2010级英语2班 寸槐芬 学年论文(4)

2010级英语2班  寸槐芬 学年论文(4)
2010级英语2班  寸槐芬 学年论文(4)

昆明学院

2014届学年论文

论文题目浅析《苔丝》中苔丝性格与悲剧的关系

姓名寸槐芬

学号201016010210

所属学院外国语学院

年级/专业 10级英语二班

指导教师奉星岑

2013 年 5 月

浅析《苔丝》中苔丝性格与悲剧的关系

寸槐芬

(昆明学院,2010级,英语2班,201016010210)

摘要:《苔丝》是19世纪英国著名小说家托马斯,哈代写的一部悲剧性的长篇小说。这部小说真实地描绘了当时资本主义制度入侵英国农村之后,给苔丝等广大农民阶级带来的厄运。本文主要从当时的社会现状,苔丝的多重性格以及作者“宿命论”中的命运悲剧这三方面来浅析苔丝性格与悲剧之间的关系。

关键词:社会因素;多重性格;命运悲剧

Analysis Tess’s Character and Tragedy in the Tess of the d’ Urbervilles

Cun Huaifen

(Kunming University, Class2, Grade2010, 201016010210)

Abstract: Thomas Hardy was a famous British novelist. His representative work Tess of the d’ Urbervilles describes the invaded capitalism at the rural areas and caused unfortunates to many peasants.The passage focuses on three parts to present main characters of Tess’s personality and tragedy.

Key words: Social influence; Tess’s personality and tragic fate

背景介绍:

托马斯,哈代(1840——1928)是维多利亚时代的现实主义小说家。由于他出生在下层社会阶级并且长期生活在故乡,因而深刻了解到广大人民的疾苦与心声。同时他也批判资本主义的扩张和发展,因此获得“悲观主义者”的称号。《苔丝》就是作者的思想感情的再现。其中女主人公苔丝是一个仅仅想要靠自己双手来谋求生存和幸福的淳朴农村女孩儿。但面对社会强权势力的压迫,即亚历克对她肉体的侵犯,丈夫克莱尔对她精神的摧残,家人给予她

不断的希望……最终导致她走向悲剧的深渊。“苔丝”的悲剧是当时社会的悲剧,自身性格的悲剧,同时也是哈代“宿命论”思想的再现。

一、社会因素:

《苔丝》的创作是在一个充满变化、动荡的时期。当时英国社会正经历着深刻的变化,即由老式的农业国向先进的工业国转变。因此而产生了各种尖锐的矛盾和冲突,新兴的工业化和都市文明给古老的农村地区带来的冲击,并强调女性的贞洁、压制她们的社会地位等虚伪道德观已经禁锢着人们思想。苔丝就是社会道德偏见下的牺牲品,她不仅仅要面对富家子弟亚力克的欺辱,更要承受这种偏见的代表者克莱尔给她带来的精神打击,让她失去了对生活憧憬和自信心。最后成为资产阶级伦理道德的牺牲品。苔丝悲剧的社会因素表现在:(一)、资本主义的入侵。十九世纪后期当资本主义侵入英国农村之后,个体农民不得不走向破产。苔丝作为一个普通的劳动者,虽然她很勤劳,诚恳和善良,但由于她的社会地位低下,必然会遭受本主义社会的种种压迫和凌辱。其家中的老马被邮车撞死后引起经济急剧下滑,在无路可走之下,苔丝不得不委身亚力克。可见,苔丝的悲剧和她的社会经济地位紧密相连。

(二)、不公正的法律制度也是导致苔丝悲剧的一个重要因素。在资本主义社会里,法律制度都是以维护剥削阶级的利益为前提和目的,为维护其反动统治服务的。亚力克为非作歹,欺负弱小等种种不良行为却受到法律的保护,相比之下的苔丝却被判处死刑。从中揭露了资产阶级政治制度的反动性,也表明下层阶级的小人物在当时社会中是不可能得到公正的待遇。

( 三)、苔丝的毁灭与虚伪的宗教密切相关。由于基督教的盛行为资产阶级对女性地位的轻视与凌辱奠定了理论上的基础和依据。因此当苔丝遭受重重迫害时却没引起任何社会舆论的同情,反而把她当作是一个不守贞洁的女人。

