英语专业毕业论文

1 翻译实践

1.1 原文1译文

妇女解放运动

你听说过妇女解放运动吗？它开始于20世纪60年代，由一些关心女性身份、社会角色、女性工作以及人们对女性的态度的妇女发起。现在，许多美国妇女都很关心这些问题。她们希望世界上所有妇女都过上更好、更有趣的生活。

妇女解放运动包含许多方面。一些妇女赞同妇女解放运动提出的所有目标。在生活的各个方面，她们都想得到与男人一样平等的权利。在婚姻中，她们希望丈夫与妻子能够分担所有家务和承担对家庭的责任。在工作中，她们希望女人能够得到与男人一样的工作和一样的成功机会。她们希望从事同样工作的女人和男人能得到相同的报酬。其他的一些妇女则仅仅赞同妇女解放运动的一部分思想：她们希望与从事相同工作的男人取得同样的报酬；但在家里，她们却并不指望丈夫分担打扫卫生、做饭以及做其它的家务。

要记住，妇女解放运动不只涉及具体问题。还涉及到女性的态度和观念；一个典型的例子就是一个女性的自身认识问题。女性的自身认识是指一个女性怎样看待自己，认为自己是谁，自己能做什么。有些妇女认为自己做不了任何重要的事。妇女解放运动旨在帮助她们提高对自身的看法。许多关注妇女解放运动的女性已经工作，她们帮助过别人，抚养了健康的孩子，并为自己所在的社区做了很多事。她们已经证明女性能够做许多重要的事情。

妇女解放运动的第二个问题是女性角色的问题。妇女应该在外工作吗？如果她已婚并有了孩子，她们应该工作还是应该呆在家里相夫教子呢？如果她进入职业圈并有了一份事业，社会上的其他人会如何评价她呢？如果她想留在家里做家庭主妇，其他人又会如何评价呢？这些问题没有一个确切的答案。每个女人都应该自己决定自己的角色。妇女解放运动就是要努力帮助妇女们实现她们决定做的事，同时也要帮助妇女们实现做到最好、最多。

如果一个女人决定在外工作，就会出现许多重要的问题。例如：她是否有能力和资格去胜任那份工作？或是否会因为她是个女人，许多工作她就得不到？如果她得到了一份工作，她的同事中有与她做同样工作的男性，她会得到与他

们一样多的报酬吗？美国对这些问题非常重视。政府已经通过相关的一些法律来试图帮助妇女得到一份她们有资格去做的工作，并帮助她们得到与从事相同工作的男人相同的报酬。政府还通过一项法律，鼓励那些从政府得到资助的企业公平对待妇女和少数民族。这就是所谓的平权法。该法规定，如果企业没有公平对待妇女和其他少数民族群体，政府将不再资助那家企业。这其实是在鼓励企业为妇女提供平等的就业机会。

许多人赞同妇女解放运动的观点和目标。他们认为，妇女在任何个方面都应该与男人一样平等；妇女应该自己决定是在家里相夫教子、操持家务，还是仅仅操持家务，还是出去工作，还是在外工作的同时兼顾照料家庭等。他们认为妇女应该去做任何她们自己想做并且能做的事。另外一些人则反对妇女解放运动。他们认为与男人从事相同工作的女人不应该得到与男人同样的报酬。在他们看来，所有重要的工作都应该是男人做的。女人应该留在家里照顾男人和孩子。许多做丈夫的也都不希望他们的妻子外出工作。而许多妇女的也都赞同这些男人的观点。支持妇女解放运动的人并不认为一个女人愿意留在家里就是坏事。他们认为，操持家务也很重要，也应该被尊重。但是这样的前提是女人自愿留在家里，而不是由于她们在外找不到工作，或者她不相信自己能在社会上做好任何有用的事。

妇女解放运动正努力给予女人们一个展示她们能做什么的机会。或许某个女人会找到救治恶性疾病的方法，或许某个女人能解决能源危机，或许男人与女人合作完成的重要任务会比男人独自完成的更早、更好。如果说妇女解放运动取得成功，我们将有机会发现这些。

