8B 现在完成时 语法讲解及练习
8B Unit1 Past and present 复习学案
一、语法——现在完成时
1.现在完成时用法：
（1）表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果。常和下列副词连用：recently, lately，already（肯定句）, yet（否定句和疑问句）， never, ever, just, before 等。
例：We haven’t seen you recently.
I haven’t had my breakfast yet.
Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
(2) 表示过去的动作持续到现在，可能还要继续下去。（延续性用法）常接下列时间状语：for +一段时间；since+时间点；since+一段时间+ago; since+从句（从句用一般过去时），so far, in the past three years等。
例：I’ve known this place for many years.
His father has worked in the factory since 1991.
Mary has finished the homework since twenty minutes ago.
（3）表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间内反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态。例：I have been to the Summer Palace twice.
2.现在完成时构成：
1、肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他
2、否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他
3、一般疑问句：have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他？
肯Yes, 主语+have/has. 否No , 主语+ haven't/hasn't.
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他？
【拓展】现在完成时反义疑问句结构：
主语+have/has+动词过去分词+其他， have/has+not+主语？
主语+have/has+not/否定词+动词过去分词+其他，have/has+主语？
例：She has finished her homework, hasn’t she?
I haven’t had my breakfast yet, have I?
3．现在完成时易错点考点：
(1) 现在完成时属于现在时态范畴，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如
yesterday, last week, a day ago等。
(2) 瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词，不能与表示一段时间的短语连用。
【小试牛刀】判断正误并改正：
①They have bought the computer for two weeks.
②The show has started for 2 hours
③They have been away from their home three years ago.
④My parents have gone to Shanghai twice.
练习：将下列句子改为同义句
① Mr Zhang came to our school in 2004
Mr zhang ______ _______ ______ our school for five years.
② I left my hometown when I was ten years old.
I ______ _______ _______ from my hometown _______ I was ten years old.
（3）It has been\ is +一段时间+ since 从句 从句通常用一般过去时。
例： It has been ten years since my family came to this city.
It is ten years since my family came to this city.
（4）since 和for 的区别
since 之后为时间点。since 2000 since ten years ago since I was very young. for 后面跟时间段。 for three years for a long time
当句中有"for +段时间"或"since +点时间"等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语 动词必须是延续性动词
【小试牛刀】
Amy hasn’t been to Singapore _______ last year.
Have you played basketball ________ three months?
单选：1Tom______the CD player for two weeks.
A. has lent
B. has borrowed
C. has bought
D. has had
析：A 、B 、C 均为非延续性动词，在肯定句中不与表"段时间"的短语连用。
2.I______a letter from him since he left.
A. didn't receive
B. haven't got
C. didn't have
D. haven't heard
析：据since 可知，应排除A 、C ，"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb." 故选B 。
二、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别：
have/has gone to 表示“去了”某地，已经不在这里了，故不能和第一和第二人称连用，瞬间性动词不能跟次数连用，不能和never,ever,before 连用，也不能和一段时间连用。
have/has been to 强调的是“去过”某地，已经不在所说的地方，可以和次数
（once,twice,three times ）连用，还可以和never ,ever, just, before,so far,already 等连用，但是不能和表示一段时间的短语连用（如：how long,for two days,since last week 等）
Have/has been in 强调的是在某个地方停留的时间，要接一段时间。
用have \has been to 与have (has) gone to 填空:
1. Where ’s Jim? He ____________ England.
2. _________you ever ____________America? No, never.
3. They ________never ___________ the Great Wall.
4. Mr Green isn’t here. He ________Nanjing for a meeting.
5. Where_________ you _____? I ____ just _____ the library.
6. A: Where are Kate and Ann? B: They _____ China.
A: _______ they ever _______ there before? B: No, never.
三、短暂性动词与延续性动词
1.现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作或存在的状态，一直持续到现在，并可以和以 for或since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，也可以用在以“how long”提问的句子中，句子中的谓语动词一般为延续性动词。例：
He has been away from Beijing for two years. = He left Beijing two years ago.
When did the train arrive here? B. How long ____ the train ____ here?
