英语语法指导:定语从句详解

英语语法指导:定语从句详解
英语语法指导:定语从句详解

英语语法指导:定语从句详解

定语从句是英语学习的难点,也是考研英语考查的重点。掌握考研英语的定语从句需要掌握以下几个方面:

一、定义

定语从句是指在句中做定语作用,修饰句中的名词或代词的从句,其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时,其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。

二、定语从句的结构

定语从句一般位于先行词的后面,定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which,that, as和关系副词when, where, why等引导。

(一)关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

(1)who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中做主语和宾语。例如:

·Is he the manwho/that wants to see you?

他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中做主语)

·He is the manwhom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中做宾语)

(2)whose用作关系词表示所属格,也可看作是关系形容词,因为它后面必须接一个名词连用。不能单独使用。例如:

·They rushed over to help the manwhose car had broken down.

那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。

(3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可做主语、宾语等。作宾语时常可省略。例如:

·A prosperitywhich / that had never been seen beforeappears in the countryside.

农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)

(二)关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

(1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构,因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。例如:

·There are occasionswhen(on which)one must yield.

任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

·Beijing is the placewhere(in which)I was born.

北京是我的出生地。

·Is this the reasonwhy(for which)he refused our offer?

这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

(2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:·His father died the year(that / when / in which)he was born.

他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

·He is unlikely to find the place(that / where / in which)he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

(三)限制性和非限制性定语从句

(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:

·This is the housewhich we bought last month.

这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

·The house,which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

(2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:

·Charles Smith,who was my former teacher, retired last year.

查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。

·My house,which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

·This novel,which I have read three times, is very touching.

这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

(3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:

·He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

·Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.

液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

(四)介词+关系词

(1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。

(2)that前不能有介词。

(3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。例如:

·This is the housein which I lived two years ago.

这是我两年前住过的房子。

·This is the housewhere I lived two years ago.

·Do you remember the dayon which you joined our club?

还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?

·Do you remember the daywhen you joined our club?

(五)as, which引导的非限定性定语从句

由as, which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this 或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:

·As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。

·The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.

太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。

【特别提示】as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以做主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:a)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。

b)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。

三、翻译方法

定语从语从句有以下五种翻译方法:

①前置法:这是定语从句的翻译中较常见的一种,即把定语从句的内容翻译成“…………的”,放在被修饰词的前面。这种方法的使用有一个原则即是定语从句内容简短,翻译符合汉语表达习惯。

②后置法:与前置法不同,后置法就是把定语从句的翻译放在被修饰词之后,这样做的目的在于使译文符合汉语的表达习惯。在此,定语从句的后置翻译分为三类:由which引导定语从句时一般翻译为“这”;另一些引导词则在翻译时重复先行词,即被修饰词;还有一些引导词在翻译时可以省略不译。

③融合法:在限制性定语从句中,由于定语从句与主句关系紧密,所以定语从句往往翻译成句子的谓语部分,主语即是定语从句的先行词。这里讲的融合法即是将定语从句与主句融合为一个简单句的方法。这种用法往往用在“there be”结构带有定语从句的句型中。。

④状译法:英语的定语从句中有一类在形式上是主句的定语从句,而其所起的作用却相当于主句的状语,修饰主句的谓语或者全句。这种状语功能常常包括原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等,所以我们在翻译时需要弄清主句和定语从句之间的逻辑关系,从而是译文通顺合理,符合汉语表达习惯。

【真题例句】

Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

【解析】

句子可拆分为:Behaviorists suggest //that the child //who is raised in an environment //where there are many stimuli// which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses// will experience greater intellectual development.

is raised是从属连词who从句的动词;are是where从句的动词;develop是which 从句的动词;由于跟在从属连词后的动词不可能是主句的谓语动词,所以前面提到的三个动词全都不是主句的谓语动词。这时,句子里还有两个动词:suggest和will experience;经过分析,will experience前有从属连词that,所以也只是从句的动词。可以得出:本句的谓语动词是suggest。

本句的主干即是Behaviorists suggest that ...;that引导suggest的宾语从句,动词是will experience;who引导修饰child的定语从句,动词为is raised;where引导修

饰environment的定语从句,动词为are;which引导修饰stimuli的定语从句,动词为develop。

【参考译文】行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长,而这些刺激物能够发展其做出适当反应的能力,那么,这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧,技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路,预祝所有考生2016考研有个好成绩。

凯程教育:

凯程考研成立于2005年,国内首家全日制集训机构考研,一直从事高端全日制辅导,由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成,为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。

凯程考研的宗旨:让学习成为一种习惯;

凯程考研的价值观口号:凯旋归来,前程万里;

信念:让每个学员都有好最好的归宿;

使命:完善全新的教育模式,做中国最专业的考研辅导机构;

激情:永不言弃,乐观向上;

敬业:以专业的态度做非凡的事业;

服务:以学员的前途为已任,为学员提供高效、专业的服务,团队合作,为学员服务,为学员引路。

如何选择考研辅导班:

在考研准备的过程中,会遇到不少困难,尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说,通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足,可以大大提高复习效率,节省复习时间,大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班,或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。

师资力量:师资力量是考察辅导班的首要因素,考生可以针对辅导名师的辅导年限、辅导经验、历年辅导效果、学员评价等因素进行综合评价,询问往届学长然后选择。判断师资力量关键在于综合实力,因为任何一门课程,都不是由一、两个教师包到底的,是一批教师配合的结果。还要深入了解教师的学术背景、资料著述成就、辅导成就等。凯程考研名师云集,李海洋、张鑫教授、方浩教授、卢营教授、孙浩教授等一大批名师在凯程授课。而有的机构只是很普通的老师授课,对知识点把握和命题方向,欠缺火候。

对该专业有辅导历史:必须对该专业深刻理解,才能深入辅导学员考取该校。在考研辅导班中,从来见过如此辉煌的成绩:凯程教育拿下2015五道口金融学院状元,考取五道口15人,清华经管金融硕士10人,人大金融硕士15个,中财和贸大金融硕士合计20人,北师大教育学7人,会计硕士保录班考取30人,翻译硕士接近20人,中传状元王园璐、郑家威都是来自凯程,法学方面,凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元,更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。在凯程官方网站的光荣榜,成功学员经验谈视频特别多,都是凯程战绩的最好证明。对于如此高的成绩,凯程集训营班主任邢老师说,凯程如此优异的成绩,是与我们凯程严格的管理,全方位的辅导是分不开的,很多学生本科都不是名校,某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校,还有很多是工作了多年才回来考的,大多数是跨专业考研,他们的难度大,竞争激烈,没有严格的训练和同学们的刻

苦学习,是很难达到优异的成绩。最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。

建校历史:机构成立的历史也是一个参考因素,历史越久,积累的人脉资源更多。例如,凯程教育已经成立10年(2005年),一直以来专注于考研,成功率一直遥遥领先,同学们有兴趣可以联系一下他们在线老师或者电话。

有没有实体学校校区:有些机构比较小,就是一个在写字楼里上课,自习,这种环境是不太好的,一个优秀的机构必须是在教学环境,大学校园这样环境。凯程有自己的学习校区,有吃住学一体化教学环境,独立卫浴、空调、暖气齐全,这也是一个考研机构实力的体现。此外,最好还要看一下他们的营业执照。

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