每个男人和女人必须决定自己是否完全赞同妇女解放运动的观点，还是仅仅赞同一部分，还是完全不赞同。不管你是否赞同，它都已经开始改变我们的生活了。

1.2 原文2译文

自己挣钱上大学

我永远不会忘记我读高一时的一天。那天，我双手抱着头坐在通往地下室的楼梯上向父母哭诉，我攒的钱根本不够上大学。父母极力安慰我, 但是攒够64268美元几乎是不可能的。这是我迫切想上的那所私立大学的费用。

现在就让我告诉你我挣这笔钱的传奇故事吧。

所有的一切都是开始于那条我讨厌的送报路线。但我下定决心坚持了6个月, 直到我们家迁到威斯康星州的沃索市。随着我每次送报纸都能换来几美元，我的存款开始增加。我的第二份工作是给一家运动员公司做电话客服代表。存折上的钱增长速度仍然很慢。之后, 在我上高二的秋季, 我开始在餐馆当服务员。那个工作很辛苦, 但是赚得多, 每小时的报酬至少要比以前多出一倍。

当我上高三的时候, 我已经存下了相当数量的钱。这很让人受鼓舞, 但我知道我需要些帮助, 所以我开始申请奖学金,。一次一次的被拒绝有时让我很沮丧。但是后来我的第一笔奖学金进账了,打网球，每年2000美元。对于每年要花费高达14000美元的大学来说这只是九牛一毛，但这是个好的开始。之后, 我又获得了几项学科奖学金, 不久, 奖学金的总额达到9050美元。奖学金加上我自己的存款, 我有足够的钱应对大学第一年了。

之后的进展很有趣。我开始参加免修考试。每天焦虑不安地翻看邮箱等待成绩成了我生活的一部分。我越来越激动，因为考试通过的结果一个接一个的传来。每通过一门考试就能帮我省下大约1000美元，并且还能让我提前一年毕业。这样伙食费和住宿费也省了。

最终，我跨进了大学的校门。由于我的节约，大学的第一年里我不需要去打工。但暑假到来的时候，我要比之前更辛苦的去工作。晚上我继续在餐馆当服务员，每周的几个上午去网球夏令营当教练, 下午做几个小时的秘书。我过于心急, 又决定在社区大学修了一门课，这门课为我节省了650美元。这个让人精疲力尽的暑假使我盼望着开学，盼着回到轻松的大学生活去。

在我大学的第二年和第三年, 我决定在学校招生办公室做接听电话的工作，每周5个小时。这样我能赚点零花钱，也就不必动用我的存款了。大四那年似乎充满了希望，因为只要暑假我再赚到上一个暑假那么多的钱就够了。我想去以色列学习３个星期。可是我犹豫不决, 因为去以色列修学分要多花1600美元。大约过了两个星期, 妈妈打电话告诉我说我在银行里还有1600美元的存款, 而我早就忘了！关于去以色列，我担心的不只是费用,还有一个顾虑是失去了赚钱的时间。然而, 那个暑假我在家10个星期赚的钱相当于我之前在家的那个暑假14个星期赚的。各种巧合使我的以色列之行得以实现, 这是我一生所经历过的最激动人心的事情之一。

最后我进入大学的第四学年。为了顺利些, 我决定买辆车。我显然不可能有太多的钱花在车上。但我需要一辆性能可靠的车, 以便我往返于家和学校之间

的10小时车程不那么累。我找了很多报纸上的广告。我爸和我一起查找性能良好的二手车信息。当我找到一辆撞毁后重新修复的车只要4200美元时, 我欣喜若狂。

后来我还参加了科罗拉多州的一个为期8周的关于婚姻和家庭的研习班。这是一次不可思议的经历, 它改变了我的世界观, 并教会了我如何建立一个健康的家庭。当然，这次经历的花费也很高：4000美元。等我毕业时, 我惊奇地发现, 我没有任何负债, 而且还在大学期间进行了那么多令人难忘的旅行。