2.在现在完成时的肯定句中，非延续性动词作谓语动词时，不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。但可以用其他句式来表示同一个意思。例：
Lucy has come back.
The old man died 4 years ago. = The old man has been dead for 4 years.
He has been away from Beijing for two years.
= He left Beijing two years ago.
= It is two years since he left Beijing.
= Two years has passed since he left Beijing.
3.非延续性动词可以在现在完成时的否定句中作谓语，并可以与for，since引导的时间状语连用，表示动作的延续过程。例如：
She hasn’t bought any new clothes since last year.
I haven’t borrowed the book for a long time.
【随堂练习】
1. When he arrives at the bus stop, the bus ________ for 20 minutes.
A. has left
B. had left
C. has been away
D. had been away
2. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.
A. joined
B. have joined
C. have been in
3. The factory ________ since the February of 1988.
A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened
4.The meeting _______ for a week now.
A. has finished
B. has ended
C. has been over
5.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.
A. has been in
B. has come to
C. has taught
6. How long _______ he ________ ?
A. died
B. has, died
C. has, been dead
课后练习：
一、用所给词适当形式填空
1. ---- Where is Jim? ----He ______the flowers over there.( water)
2.He will give the book back to you if he _______ (finish) reading it tomorrow.
3.Kitty used _________ (is) a good dancer.
4.My grandpa is used to _________ (live) in the countryside.
5.I ___________ (be) to Wuxi many times.
6.The meeting _________(begin) in half an hour.
7.---- ______ you _______(see) my watch?
----Yes, I ______(see) it on your desk five minutes ago.
8.I _________ (cook) when the telephone _______ (ring) yesterday.
9.We ____________(live) in a flat in the city since we________(move) there in 1998.
10. ____________(from time to time), they go shopping at weekends.
二．句型转换
1. I have already eaten something.（改为否定句）
I ______ _______ ________ ________
2. I bought my first dictionary when I was ten.
I ______ _______ my first dictionary __________ I was ten.
3.My father was a teacher in the past.（改为同义句）
My father be a teacher.
4.He has been here for two week.（改为同义句）
He has been here two weeks .
5.Lishui has changed a lot over the years.
There ______ _____ many _____ in Lishui during the last years.
6.Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born. (提问)
________ ________ ________ Eddie lived with Millie?
三．选择填空
( )1.—Where is Mr Green now ? I haven’t seen him for a few days .
—He _____ to Hong Kong .
A. goes
B. will go
C. is going
D. has gone ( )2.—Is your father in?－No, he ______ for three hours.
A. was out
B. has been out
C. went out
D. has gone out ( )3.－Have you written anything on Chinese traditional food so far?
－__________, but I have a plan for it.
A. Ever since
B. Later on
C. Not yet
D. From now on ( )4. －Why not go to see the dolphin show with me?
－Because I _______ it.
A. saw
B. will see
C. see
D. have seen
( )5.The old man lives ____ in a _____ house, but he doesn’t feel_____.
A. alone, alone, lonely
B. lonely, lonely, alone
C. alone, lonely, lonely
D. alone, lonely, alone ( )6.The child has come to school by bike his own.
A.in
B.by
C.on
D.of
（）7.My brother doesn’t like playing _____ piano . He likes playing _____ chess.
A. the, the
B. the, a
C. / , the D the, /
（）8.There _____ a lot of stalls along the street, but they have moved out.
A. used to be
B. used to have
C. had
D. was
（）9.——How long _____ his brother _______ Paris ?
——Only one day.
A. has, been in
B. has, been to
C. Has gone to
D. did go to
（）10.——Do you know who ________ away Dainel’s coat ?
——Jane, she says she will _______ it here in a few minutes.
A. took, bring
B. bring, take
C. takes , bring
D. brings, take
（）11.——When did you go to university? ——_____.
A. For five years. B .Since five years ago.
C. In five years
D. Five years ago
（）12. I had to _____ nearly 100 yuan for this colourful dress.
A .take
B spend
C cost
D pay
（）13 . I think this is _______ model ship I have _____ seen before.
A the best , never
B a better, never
C the best, ever
D a better , already （）14 . I don’t believe he will pass the exam,_____?
