设某时期，全社会生产A商品的企业仅有3家，如下表：
若不考虑其他因素，下列说法正确的是
①甲企业的生产效率最高，有可能盈利②乙企业的生产条件属于正常生产条件
③丙企业劳动强度最低，商品价值最高④三家企业生产的A商品价值量相等
A．①②B．③④C．①④D．②③
15．根据马克思的劳动价值理论，如果生产某种商品的社会劳动生产率提高，在其他条件不变的情况下，与生产该商品相关的判断如下表所示。
序号社会必要劳动时间单位商品价值商品数量商品价值总量
①缩短降低增加不变
②缩短降低增加增加
③不变增加降低不变
④不变降低增加增加
A．①B．②C．③D．④
16．同等价位的商品，消费者往往更关注其功能和质量；相同功能和质量的商品，消费者往往更关注其价格。据此可以推断( )
①商品价值的实现受多种因素的影响②消费心理影响人们的购物选择
③商品性价比决定消费者的购物选择④质量和功能决定商品的价值
A．①②B．②④C．②③D．③④
17．下图为某国市场上M商品的主要供应者。
不考虑其他因素，依据图表信息可以作出的判断是
①丙生产的单位M商品的价值量最高
②甲生产的M商品的质量和品牌知名度高
③乙生产的M商品的价格最低销量最好
④丁生产的M商品的市场竞争力不强
A．①②B．③④C．①③D．②④
18．若不考虑其他因素，下列说法与图意相符合的是（）
①图表示了某种商品的价格（P）与该商品的生产规模变化（Q）的关系
②甲与乙是替代商品，图表示了甲的价格（P）与乙的需求（Q）的关系
③图表示了某商品个别劳动生产率（P）与该商品价值量变化（Q）的关系
④甲与乙是互补商品，图表示了甲的价格（P）与乙的需求（Q）的关系
A．①②B．①③C．②④D．③④
19．当前是知识经济时代，新的知识、新的技术极大地促进了社会的发展。假定某企业通过一种高新技术，转变了经济增长方式，提高了劳动生产率。不考虑其他因素，下列推导能正确反映该企业提高劳动生产率意义的是
①商品价值总量增加②单位商品价值量减少
③社会必要劳动时间缩短④在竞争中处于有利地位
A．①④B．②③C．③④D．①③
20．马太效应是指强者愈强、弱者愈弱的现象，这在我国智能手机市场体现的较为明显。2017年第二季度，华为、OPPO、vivo、小米和苹果占据了整个智能手机市场75%的出货量，比一季度的总市场占有率增长了10%。这些厂商之所以能够强者愈强，可能得益于：
①产品的功能强大决定了其市场售价较高
②个别劳动时间小于社会必要劳动时间
③通过自主研发提高了商品的价值量
④依托科技创新提高了企业劳动生产率
A．①②B．①③C．②④D．③④
21．劳动生产率，是指劳动者的生产效率，劳动生产率越高，在单位时间内生产的产品数量就越多，平均到单位产品上的劳动时间就越少。下列推导能正确反映企业提高劳动生产率意义的是
①商品价值总量增加
②单位商品价值量减少
③个别劳动时间缩短
④竞争中处于有利地位
A．③→②→④B．②→①→③C．③→④→①D．③→①→④22．下列经济现象与经济学道理对应一致的有：
①乐于购买明星代言的商品——求异心理引发的消费
②性价比高——使用价值越大的商品，价格越高
③只买对的，不选贵的——求实心理主导的消费
④注重品味，购买豪华住宅——享受资料消费
A．①② B．①③ C．②④ D．③④
23．下列图象中x轴表示个别劳动生产率，y轴表示商品的价值总量，其中正确反映两者关系的是
A．
B．
C．
D．
24．假定2018年1件甲商品=2件乙商品符合等价交换原则，2019因多种因素影响使得生产甲商品的社会必要劳动时间增加一倍，而生产乙商品的社会劳动生产率提高一倍，那么，2019年一件甲商品可以换（）乙商品。
A．4B．6C．10D．8