这些经历在我身上产生了重大影响。首先我学到了一种坚定的敬业精神的重要性。长时间的工作塑造了我的性格, 并让我懂得了一元钱的价值。它还让我学会了如何在遇到困难的时候设计出富有创意的解决办法。

每当我对未来感到不知所措或惧怕时, 我就会想起我那64268美元的奇迹。

1.3 原文3译文

有效讲话的奥秘

为什么有些人在讲话的时候似乎能够自然而然的引起别人的注意和尊敬

呢？是什么让听众们专心于他们的话语呢？这并与身份地位或讲话者所讲的内容是没有关系的。这些人通常不说官方的标准英语，也不用完美的语法结构甚至恰当的词汇来表述自己的想法，他们只是引起人们的共鸣。这些人往往具有优美丰富的声音，并能运用他们声音幅度中低音的部分，观察和倾听别人的谈话。说话快、声调高的人似乎不如那些说话慢、声调低的人强硬。音调低沉说明具有控制力和自信心。

如果我们建议你从现在开始，每当说话时就刻意的降低你的声调，而你可以开始通过练习自己的呼吸方式来来实现共鸣，那似乎太荒谬了。这样试一下吧，站在镜子前自然的呼吸。现在深吸一口气，你的胸腔是不是扩张了？你的肩膀是不是也提升了？我想是的。因为你在用肋间肌而不是腹肌来进行深呼吸。再试一次。这一次把你的手交叉放在你的腹部。当你吸气的时候，有意识地放低你的肩部，并空气从腹部进入肺部——你会感觉到你的腹部正在扩张。如果你练习用腹肌呼吸，你将会用到整个腹部，而不只是肺的顶端，这样一定是大有裨益的。你也可以更多地用你的膈膜，这样将更有助于增加你声音幅度中的低音，增加声音的亮度，从而增强说服力。

用单调声音讲话很快就会令人厌烦。如果你希望吸引更多的听众，那你的演讲将需要抑扬顿挫。刚劲有力的演讲需要流畅自然、声音洪亮，音量要适中，以便别人能够轻松准确的听清讲话内容。

当然，有些时候自信的行为需要比日常会话更有威力。如果看到一个小孩正把他的手往一台正在运转的食品加工机器里放，你就不适合再用那种低沉轻松的口气说：“我不希望你把手放到食品加工机里去。”这样自信吗？是的；可行吗？不可行！显然，当某个人的安全面临危险的时候，说话必须要更有力。

然而说话的内容没必要有攻击性。在上面的例子中，以大声、尖利的声音说“不”来立即阻止并引起小孩的注意是应该的。随后给出有力的解释说明那样做为何是危险的。而“停下，你这傻孩子，不能这样做！”却是不恰当的做法（尽管比较人道也可以理解）。这样做是在批评孩子“傻”，而不是对他的行为作出批评。因此，适度的音量和没有攻击性的和声调语调能够让别人知道你的真正用意。

另一种常见的误区是当我们紧张、劳累过度或狂躁易怒时，我们往往会采取一种完全不符合情况的形式说话。

举一个例子：当你正在阅读《星期天时报》上的一篇有趣的文章时，你的伙侣正在阅读副刊，并时常地打扰你，还大声朗读幽默短文和片段。而这都干扰了你的注意力并让你心烦意乱，你什么都没有说，但是当她问你问题并需要你回答时，比如：“要来杯咖啡么？”你回答说：“不，我不要；我们半小时前刚喝过。你怎么这么能说？”

这种强硬的回答反映了你对伴侣之前频繁打断你而感到愤怒，但这对于对方来讲是不公平的，也是完全不合时宜的。（这或许也反映出你因为缺少自信而表现的愤怒，你早该说：“你等会儿能再给我读一遍么？这篇文章有点复杂，我得全神贯注的读。”）

在每个人的日常生活和社交及工作中，有时需要用恰当的音量和影响力。例如，当你用一种清楚平滑的声调来做出请求但被人忽略时，你有两种选择：放弃争论，随便它怎么样；或者你再请求一次，这次的语气要更有分量。如果你选择后者，你或许可以通过改变你的请求方式重新提起，使之更有命令性，从而提高信息的重要性或者增大音量，改变音调，以便符合演讲背后的情感。如果你对此感兴趣，你可以试试。