A do I
B will he
C won’t he
D don’t I
( )15. When did your father ____ your mother?
A.marry
B. marry to
C. marry with
D. get married
( )16. ----- How long can I ______ the book? ------ Two weeks.
A. borrow
B. lend
C. get
D. keep
( )17. 16. Tom is ill in hospital. He _______ a cold for several days.
A. is
B. catches
C. has caught
D. has had
( )18.He ________ for 2 hours.
A. got up
B. has got up
C. has been up
D.gets up
( )19. We must try our best to stop the pollution _______ a happy life.
A. from live
B. from living
C. living
D. to live
( )20. -I've got a job in New York. -Oh, _______! But I'm going to miss you.
A. that's great
B. I’m sorry
C. I beg your pardon
D. that's too bad
英语语法-现在完成时用法及习题
目录 1现在完成时的构成 (2) 2现在完成时的用法 (5) 3 使用现在完成时需注意事项 (7) 4过去完成时与现在完成时的比较 (12) 练习题 (13) 答案 (16)
现在完成时对于我们来讲是所有时态中最难掌握的一种。因为它并不是表示发生于某一时间的事情，而是既涉及过去，又联系现在的一种时态。请参见下列三个例句： 例：1.I live in Beijing. 我住在北京。 2.I lived in Beijing. 我住过北京。（我在北京住过。） 3.I have lived in Beijing. 我一直住在北京。 例1.的live是一般现在式，表示“我现在住在北京”这一事实。 例2.的lived是过去式。这句只是表示在过去的某一时期我在北京住过，至于现在住不住在北京则不清楚。 例3.的have lived是现在完成时，表示我在过去的某一时间开始住在北京，现在也住在北京。表示从过去到现在的一种继续状态。 1现在完成时的构成 现在完成时的形式是“have （has）+过去分词”，表示继续、完了、结果和经验等四种意思。 现在完成时的否定句是在have（has）的后面加上not，疑问句是将have（has）置于主语之前。 1现在完成时的肯定句 句型：
We have lived in Beijing. 我们一直住在北京。 He has lived in Beijing. 他一直住在北京。 过去分词的三种用法 过去分词有下列三种用法（过去分词的构成详见第六章）：1.构成现在（过去）完成时 have（has）+过去分词～ I have written the letter. 我写完这封信了。 2.被动语态：参见第十三章 be + 过去分词～ He was looked after.他受到照顾。 3.用于形容词 This is a broken chair. 这是一张坏的椅子。 2现在完成时的否定句 句型：主语+have（has）+not +过去分词～. I have not seen the movie yet.
初中英语过去完成时语法精讲
过去完成时语法精讲 一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past ）”。 ----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 那时以前那时现在 构成：过去完成时由“助动词had + 过去分词”构成，其中had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. # She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ）by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （ 2 ）by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （3 ）before + 过去的时间点。如： 】 They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： ] When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于before 和after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：Where did you study before you came here After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。 【 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
现在完成时语法详细讲解
英语现在完成时语法详细讲解与配套习题 一、现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样，在动词词尾加ed; 不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表，需要同学记忆。 现以see the film为例将现在完成时的肯定句，否定句和疑问句列表如下： 肯定句：I/You/We/They have seen the film. He/She /It has seen the film. 否定句：I/You/We/They have not/ haven’t seen the film. He/ She/It has not/hasn’t seen the film. 疑问句：Have I/you/they seen the film Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they haven’t. Has he/she/it seen the film Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ s he/ it hasn’t. 二、用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。 标志词词义用法位置 already已经肯定句句中或句末 ever曾经疑问句、肯定句句中 never从未，从来不陈述句，不和not 连用句中 (ever)since自从肯定、疑问、否定句中 for后接一段时间肯定、疑问、否定句中 just刚刚，正好肯定句句中 yet还疑问句、否定句末 recently最近肯定、否定、疑问句句末 once, twice, a few times几次肯定、疑问句末 during/over /in 在过去的一段时间里肯定、疑问、否定句末 the past/last + 一段时 间 It’s the first time I …这是我第一次…肯定句前
过去完成时语法备课讲义
第一章动词之时态 第三节过去完成时 教学时间：2课时 教学目标：通过本次课的学习，使学生理解过去完成时的形式意义，明白一般过去时和过去完成时的区别，并能写出结构语法正确的现在完成时。 教学重点：过去完成时的意义和与一般过去式的区别。 教学步骤： 一.导入 回顾现在完成时 现在完成时的意义：过去发生的动作对现在的影响或从过去开始发生一直持续到现在，着眼点为现在。 二.讲解 1). 过去完成时的形式和意义 回顾： 一般现在时： 主语 + do/does 或 be 一般过去时： 主语 + did或 was/were