25．“米面粮油，外卖帮你能搬又能扛；感冒发烧，外卖代买常用药；上门烧菜、上门洗车，人与服务的距离被大大拉近。”如今，这类服务随处可见，被趣称为“懒人经济”。下列分析正确的有（）
①社会分工细化，满足多样化需求②增加享受资料支出，助长非理性消费
③扩大相关服务交易规模，促进就业④增加相关商品的生产成本，提高价格
A．①②B．①③C．②④D．③④
【参考答案】***试卷处理标记，请不要删除
一、选择题
1．A
解析：A
【解析】
影响直通车车票价格普遍上涨的因素主要有两个，一是成本上升带来的价格上涨，二是供求变化带来的价格上涨。材料强调的是动车提速所带来的电力机械损耗、安全保障，调度难度及服务质量等运营成本增加，故A项符合题意；BCD项均与题意不符；正确选项为A。【点睛】价值决定价格，价值是价格的基础，价格是价值的货币表现。当动车成本上升时，会引起动车价格的普遍上涨。
2．D
解析：D
【解析】
【详解】
随着科技的进步，智能机器人进入了人们的视线，但高昂的价格让人望而却步。让智能机器人进入寻常百姓家的关键是智能机器人行业要提高社会劳动生产率，缩短生产这种产品的社会必要劳动时间，②④符合题意；①说法错误，提高产品的科技含量不能降低商品的价格，不是智能家电飞入寻常百姓家的关键；影响价格的根本因素是价值，与互补品的研发无关，③与题意无关。所以本题选D。
3．B
解析：B
【详解】
A：飞机和高铁是互相替代的交通工具，不是互补关系的交通工具，A错误。
B：外出旅行既可以乘坐飞机，也可以乘坐高铁。在这里，飞机和高铁是互相替代的交通工具，B正确。
C：题目中没有阐述飞机和高铁的价值量的问题，不能得出其价值量相同的结论，C排除。D：题目中没有阐述飞机和高铁的价格的问题，不能得出其价格相等的结论，D排除。
故本题选B。
4．B
解析：B
【解析】
【详解】
农产品需求弹性小，其需求量的变动受其价格的变动影响较小，因此，如果所有农场主的收成都破丰收纪录的话，农产品严重供过于求，价格下跌，但这并不会导致农产品销量的大幅增加，因此仍然会导致很多农产品难以卖出去，所以他们的农场收入都会下降，可见，“丰收悖论”的合理性在于农产品需求弹性小，故A错误，B正确； C不符合题意，材料所述没有涉及“价值决定价格”。D错误，在完全竞争的市场上，劳动效率与劳动收益成正比。故选B。
5．D
解析：D
【详解】
本题考查发展更高层次的开放型经济。①：商品的价值量是由社会必要劳动时间决定，提高个别劳动生产率，不能降低商品价值量，①错误。
②：面对反倾销和反补贴等贸易摩擦，我企业不能改变国际化战略，②错误。
③④：面对反倾销和反补贴等贸易摩擦，我国企业应积极调整对外经济发展方式，优化商品结构，实施多元化出口战略，积极开拓市场，③④正确。
故本题选D。
【点睛】
本题易错选①。原因在于错误理解商品的价值量。商品的价值量不是由各个商品生产者所耗费的个别劳动时间决定的，而是由社会必要劳动时间决定的。每个商品生产者用高于或低于社会必要劳动时间生产的商品，都只能按社会必要劳动时间决定的价值量出售。6．A
解析：A
【详解】
③：从劳动价值论角度看，企业加大人工智能投入有利于提高个别劳动生产率，③排第一。
④：个别劳动生产率提高，一定时间内生产的产品数量增多，④排第二。
①：价值总量=单位商品的价值量*商品数量，产品数量增多，商品价值总量增加，①排第三。
⑤：商品价值总量增加，企业竞争力增强，⑤排第四。
②：单位商品的价值量由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定，与个别劳动生产率无关。企业加大人工智能投入没有增加单位商品价值量，②不合题意。传导正确的是
③→④→①→⑤。
故本题选A。
【点睛】
传导性试题最常用的方法是“首位判断法”或“尾项判断法”，即找出事件、现象关联中的第一位或最后一位。对于较复杂的排序选择题无法用“首位判断法”直接选出正确答案
