专八人文知识--2
Test for English Majors Grade Eight General Knowledge
Countries: 1. America
1.The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is ________.
A.the Mississippi river
B. the Appalachians
C. the Rocky Mountains
D. the Hudson river
2.Which is the largest racial group in the whole population of USA?
A.Hispanics
B. American Indians
C. Non-Hispanics White
D. Asian Americans
3.____has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.
A. America
B. Canada
C. England
D. Australia
4. All states of America are governed by the common law except _____.
A. Louisiana
B. Washington
C. California
D. New York
5. _______is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.
A. California
B. Indiana
C. Kansas
D. Massachusetts
6. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of American characters? _____
A. Ambition
B. Individualism
C. Consideration
D. Self-reliance
7. Which of the following is NOT America’s Newspaper? ____
A. Wall Street Journal
B. USA Today
C. Guardian
D. The Milwaukee Journal
8. “Hollywood” is often used as a synonym for ____.
A. American films
B. American forest industry
C. Christians in the USA
D. American advertising industry
9. To the west of mainland American lies the ____.
A. Atlantic Ocean
B. Pacific Ocean
C. Indian Ocean
D. Arctic Ocean
10. Detroit, a US city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its_____.
A. automobile industry
B. textile industry
C. iron and steel industry
D. aircraft industry
11. The natives of the continent of America are the ______.
A. Canadians
B. Indians
C. Mexicans
D. Hispanics
12. ____is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.
A. Washington D.C
B. Los Angeles
C. San Francisco
D. New York City
13. Which of the following minority groups enjoys the worst social and economic conditions?
A. Blacks
B. Hispanics
C. Indians
D. Asian American
14. Which of the following is NOT in New York City?
A. Wall Street
B. Fifth Avenue
C. Broadway Street
D. Niagara Falls
15. Washington D.C is named ____.
A. after the US President George Washington
B. after Christopher Columbus
C. after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus
D. after none of them
16. The US Congress has the power to make these laws except of _____.
A. defense
B. citizenship and naturalization
C. marriage
D. the regulation of foreign trade
17. American and British English are two ____of the English language.
A. varieties
B. elements
C. parts
D. forms
18. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was _____.
A. Thomas Jefferson
B. James Monroe
C. James Madison
D. Abraham Lincoln
19. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is ____.
A. Rhode Island
B. Virginia
C. Texas
D. Montana
20. The term “Father of Waters” is used to refer to _____.
A. the Amazon River
B. the Mississippi River
C. the Nile River
D. the Hudson River
21. The statue of liberty was given to American people by ____as a gift in 1884.
A. France
B. Spain
C. Italy
D. Britain
22. ____music is perhaps America’s greatest contribution to the world of popular music.
A. Blues
B. Rock
C. Jazz
D. Waltz
23. American national flower is _____. A. violet B. rose C. lily D. primrose
24. Whose presidential term is the longest?
A. George Washington
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. Abraham Lincoln
D. Franklin D. Roosevelt
25. ___is the dividing line between the South and North.
A. The Hudson River
B. The Potomac River
C. The Ohio River
D. The Missouri River
26. When did the American Civil War break out? ____ A. 1775 B. 1812 C. 1861 D. 1863
27. Who prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence?
A. John Adams
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. Benjamin Franklin
D. John Hancock
28. The New Deal was started by ____.
A. Franklin Roosevelt
B. J.F. Kennedy
C. George Washington
D. Thomas Jefferson
29. The District of Manhattan is in the city of ____.
A. Washington
B. San Francisco
C. New York
D. Chicago
30. The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states____.
A. according to their population
B. according to their size
D. according to their tax paid to federal government D. equally
31. The US is called a “melting pot” because____.
A. its steel industry is highly developed
B. it has great influence on the world
C. it is an important economic center of the world
D. people from different races live there together
32. The first Puritans came to America on the ship____.
A. Codpeed
B. Susan Constant
C. May Flower
D. Discovery
2. Britain
33. Which of the following does not belong to the Island of Great Britain?
A. England
B. Scotland
C. Wales
D. Ireland
34. In Industrial Revolution, George Stephenson invented_____.
A. railway engine
B. spinning machine
C. steam engine
D. cotton textile
35. ____is the leader of the British government. A. Prime Minister B. Queen C. President D. Governor
36. ____introduced Christianity into Britain.
A. The Celts
B. The Romans
C. The Viking Danes
D. The French
37. The real power of the British government lies in_____.
A. the House of Commons
B. the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister
C. the Prime Minister
D. the Queen
38. The longest river in Britain is _____.
A. the Severn River
B. the Thames River
C. the Clyde River
D. the Potmac River
39. “God Save the Queen” is the national ___of Britain. A. flag B. emblem C. anthem D. both A and B
40. Big Ben is a famous _____in London. A. statue B. bridge C. hotel D. clock
41. Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper?
A. The Telegraph
B. The Guardian
C. The News of the World
D. The Times
42. The capital of Wales is _____. A. Swansea B. Cardiff C. Rhonda D. Belfast
43. ____is England’s biggest naval base. A. Portsmouth B. Southampton C. Plymouth D. Dover
44. There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative Party and ___.
A. the Liberal Party
B. the Democratic Party
C. the Labour Party
D. the Republican Party
45. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?