现在完成时： 主语 + have/has + done 过去完成时： 主语 + had + done 课堂练习1：划线识别题（划出下列过去完成时的用法） 1.I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 2.She had left before her parents arrived. 3.We had learned English for 5years by the end of last month. 过去完成时的意义： 引例句： ?他们去年结婚了。 ?They got married last year. ?截止到去年他们已经恋爱五年了。 ?They had been in love for five years by last year. 过去完成时的意义: 当表示过去某一动作发生之前就已经完成的一动作即“过去的过去”时，用过去完成时。 用法： 1.截止到上个月，我就已经学了5000单词了。 I had learned 5000 thousand words by the end of last month. 介词by + 一般过去时的短语或句子，表示在…之前。 By the end of last week, he had wrriten ten books. By the time he was ten, he had made a lot of money. 2.她说她已经吃过早饭了。 She said she had had breakfast. 过去完成时常常用在told, said, knew, thought等动词的宾语从句中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 练习： She said she ______ (see) the film before.
英语语法-现在完成时讲解培训资料
第六讲现在完成时 1.概念： 1）、表示动作或状态在过去已经开始, 持续到现在, 也许还要持续下去,常和for, since, 连用, 表示持续的动作或状态多为延续性动词. eg: We have lived here since 2000. 自从2000年以来我们一直住在这里. ( 说明一直住在这里, 也许还会住下去. ) She has worked in Nanning for five years. She has been ill for a week. 2）表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果. eg: I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔弄丢了. ( 过去某时丢的, 现在还没有找到) I have already watched the TV play. 我已经看过这部电视剧了. --- Have you had your lunch yet ? 你吃过午饭了吗? --- Yes, I have just had it. 是的, 我刚吃过. ( 说明现在饱了) 2. 结构: 主语+ have / has + done + … 3. 句型: ⑴肯定句: ①主语+ have / has + done + … eg：She has been to Shanghai. 她去过上海. I have finished doing my homework. 我已经完成我的作业了. ⑵否定句: ①主语+ have / has + not +done + … eg：I haven’t seen this film. 我没有看过这部电影. eg：She hasn’t finished doing his homework. 她还没有完成她的作业. ⑶一般疑问句：① Have / Has + 主语+ done + … eg: Have you seen this film ? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t . 你看过这部电影吗? 是的, 看过. / 不, 没有. eg：Has she finished do ing his homework ? Yes, she has . / No, she hasn’t. 她完成她的作业了吗? 是的, 完成了. / 不, 没有. ⑷特殊疑问句：①特殊疑问词+ have / has + 主语+ done + … eg: When has you seen this film ? 你什么时候看的这部电影? eg: Who has finished doing his homework ? 谁完成了作业? 4. 时间状语：典型的表时间的词与现在完成时连用，这些词有：
现在完成时的构成英语语法大全
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1) 概念：表示过去的过去 ----|-------|-----|---- 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前那时现在 2) 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时;发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此 前一句应用过去进行时。 注意：had no …when 还没等……就…… had no sooner…than 刚……就…… He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
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过去完成时用法小结 一、过去完成时适用场合 1. 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间常用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句表示，也可以暗含在上下文中。 I had finished my homework before supper.我在晚饭前就把作业做完了。 The play had already started when we got to the theatre. 我们到剧场时戏已经开始了。 By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients. 到六月底他们已经治疗了一万多病人。 2. 过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或还要持续下去，常与for，since等词连用。如： He had served in the army for ten years before he retired last year. 他在部队干了十年，去年退役了。 He told me that he had known her since he was a child. 他告诉我他从小就认识她。 He had learned English for eight years before he went to England for further study. 他在去英国深造前，已学了八年英语。 3. 在一段情景连贯的文字中，先发生的事放在后面叙述时，要用过去完成时。如： Tom flew home, but his father had already died. 汤姆乘飞机回家，他的父亲却已经去世了。 4. 过去完成时也用于hardly...when...