时，通常采用“首尾两端结合判断法”进行解答。第一步，先看“首”，运用排除法缩小范围。第二步，看“尾”，即对剩余项的“尾”进行比较分析，判断哪个项正确。排序选择题的设计无论内容和形式怎样变化，在掌握基础知识的前提下，充分运用解题技巧，注意内容之间的逻辑关系，就能化繁为简，变难为易。
7．C
解析：C
【详解】
①：手工面包与工厂面包各具有优势，“手工面包生产者将迅速被淘汰”说法错误。①错误。
②：价值是凝结在商品中无差别的人类劳动，劳动量由劳动时间来衡量，所以劳动时间的长短影响面包价格，②正确。
③：手工面包与工厂面包各具有优势，工厂面包生产者不一定得到丰厚利润，③错误。
④：材料中“手工面包使用纯天然酵母”与“工厂面包使用加速发酵添加剂”，体现了生产要素的不同影响面包成本，④正确。
故本题选C。
8．D
解析：D
【详解】
A：相对于一般的劳动者，机器人会创造出更多的价值，这是从企业生产角度分析，A不合题意。
B：机器人逐渐向社会生活领域普及会降低人们对生存资料的需求，但不能取代，B错误。C：机器人逐渐向社会生活领域普及会增强人对机器的依赖，对人的劳动技能提出更高要求，C错误。
D：机器人逐渐向社会生活领域普及，使得部分行业用工减少，逐渐改变就业结构，D符合题意。
故本题选D。
9．B
解析：B
【详解】
①：从图中可以看到，市场通过价格、供求、竞争实现资源配置，①判断正确。
③：由该图可知：价格与供求相互影响、相互制约，这启示企业要面向市场调节生产，③判断正确。
②：材料没有体现国家的宏观调控，②错误。
④：价值决定价格，该图示反映的是供求影响价格，④错误。
故本题选B。
10．B
解析：B
【解析】
【详解】
②③：经深加工之后，变成柠檬片、柠檬糕、柠檬饮料等绿色食品，变成生物药液、面膜等，附加值提升了几十倍。这说明供给侧结构调整能提升产品竞争力，全产业链能提升商品附加值。②③符合题意。
①：单位商品的价值量由生产该商品的社会必要劳动时间决定，①说法有误。
④：深加工不是提高企业经济效益的关键，关键是提高附加值，而不是深加工，④说法有误。
故本题选B。
11．B
解析：B
【详解】
B：价值是价格的基础，价格是价值的货币表现，商品价值量由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定。某汽车零部件厂率先提高了劳动生产率，属于个别劳动时间减少，单位商品价值量不变，生产的产品数量增加，商品价值总量提高，故B正确。
ACD：某汽车零部件厂率先提高了劳动生产率，属于个别劳动时间减少，单位商品价值量不变，而不是提高，也不会降低；生产的产品数量增加，商品价值总量提高，不是降低，故ACD不选。
故本题选B。
【点睛】
价值决定价格
①价值与价格的关系：价值是价格的基础，价格是价值的货币表现（一般情况下，商品价值量与价格成正比）
②商品价值量由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定。
12．C
解析：C
【解析】
【详解】
商品的价格由价值决定并受到供求关系的影响。价格反映价值，即反映凝结在商品中无差别的人类劳动，反映市场供给和市场需求的关系，即价格反映供求关系，①④选项观点正确且符合题意；价格不能反映经济发展的质量和效益，满足人们某种需要的属性是使用价值，价格并不能反映使用价值，②③选项观点与题意不符，排除；故本题答案选C。13．D
解析：D
【详解】
试题分析：本题是传导型试题，把握材料从电子商务模式开始，电子商务模式是指在网络环境中基于一定技术基础的商务运作方式和盈利模式，这种模式的流通环节减少，从而降低流通成本，商品价格下降，价格变动影响购买力居民消费水平提高，故D适合题意。采用电子商务模式与居民收入增加没有直接联系，也与社会保障制度健全的无关，ABC排除。故选D。