2 实践报告

【摘要】文化渗透于社会生活的各个方面，英语翻译不可避免地受到文化因素的影响。英语翻译不仅是一种语言翻译，更是一种文化翻译。翻译过程中的文化因素、思维方式、习俗文化和宗教信仰都是译者必须重点关注的问题。只有准确把握不同文化背景知识、不同民族思维模式的差异以及英汉两种语言风格的异同，并掌握充足的词汇和语法知识，才能进行成功的翻译。

关键词：翻译文化语言背景因素

1、翻译与文化的内涵

翻译的诞生给说不同语言的人们带来了很大的方便，它是人们彼此之间进行信息交流的桥梁。所谓翻译，就是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和社会文化进步。

何谓文化？英国学者泰勒（E.B Tylor，1871）给“文化”下的定义是：“所谓文化或文明，即知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及其它作为社会成员的人们能够获得的包括一切能力和习惯在内的复合性整体。”文化并不是抽象的，它是我们所感知的一切。人类以自己的情感、技能和智慧创造了自己的文化，更新了自己的文化。不同民族语言不同、文化各异，但人类的能力本质是相同的。因为人类所创造的文化在深层意义上反映了人类的共同能力。各民族的文化都有同一性，不同国家、不同民族活动的多样性和观念的多元化使其文化内容和形式出现多样性，这就是文化差异的渊源。翻译则是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具。

2、语言和文化的关系

瑞士语言学家Saussure把语言看成是社会现象。他认为，语言史和文化史总是交织在一起，彼此之间相互联系；民族的风俗习惯常反映在语言之中，阐明了不同民族间不同的语言与文化差异。美国语言学家Sapir认为，“语言不能

离开文化而存在”。“语言不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景，而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式……应该指出，语言和文化互相影响、互相作用；理解语言必须了解语言。”可见，不了解目的语的文化，便无法正确理解和运用该目的语，更无法进行沟通。当今，不同文化背景下的交流日益增多，密切的跨文化交流成了当今世界的主流，这就要求我们在了解相关国家的语言的同时，还必须要了解他们的文化知识，做到二者同步发展。

3、文化因素对英文翻译的影响

在思维方式方面，翻译是语言的翻译，而语言是思维的外壳。迥然不同的自然、社会条件使人们在思维习惯和表达方式上自然不同。

西方民族惯用抽象性、由一到多的分析型思维方式，句子常以主语和谓语为核心，统摄多个短语和从句，由主到次，但形散而意合。而东方民族的综合思维方式，使得中国人注重整体和谐，强调“从多到一”的思维方式；句子结构上以动词为中心，以时间顺序为逻辑顺序，横向铺叙，层层推进，归纳总结，形成“流水型”的句式结构。英汉民族熟悉和思维方式的不同决定了其在翻译过程中句式选择、遣词造句、词句省略等的不同。例如：

“It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth,and some of them their lives,before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.”

如果我们直接译成：“那是一个夸姣的金秋，在离别了那些可能丢失他们的青春甚至生命的人之后，树叶才慢慢地落下”，那么翻译显然受到了语言形式的拘束，译句结构混乱、呆板、没有条理性，且语言支离破碎。如果把译文译成：“那是个天色晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，夸姣的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年们已经失去了青春，有的甚至丧失了生命”，就比较符合中国人的思维方式了，同时也不失为一段出色的翻译。

再如奥运口号“北京欢迎您”，它表达了中国人民欢迎世界各国人民到北京的心情，我们常见的译文为“welcome to Beijing”，翻译中句式使用英语祈使句，恰当地表达出中国人期盼奥运的热情。如果译为“Beijing is welcome you”，则语气过于清淡，效果也会大打折扣。