（刚…就…）, no sooner...than...（刚…就…）, It was the first time + that分句等一些固定句型中。 He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him. 他刚离开房间，他们就议论起他来。 We had hardly begun when we were told to stop. 我们刚开始就被叫停。 It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.他用这样的语调跟我讲话，这是第一次。 二、过去完成时与一般过去时的比较 1. 当一个由before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接着发生时，两个动作均可用一般过去时来表示。 We had breakfast after we did morning exercises. 做完早操后，我们吃早饭。 The train started to move just before he reached the platform. 他到月台时火车刚开走。 They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields. 他们一到地里就开始耕地。 2. 按时间顺序叙述两个或两个以上接连发生的动作时，用一般过去时。 He entered the room, turned on the light and sat down at the table. 他走进屋子，打开灯，坐在桌子旁。 3. 在表示某人过去未曾完成的“心愿”、“打算”、“计划”、“想法”、“许诺”等时，hope, mean, plan, think, intend等谓语动词常用过去完成时。 I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn’t catch the train. 我本来希望昨晚回来的，但没搭
2017人教版八年级下英语现在完成时语法讲解(最新整理)
1 现在完成时（I ）语法知识定义：（1）表示过去发生或已经发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,这个影响和结果对现在还必须存在.常与already(已经), yet(已经,还), just(刚刚 ),ever(曾经)，never 等词连用. 常用于肯定句或疑问句（均表示：已经） . 常用于否定句(表示：还、尚),疑问句末尾（表示：已经）. 现在完成时的构成及句型结构：（注：过去分词的变化分规则变化与不规则变化，规则变化与动词原形变过去式一样，不规则变化见教材137页） 1.肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词 +其他+时间. eg: I have already lost the key. 我已经弄丢了钥匙. (我现在没有钥匙)He has ever read that book . 他曾经看过这本书. (了解书的内容) They have just cleaned their hands. 他们刚刚洗过手了. (手是干净的) 2.否定句：主语+haven’t/ hasn’t+过去分词+其他+时间. eg: I haven’t lost the key yet. He hasn’t ever read that book . They haven’t just cleaned their hands.3.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他+时间？ 肯定回答：Yes, 主语+have/ has. 否定回答：No, 主语+haven’t/hasn’t. eg: Have you already lost the key? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Has he ever read the book? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. Have they just cleaned their hands? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. 4.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has +主语+过去分词+其他+时间？ eg: What have you already done? （done 是do/does 的过去分词） What has he ever done? What have they just done? 定义：(2)现在完成时表示从过去开始一直持续到现在还有可能继续持续下去的动作或状态。常与for, since 引导的时间短语或从句连用 .
初中英语语法过去完成时
【初中语法系列】过去完成时，过去的过去！对于理解过去完成时来说，其要义只有一点，那就“过去的过去”。 一.过去完成时的概念与结构 概念： 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past ）”。 构成： “助动词had +过去分词”，其中had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.在到达旅馆之前，他们已经吃过了早饭。 二.过去完成时的用法 1.表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。例如： When I woke up, it had stopped raing. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（雨停发生在醒来之前，即“过去的过去”） 2.表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。例如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.到去年年底为止，他已经在这个工厂工作了20年。（到去年年底为止已工作了20年，还有继续进行下去的可能） 三.过去完成时的判断依据 1.由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （1）by +过去的时间点，例如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. 到昨天晚上九点钟为止，我已经读完了这本小说。 （2）by the end of +过去的时间点，例如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.到上学期末为止，我们已经学了两千多单词。 （3）before +过去的时间点，例如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 在xx之前，他们已经植了六百棵树。 2.由“过去的过去”来判定 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指在过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （1）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。例如： She said that she had seen the film before. 她说她之前看过这部电影。 （2）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。例如：