14．C
【详解】
①④：若不考虑其他因素，从三家企业生产A商品的生产效率可以看出，三家企业生产的A商品价值量相等，但甲企业的生产效率最高，有可能盈利，①④说法正确。
②：甲企业生产的产品占绝大多数，其生产条件属于正常生产条件，②说法错误。
③：丙企业生产效率最低而不是劳动强度最低，而商品价值量与其他两家相同，③说法错误。
故本题选C。
【点睛】
商品的价值量由什么决定？商品的价值量与社会必要劳动时间及劳动生产率是什么关系？
①价值量的决定因素：生产商品的社会必要劳动时间。
②商品价值量与社会必要劳动时间成正比。商品耗费社会必要劳动时间越多，其价值量越大，反之越小。商品价值量与生产该商品的社会劳动生产率成反比。商品价值量与生产该商品的个别劳动时间和个别劳动生产率无关。
15．A
解析：A
【解析】
本题考查马克思的劳动价值理论的知识。商品的价值量不是由各个商品生产者耗费的个别劳动时间决定的，而是由社会必要劳动时间决定的。因为社会必要劳动时间与社会劳动生产率成反比，在其他条件不变的情况下，如果生产某种产品的社会劳动生产率提高，生产该产品所需要的社会必要劳动时间缩短，单位商品的价值量会降低。社会劳动生产率提高，意味着单位时间内，生产该商品的数量增加。社会劳动生产率、社会必要劳动时间与商品价值总量无关，因此，商品价值总量不变。故①正确，A入选。
点睛：
社会劳动生产率、个别劳动生产率、社会必要劳动时间、个别劳动时间与商品价值量的关系
16．A
解析：A
【详解】
同等价位的商品，消费者往往更关注其功能和质量；相同功能和质量的商品，消费者往往更关注其价格，据此可以推断商品价值的实现受多种因素的影响，消费心理影响人们的购物选择，①②正确且符合题意；商品性价比影响消费者的购物选择，但不能决定消费者的购物选择，③错误；商品的价值由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定，④错误。故本题答案选A。
17．D
解析：D
【解析】
【详解】
①：商品的价值量是由生产该商品的社会必要劳动时间来决定，甲乙丙丁四个企业生产的产品的价值量一样大，①错误。
②：图中，甲生产的M商品市场占有率为58%，其市场占有率远高于其它三家企业，这表明了甲生产的M商品的质量和品牌知名度高，②正确。
③：价值决定价格，甲乙丙丁四个企业生产的产品的价值量一样大，故乙生产的M商品的价格与其它三个企业生产的M商品的价格一样，③错误。
④：图中，丁生产的M商品的市场占有率仅为6%，远低于其它三家企业，且其效率也较低，可以推断出丁生产的M商品的市场竞争力不强，④正确。
故本题选D。
18．A
解析：A
【详解】
①，本题考查了价格变动影响的知识。图表明价格上涨，供给量增加，因此，①正确。
②：甲与乙是替代商品，在不考虑其他因素的前提下，甲的价格上涨，乙的需求会增加，
②正确。
③：生产商品的个别劳动生产率与该商品价值量无关，因此，③不合题意。
④：互补商品中，一种商品价格上涨，另一种商品在价格不变的情况下，其需求量减少，④不合题意。
故本题选A。
19．A
解析：A
【详解】
①④：假定某企业通过一种高新技术，转变了经济增长方式，提高了劳动生产率。不考虑其他因素，该企业单位时间内商品价值总量会增加，在竞争中处于有利地位，①④符合题意。
②：单位商品价值量由社会必要劳动时间决定，该企业提高劳动生产率单位商品价值量不变，②错误。
③：该企业提高劳动生产率缩短的是个别劳动时间，而不是社会必要劳动时间，③错误。
故本题选A。
【点睛】