4、文化背景和社会习俗方面

不同国家具有不同的文化背景，文化背景差异对翻译实践产生很大的影响，

并对翻译实践提出更高的要求。民族文化背景对语言的发展有极大的影响，每个民族的语言都会带有各自历史文化的痕迹。因此，在第三篇文章中我们就可以清楚地意识到，东方与西方的历史发展不同，因而语言中沉积的文化内涵也不相同。历史文化的一个重要内容体现为历史典故和习语；要译好不同语言中的习语和历史典故，就必须对该语言所反映的历史文化有所了解。“Oxford” 在汉语中常译为“牛津”，所以很多人把““Oxford” English”译为“牛津英语”其实““Oxford”在西方人心目中的形象是官方的，标准的。因此应译为“官方标准英语”。汉语中常说：“说曹操，曹操到”，曹操是中国历史上的著名人物，但许多英语读者就不知他为何人。不过英语中有类似的说法“Talk of the devil,and he’s sure to appear.”

社会习俗更是如此，它影响和制约着翻译的精确性。在英语国家对一个经过长途旅行后的人可以说“You must be tired from such a long trip.”、“Did you have a good trip?”，表示“路上辛苦了”、“一路好吗？”之类的问候。对正在进行或刚完成一项艰难任务的人，可以说“Well done,That was a hard job”。不同的文化有不同的表达方式，因此在翻译时，一定要考虑两种文化间的差异，决不能望文生义，更不能机械地直译。又如，bread and butter这两样东西在英语国家历史悠久，面包是他们生活中不可缺少的一部分，也是日常的主要食品，所以在语言中的转义也较多。如“bread and butter”还有“生计，谋生之道，靠山”等含义，美国《新闻周刊》评论家大卫·安森说过：“As ever,politics,vulgarity and senti mentality were the bread and butterof the Academy Awards.”（政治、粗鄙和感伤一度成为奥斯卡奖的支柱。）

3 宗教信仰、宗教意识方面

宗教是人类思想文化的重要组成部分，它是由一个民族的宗教信仰、宗教意识所形成的。不同的宗教体现了不同的文化特色和文化传统。基督教认为，上帝创造了人，人来自尘土，又回归尘土。如：

“B eing a teacher is being present at the creation when the clay beginning to breathe.”有些人译为“教师一直在创造中，当土地开始呼吸。”这是由于他们不了解西方人的宗教信仰所致。因为英语中的“creation”常指“上帝创造”，而“clay”常指“上帝创造的人”。这句话的译文应该是“教师是创造的见证人，目睹生命呼吸成长。”

再比如说“红色”。在汉文化中，红色象征着“喜庆、吉祥、胜利、好运、受欢迎的东西”。而西方则因为耶稣甘愿被钉在十字架上流血牺牲，用生命来拯

救世人以及中世纪教派之间的相互残杀，使英民族文化中的“red”总是同流血、牺牲、殉难等不好的事情联系起来，因此“red hands”译为“沾满鲜血的手”，“a red battle”译为“血战”。

6、习语方面

习语的翻译算得上是难中之难。因为习语不仅是一种语言现象，更是一种文化产物。如“黔驴技穷”可译为英语中的习惯说法“at one’s wits end”，也可翻译为“The proverbial donkeyin ancient Guizhou has exhausted its tricks,and it can do nothing more.”这种翻译，既传播了汉文化、保存了原汁原味，也符合英语读者的阅读习惯，达到使文化交流贯穿于语言交流的目的。比如“Love me,love my dog”，译为“爱屋及乌”；“A loss may turn out to be a gain”，可译为“塞翁失马，焉知非福”。

同样英汉习语中有大量是由历史典故形成的，这些习语结构简单、意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如汉语中的“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等；英语中的“meet one’s waterloo”(一败涂地)、“a Pandora’s box”（潘多拉之盒—灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源）等。

近年来，翻译中的文化问题越来越受到人们的关注。人们重视翻译中的文化问题，源于对背景知识的作用的正确认识。在翻译实践中，由于文化不解与误解导致误译和错译的例子屡见不鲜。于是文化因素对英文翻译的影响，便成了众多学者的研究对象。正如美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达所说：“就真正成功的翻译而言，译者的双文化（bicultural）功底甚至比双语（bilingualism）功底更重要，因为词语只有在起作用的文化语境中才有意义。”