由此可见,苔丝的悲剧是当时社会的产物,同时也是社会的悲剧。

二、多重性格:

性格决定命运这是哈代宿命论思想的再现。苔丝一直被读者认为是善良和唯美的化身。她身上的多重性格,淋漓尽致的展现了纯真,善良等广大劳苦大众在社会变迁与压迫下渐渐失去了他们初衷的自我。苔丝身上的勤劳,真诚,勇敢等多重美好的品质在黑暗的制度下被

消磨,扭曲,甚至走向毁灭。她曾被誉为一个纯洁的女人。“令人心疼的受伤了的名字!我的胸脯将变作你的眠床,让你安心睡。”[1]从中可以看出作者对苔丝的高度赞扬和怜悯之心。造成苔丝悲剧的性格特征主要体现在:

(一)、单纯,坚强,及对家庭持一种有高度的责任感,从而使她的命运接二连三的发生变故。当她还是一个天真无暇的少女时,就经常出去做零工,无论什么脏活儿、累活儿,她都会竭尽全力的去做。特别是在弗林库姆阿什的农场里,她被虐待与那里的男工做同样的活儿。接着由于身体吃不消而昏倒在地时,周围的人都没有给予及时的帮助。反映了当时的社会阶级关系的冷酷无情,这让她尝尽了人世间的辛酸。可她的坚强并未由此消减下去,为了维持家里九口人的衣食住行,她也曾经去相亲,但她太过于天真,淳朴憨厚的性格促使亚力克的心怀不轨有了可趁之机。在面对亚力克的虚情假意时她竟会感到受宠若惊。“苔丝本来把自己看得很低,现在听说一个陌生人把她看的那么高,仿佛间心里高兴了起来。”[2]失身之后的她对亚力克送给家人的东西竟然还心里充满了感激和歉意。从中体现了她的高度责任感与过于天真和坚强是导致她走向悲剧命运的重要因素。

(二)、自卑,无私与坦诚。体现在她与克莱尔的婚姻关系中。当她克服自己内心的恐慌,畏惧并决心要接纳崭新的自我和寻求真爱的时候,为人坦诚,无私的性格却出卖了她,使她的美梦破灭。在新婚之夜她把自己的秘密全都告诉给丈夫,而曾经也有过放荡生活的丈夫竟无法接受她。与丈夫能给予他的那一份渺茫,卑微的爱相比,她的爱显得是那么的浩瀚,无私与伟大。事实上,就失身之事她自己也是无辜的受害者。她认不清悲剧的根源,反而心里总是有着负罪感,并且对丈夫言听计从。继而当丈夫抛弃她后而感到无比的自卑,这种消极的情绪使她的悲剧演变到了无可复加的地步,甚至还将其归咎于命运的安排。假如她的性格不是这样的坦诚与无私,她就不可能把自己的秘密告诉给丈夫,也许她的悲剧命运到那就会告一段落,但这与作者想要塑造的人物形象就背道而驰了,也就不是我们心目中那一位真实的苔丝。

(三)、具有反抗精神并敢于捍卫自己的尊严。突出表现在她与亚力克的关系上。她不仅仅反抗像亚力克那样强权势力的侵害,还要大胆的反抗宗教思想对人类的种种束缚。其一,作为一个平凡的农村姑娘,为了给自己私生子受洗礼以便他能免去地狱之灾,她冲破了宗教制度的重重束缚并悄悄的完成了洗礼。从中折射她的反抗精神。其二,当她的父亲在疾病中死去后,家里生活的重担全都落在她身上时,她义无反顾地去农场里干活儿并受到无数的