商品的价值量是由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定的，不是由个别劳动时间决定的。而社会必要劳动时间是随着社会劳动生产率的变化而变化的，社会劳动生产率提高，单位时间所用社会必要劳动时间减少，单位商品的价值量降低。反之亦然。故商品的价值量与社会必要劳动时间成正比，与社会劳动生产率成反比。与个别劳动时间和个别劳动生产率无关。
20．C
解析：C
【详解】
①：商品的价格是由其价值决定的，产品的功能并不决定其价格，①不选。
②：这些厂商生产手机的个别劳动时间如果小于社会必要劳动时间，在竞争中就会处于有利地位，②正确；
③：价值量是由社会必要劳动时间决定的，企业不能提高商品的价值量，③错误。
④：这些厂商之所以能强者愈强，可能是通过高科技创新提高了企业的劳动生产率，④正确。
故本题选C。
21．D
解析：D
【详解】
企业提高劳动生产率，个别劳动时间缩短，在单位时间内生产的产品数量增多，商品价值总量增加，会在竞争中处于有利地位，③一①一④推导正确；单位商品价值量由社会必要劳动时间决定，与社会劳动生产率成反比，与个别劳动生产率无关，②项与题意不符；正确选项为D。
【点睛】
商品的价值量由什么决定？商品的价值量与社会必要劳动时间及劳动生产率是什么关系？
①价值量的决定因素：生产商品的社会必要劳动时间。
②商品价值量与社会必要劳动时间成正比。商品耗费社会必要劳动时间越多，其价值量越大，反之越小。商品价值量与生产该商品的社会劳动生产率成反比。商品价值量与生产该商品的个别劳动时间和个别劳动生产率无关。
22．D
解析：D
【解析】
【详解】
乐于购买明星代言的商品是从众心理引发的消费，①错误；性价比高指的是商品使用价值和价值的统一，价值决定价格，价值越大的商品，价格越高，②错误；只买对的，不选贵的，这是求实心理主导的消费，③正确；注重品味，购买豪华住宅，这是享受资料消费，④正确；故本题答案选D。
【点睛】
人们的消费行为受消费心理的影响
23．B
解析：B
【详解】
本题考查商品价值量的决定因素。个别劳动生产率与价值总量正相关。B：图示显示，个别劳动生产率越高，商品价值总量越多，B正确。
A：图示显示，个别劳动生产率越高，商品价值总量越少，A错误。
C：图示显示，个别劳动生产率发生变化，商品价值总量不变，C错误。
D：图示显示，个别劳动生产率提高，商品价值总量忽多忽少，D错误。
故本题选B。
【点睛】
劳动生产率分为个别劳动生产率和社会劳动生产率，商品的价值量和社会劳动生产率成反比，和个别劳动生产率没有关系。商品价值总量与个别劳动生产率成正相关。
24．D
解析：D
【详解】
本题考查商品价值量与社会劳动生产率的关系。D：2018年，1件甲商品=2件乙商品，2019年，甲商品的社会必要劳动时间增加一倍，2019年1件甲商品相当于2件2018年甲商品，2019年，乙商品的社会劳动生产率提高一倍，2019年1件乙商品相当于2018年0.5件乙商品，因此，2019年，1件甲商品相当于8件乙商品，D正确。
ABC：三项均为计算错误的结果，ABC排除。
故本题选D。
25．B
解析：B
【详解】
①：“懒人经济”的出现和发展是社会分工不断细化的结果，有利于满足消费者多样化需求。①正确。
②：“懒人经济”的消费既有生活必需品的消费，也有享受性消费，因此不能笼统地认为“懒人经济”会增加享受资料支出、助长非理性消费。②错误。
③：“懒人经济”的出现也使得相关服务业的业务范围进一步扩大，进而扩大其交易规模，同时也为社会提供了更多的就业岗位。③正确。
④：“懒人经济”扩大了相关服务业的范围，不一定会增加相关商品的生产成本。④错误。
故本题选B。
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