【结语】：

文化与翻译关系密切，不可分割。翻译离不开文化因素的影响，翻译不仅是语言表面上的题目，更是文化层面上的题目。因为“翻译实质上是文化翻译”，终极目的除了传递原信息外，更要传递文化，促进文化间的交流和理解。在翻译的过程中，译者要让目标文成功地表达源文的内涵，不但要求译者有扎实的语言功底，而且还要熟悉和了解两种语言的文化背景。因此归根到底，语言的翻译就是文化的翻译，其根本任务不仅是翻译文化，而且是翻译容载或蕴含着文化信息的意义，从而达到中西文化相互交流、融合的目的。

3 参考文献

[1] Eugene A.Nida. Language Culture And Translating[M].1993.

[2]刘宓庆. 文化翻译论纲[M]. 湖北: 湖北教育出版社，1999.

[3]陈新. 英汉文体翻译教程[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2004.

[4]王婧媛.浅谈翻译中的文化因素[M]. 北京：中国校外教育杂志社,2008.

[5]谭载喜.新编奈达论翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999.

附录（原文）

原文1

Women’s liberation

Have you heard of the women’s liberation move ment? It began in the 1960s and started by women who were concerned about their identity, their role in society, their work, and the view of women that many people held.Now many American women are deeply concerned about these things.These women would like better and more interesting lives for all women everywhere.

There are many aspects of the women’s liberation movement. Some women agree with all of the goals of women’s liberation. They want full equality with men in every aspect of life. In marriage, they want husbands and wives to share all of the work and responsibilities of a home and family. In work, they want women and men to have the same jobs and the same chance to succeed. They want women to be paid just as much as men for the same work. Other women agree with only some of the ideas of women’s liberation. They want the same pay if they hold the same job as a man. At home, however, they do not expect their husbands to share in the cleaning, cooking, and other household jobs.

It is necessary to remember that the women’s liberation movement is not concerned only with concrete issues. The movement is also concerned with attitudes and beliefs; one typical example of this concern is the issue of a woman’s identity. A woman’s identity is what she thin ks of herself as a person, who she thinks she is, and what she thinks she can do. Some women do not think they are capable of doing anything important. The women’s liberation movement would like to help these women improve their views of themselves. Many women who are concerned with women’s liberation have taken jobs, have helped others, have raised healthy children, and have done many other things to contribute to their communities. They have shown that they are capable of being good leaders and of doing many important things.

A second issue of the women’s liberation movement is the question of women’s roles. Should a women work outside the home? Should she work if she is married

and has children? Or should she stay home to take care of her husband and children? What will the rest of society think of her if she enters a profession or has a career? What will other people think if she wants to stay home and raise a family? These questions do not have just one correct answer. Every woman must decide her own role. The women’s liberation movement is trying to make it possible for a woman to decide what she wants to do. The movement also wants to make it possible for her to do the best and the most she possibly can.

If a woman decides to take a job outside the home, there are many important questions which are raised. Can she get any job she is capable of and qualified for? Or are some jobs closed to her because she is a woman? If she gets a job and some of her fellow workers are men doing the same work, will she be paid as much as they are? These issues are considered important in the United States. The government has passed some laws to try to help women get any job for which they are qualified, and to help them get the same pay as a man for doing the same work. The government has also passed a law to encourage businesses that get money from the government to be fair to women and minority groups. This is called the Affirmative Action Law. It says that if a company is not fair to women and other minority groups, the government will not do business with that company. This encourages businesses to provide equal opportunities for women.

Many people agree with the ideas and goals of women’s liberation. They feel that women ought to be considered equal to men in every way. They feel that a woman should be able to decide to stay home and raise a family, or to stay home and not raise a family, or to go out and work, or to have a job outside the home and the family as well. They feel a woman should be able to do anything that she wants to do and can do. Other people are opposed to women’s liberation. They do not think that women should have the same jobs and the same pay as men. They believe that men should do all of the important work. They feel that women should stay at home, taking care of men and children. Many husbands do not want their wives to work outside the home. Some women agree with these men. People who support women’s liberation do not feel that it is bad for a woman to remain at home if she wants to. They believe that work in the home is important and should be respected. But they want to make sure that a woman works at home because she wants to, and not

because she can’t get a job outside the home, or because she does not believe that she can do anything useful in her community.