压迫。但是她却没有放弃对生活的憧憬,反而变得更加坚强、勇敢。其三,当她在农场里再度面对亚力克的诱惑、骚扰的时候,她勇敢的做出了反抗。“手套打着了的地方,露出一道见了血的红印子,一会儿血就留下来了,从嘴上滴到麦捆上,不过他却一时间把怒气压下去了。”[3]性情刚强的她为了捍卫自己的尊严已经向不公正的强权势力与逼迫发出了一种挑战的信号。其四,当克莱尔意识到自己的过错并想和苔丝重归于好时,这让苔丝再度想起了自身痛苦和屈辱不堪的经历。她把一切的厄运归咎于亚力克并且毫不犹豫的杀了亚力克,这时的苔丝已经从之前懦弱,任人欺凌的性格中完完全全地走了出来。但受自身因素及社会阶级的束缚使她的反抗并未成功。以上四点一方面展现了苔丝身上那种敢于反抗传统的宗教制度和阶级压迫的魄力,另一方面又折射了一些残存在农民阶级身上的一种根深蒂固的旧思想及局限性。这也是导致苔丝悲剧的重要因素。

(四)、犹豫不决。首先体现为当家里经济拮据时,她在犹豫不决中选择了帮助家人。她当初如果没有违背自己的意愿,没有去德伯家相亲,那一切的悲剧就不会发生。可她在自己意愿与家人意愿发生冲突时选择了后者。这也是她第一次听从父母的安排去做自己不太情愿的事儿。可偏偏就是这一次的犹豫不决使她继续悲剧的人生之旅。其次,在她失身之后,已经下定决心要单身的过一辈子,可是克莱尔的出现让她之前的决心发生了动摇。在犹郁之下她选择了结婚。可事与愿违,她的悲剧并未由此得以终止。最后,当她为了家庭生计再度沦为亚力克的情妇。此时的她心已死去,一心只想为家人做一点儿最后的贡献。可偏偏丈夫克莱尔在这个时候醒悟过来,他的回心转意让苔丝的心再度死灰复燃。苔丝在的犹豫和愤怒之下犯了无法挽回的错误,让她的悲剧走到了巅峰。

三、命运悲剧:

苔丝出生在一个贫困的农村家庭,有着一对不负责任的父母亲,注定了作为长女的她悲剧命运的开端。而且在当时的社会状况下,作为一个单纯,美丽,身份地位低下的女孩儿是很难找到一帆风顺的幸福的。并且在这条寻求幸福之路上也必将受尽重重的人生考验。而作者为了要突出这种命运的不可违抗性,在文章中穿插大量的偶然因素。苔丝虽然特别的能干、善良、从小就帮助家里干活并且比其他孩子都出色,毫无疑问她本应该能够过上幸福的生活。但她却仅仅受到自身性格的羁拌以及对家人深深的关爱而葬送了自己美好的前程。

苔丝,亚力克和克莱尔三者间的感情纠结最终以苔丝的毁灭而告终。其中只是因为她失贞的过错,让她的一辈子都无法摆脱心里的阴影,命运中的坎坎坷坷。而这一切的一切仅仅根源于她一心一意想作一个父母的好女儿,弟弟妹妹心目中的好姐姐。为了达到家人的期待,

尽到那份所谓的“孝心”。并为此她义无反顾的牺牲了自己的幸福来换取家人的认可,并且一步一步的迈向悲剧的深渊。苔丝在既定的宿命面前,不管付出多大的努力,多少次的挣扎与徘徊都无法逃脱命运的枷锁。这也是作者写作风格中“宿命论”思想的集中体现。

结语:苔丝的悲剧是社会的悲剧、性格的悲剧,也是命运的悲剧。她身上的多重性格既有值得人们学习借鉴的,也有需要摒弃的。哈代虽然为苔丝设计了这一条宿命的道路,但其实也揭露了当时社会的瑕疵和真实状况,抨击了传统的宗教以及社会习俗。苔丝作为一个感人至深的悲剧形象,从她的生活经历、感情纠结和命运多舛中更能反映了这样的悲剧不是偶然的,也不只是发生在苔丝一个人身上的。她只是众多农民的一个缩影。从这个悲剧本身,折射了作为一个常人根本无法避免自身的种种缺憾,家庭以及社会的多重责任。同时也引起人们对她生活那个时代有更深,更全面的思索。

参考文献:

[1](英)哈代著.孙法理译. 苔丝[M].北京: 译林出版社,1994: 001.

[2](英)哈代著.孙致礼,唐慧心译. 苔丝[M].北京:北京燕山出版社,2007: 031.

[3](英)哈代著.张谷若译.德伯家的苔丝[M].北京:人民文学出版社,1991: 485.

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