The women’s liberation movement is trying to give women a chance to show what they can do. Perhaps a woman will find the cure for our most serious disease. Perhaps a woman will solve the energy crisis. Perhaps women and men, working together, will be able to accomplish important things better and sooner than men would if men were working alone. If the women’s liberation movement is successful, we will have a chance to find out.

Each man and each woman must decide whether he or she agrees with the ideas of the women’s liberation movement completely, partly, or not at all. Whether you agree or disagree with women’s liberation, you know that it has begun to change our lifes.

原文2

Save Money for College on My Own

I will never forget the day in my first year in high school. I was sitting on the stairs descending into the basement, putting my head in my hands and crying out in despair to my parents that I would never be able to save enough money for college. My parents tried to console me, but it seemed impossible to save $64,268, the cost for the private institution that I desperately wanted do attend.

Now let me tell you the amazing story of how I earned this sum of money.

It all began with a paper route in I hated delivering that route, but was determined to stick it out six months until my family moved to Wausau, Wisconsin, with a few meager dollars from my paper route, my savings began to develop. My next job was with an athletic company as a telephone customer service representative. The savings account continued to grow very slowly. Then came the fall of my junior year of high school, and I began to work as a waitress at a restaurant. It was hard work, but the money began to roll in and this job paid at least twice as much money per hour.

By the time my senior year arrived, I had saved a considerable amount of money. This was encouraging, but I knew that I would also need some help, so I began the process of applying for scholarships. Sometimes it was discouraging because I was rejected again and again. Then, my first scholarship offer came in, $2,000 a year to play tennis. This is only a small dent at a school that costs approximately $14,000 a

year, but it was start. Several other academic scholarships also came my way and soon my scholarships were up to $9.050. With the scholarships and my savings, I had enough money for my first year!

Another interesting development emerged. I began testing out of classes. Running anxiously to the mailbox in anticipation of my test scores became part of my daily routine. Excitement mounted as test after test came back with passing results. Each passing result saved me approximately $1,000 in tuition and then enabled me to graduate a year early. This would save room and board expenses as well.

Finally, I entered the institution. Become of my careful savings, I did mot have to work during the school year. Then, summer came and it was time to work harder than ever. I continued working as a waitress at night, instructed tennis camps several mornings a week and worked as a secretary for a few hours in the afternoon. Being a little overzealous, I also decided to take a class at a community college. This class at the community college saved me $650. It was an exhausting summer and made me anxious to return to my relatively easy life at college.

During my second and third years of undergraduate schooling, I decided to work about five hours per week in the campus admissions offices answering phones. This provided a little spending money and kept me from draining my savings. The overall situation looked hopeful as I approached my senior year as long as I could make as much money as I had the precious summer. I wanted to go to Israel to study for 3 weeks, but I hesitated in making this decision because it would cost me $1,600 more to get the credits in Israel. About two weeks later my Mom called to tell me that I had $1,600 in the bank that I had forgotten about! One of my concerns about this trip was not only the cost, but the loss of time to make money; however, I made as much that summer in the ten weeks when I was at home as I had made during the fourteen weeks when I was at home the summer before. The way everything worked together to make this trip feasible was one of the most exciting things that have ever happened to me.

Finally my senior year of college came and to keep things satisfactory, I decided to buy a car. I obviously did not have a lot of money to spend on a car and yet I wanted something reliable to make the ten-hour trips between home and school not too tiring.

I searched many newspaper ads and my father and I began searching for good used card. I was ecstatic when I found a crashed car that had been fixed up for only $4,200. Then, I also attended an eight-week course on marriage and family in Colorado. This was an incredible experience that taught me a great deal about my worldview and how to develop a healthy family. This experience was also very costly, $4,000. I was

surprised to find that I had graduated with no dept and so many remarkable journeys along the way. This experience has shaped me in many important ways. The first thing that I learned was the importance of a strong work ethic. Working long hours did a lot to mold my character and helped me learn the value of a dollar. It also made me learn how to craft creative solutions to difficult dilemmas.

Whenever I am overwhelmed or afraid of the future, I can remember my $64,268 miracle.

原文3

The Mystery of Speaking Effectively

Why that is some people have a seemingly natural ability to get attention and respect when they speak? What is it that makes others listen and pay attention to their words? It isn’t necessarily a question of status, or the content of what they say. Such people often don’t speak “Oxford” English, express themselves using perfect grammatical constructions, or even use appropriate words. What they do have is resonance. Such people tend to have beautiful, rich voices and to use the lower end of their voice range. Observe and listen to others. People who speak quickly and breathily in a high-pitched voice do not appear as assertive as those who speak more slowly using deeper voice tones. The lower pitch conveys control and confidence.

It would be ridiculous to suggest that from now on you self-consciously lower the tone of your voice when you speak, but you can begin to achieve greater resonance by practicing the way you breathe. Try this. Stand in front of a mirror breathing naturally. Now draw a deep breath. Does your chest expand? Do your shoulders rise?

I think so. You are breathing “high”, using your rib rather than your abdominal muscles. Try again, this time putting your hands across your stomach. When you breathe in, consciously keep your shoulders lowered and fill your lungs from the abdomen – you will feel your stomach expanding. If you practice abdominal breathing, you will be utilizing all, not just the top, of your lungs, which in itself must be beneficial. You will also be engaging your diaphragm more, and this in turn will access the lower end of your voice range and add resonance to your voice, conveying more authority.

Words delivered in a monotone soon become just that-monotonous! Your delivery will need light and shade if you want to keep the attention of your listener. Assertive delivery requires smooth-flowing, resonant inflection; the voice will be relaxed with enough volume to be heard distinctly without being overpowering.

However, there are some occasions when assertive behavior requires a little more power than generally recommended for everyday conversations. If you were to see a small child about to put her hand into an activated food processor, it would be inappropriate to say, in a low-pitched, relaxed way, “I’d prefer you not to put your hand into that food-processor.” Assertive, yes; practical, no! Obviously, there are occasions –when someone’s personal safety is at risk, for instance – when more force of delivery is required.

The content of the communication doesn’t have to beco me aggressive, however. In the above example, a loud, sharp “NO” to stop the action immediately and demand attention, followed by a forceful explanation of why that was a dangerous thing to do, would be an appropriate response, whereas “Stop! Don’t do that you stupid child!” would be an inappropriate (though human and understandable) one. The whole child is labeled as “stupid” rather than the action itself being criticized. Appropriate volume and intonation without aggressive tones will give the other person the message that you mean business.

Another common failing is that when we are tense, overworked or just irritable, we often respond with a force totally inappropriate to the situation.

To give an example: you are reading an interesting article in the Sunday papers. Your partner is reading the supplement and constantly interrupts, reading aloud witty bits and snippets. It’s breaking your concentration and making you disturbed. You say nothing, but when she then asks something which requires a respon se, like “Do you want a coffee?” you respond “No, I don’t; we only had one half an hour ago. Why are you so talkative?”

The intensity of the response reflects your annoyance at the previous interruptions and is certainly unfair, and totally inappropriate to the situation. (It might also reflect irritation at your own lack of assertion when earlier you should have said something like, “Can you read that to me latter? This article is a bit complex and I need to concentrate.”)

There are occasions in ever yone’s life, social and business, when the skill of using appropriate volume and force needs to be practiced. For example, when you have given an assertive request in clear, level tones and that request is ignored, you have two choices: give up the fight and put up with the situation as it is, or make your request again, this time with a little more force. If you take the latter course, you could either change the way of your request, making it a directive which will give the message more “punch” and/or inc rease volume, altering intonation to match the emotion behind the delivery. If you are interested in this, you can have a try.