A. The Anglo-Saxon
B. The Normans
C. The Vikings
D. The Romans
46. Which is the largest city in Scotland? A. Cardiff B. Edinburgh C. Glasgow D. Manchester
3. Canada
47. Maples are always used to symbolize___. A. Australia B. America C. England D. Canada
48. Canada was originally one colony of ____.
A. America
B. Canada
C. England
D. New Zealand
49. The official languages in Canada are English and ____.
A. French
B. Spanish
C. German
D. Portuguese
50. The capital of Canada is____. A. Vancouver B. Ottawa C. Toronto D. Quebec
51. The largest city in Canada is ____. A. Vancouver B. Ottawa C. Toronto D. Montreal
4. Australia
52. Australia was originally one colony of ____. A. America B. Canada C. England D. New Zealand
53. The capital of Australia is ____. A. Canberra B. Sydney C. Melbourne D. Queensland
54. The largest city in Australia is _____. A. Canberra B. Sydney C. Melbourne D. Perth
5. New Zealand
55. The capital of New Zealand is ____. A. Auckland B. Christchurch D. Dunedin D. Wellington
56. The largest city in New Zealand is ____. A. Auckland B. Christchurch D. Dunedin D. Wellington
57. The ____are the indigenous people of New Zealand, and have a rich and varied culture.
A. Maori
B. Cherokee
C. People from India
D. People from Southeast Asia
58. Australia and New Zealand were first discovered by the ____explorer Able Tasman in 1642.
A. French
B. Dutch
C. English
D. Spanish
Literature:
1. American Literature
59_____usually was regarded as the first American writer.
A. William Bradford
B. Anne Bradstreet
C. Emily Dickson
D. Captain John Smith
60. "God helps those who help themselves" is a citation from the work of____
A. Paine
B.Franklin
C. Freneau
D. Jefferson
61.As a philosophical and literary movement, ____flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War.
A. sentimentalism
B. transcendentalism
C. modernism
D. rationalism
62. The chief spokes man of New England Transcendentalism is __
A. Nathaniel Hawthorne
B. Ralph Waldo Emerson
C. Henry David Thoreau
D. Washington Irving
63. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as __
A. the Modern Period
B. the Realistic Period
C.the Romantic Period
D. the Naturalistic Period
64. Which is regarded as the "Declaration of Intellectual Independence"? ___
A. The American Scholar
B. English Traits
C. The Conduct of Life
D. Representative Men
65. ____ was the first man of letters from the United States to win an international reputation.
A. Nathaniel Hawthorne
B. Washington Irving
C. James Fenimore Cooper
D. Longfellow
66. Mark Twain is well-known for his___.
A. frontier theme
B. symbolism.
C. local colour
D. international theme
67. The major trend in American literature in the 70s and 80s in the 19th century is ____.
A. romanticism
B. realism
C. sentimentalism
D. naturalism
68. Which book is NOT written by Mark Twain?_______
A. The Gilded Age
B. The Prince and the Pauper
C. Life on the Mississippi
D. The Portrait of a Lady
69. The novel that "touched off the American Civil War" refers to ____
A. Gone with theWind
B.Uncle Tom's Cabin
C. Farewell to Arms
D. The Grapes of Wrath
70. The book from which "all modern American literature comes" refers to____.
A. The Great Gatsby
B. The Sun Also Rises
C. Moby Dick
D. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
71. Jack London's masterwork______ is somewhat autobiographical.
A. The Sea Wolf
B. The People of the Abyss
C. Martin Eden
D. The Star Rover
72. Which of the following authors is NOT the Nobel Prize winner?
A. Earnest Hemingway
B. Eugene O'Neil
C. William Faulkner
D. Scott Fitzgerald
73. The Great Gatsby is written by_____.
A. Ernest Hemingway
B. Sindair Lewis
C. John Steinbeck
D.Francis Scott Fitzgerald
74. The Rabbit series were written by_____.
A. John Updike
B. Jerome David Salinger
C. Mark Twain
D. Ezra Pound
75. _______ is Hemingway's first true novel, which portrays "the lost generation".
A. For Whom the Bell Tolls
B. The OM Man and the Sea
C. The Sun Also Rises
D. A Farewell to Arms
2. English Literature
76.1n the 14the century, the most important writer is _______ A. Langland B. Wyclif C. Gowe D. Chaucer
77. Here is a sentence from an essay "Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider". The essay must be___.
A. Of studies by Francis Bacon
B. The Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon
C. Novum Organum by Francis Bacon
D. Essays by Francis Bacon
78. The English Renaissance Period was an age of____.
A. poetry and drama
B. drama and novel
C. novel and poetry
D. romance and poetry
79. Which of the following is not among Shakespeare's four great tragedies?
A. Hamlet
B. Romeo and Juliet
C. Macbeth
D. King Lear
80. _____ is the first important English essayist and the founder of modern science in England.
A. Francis Bacon
B. Edmund Spenser
C. William Carxton
D. Sidney
81. Paradise Lost is the masterpiece of_____.
A. William Shakespeare
B. Robert Burns
C. John Milton
D. William Blake
82. "To be or not to be" has become a universal question puzzling every intellectual mind. This is a quotation from
_____ . A. King Lear B. Hamlet C. Romeo and Juliet D. Othello
83. The novel Gulliver's Travels was written by___.
A. Tobias Smollett
B. Jonathan Swift
C. Laurence sTerne
D. John Bunyan
84. The publication of ____ marked the beginning of the Romantic Age.
A. Don Juan
B. The Rime of the Ancient Marine r
C. The Lyrical Ballads
D. Queen Mab
85. The author of Ode To the West Wind is _______. A. Shelley B. Byron C. Allen Poe D. Emerson
86. The famous poem "A Red, Red Rose" was written by______. A. Wordsworth B. Byron C. Burns D. Keats
87. Which is Thackeray's masterpiece? __A. The Virginians B. Vanity Fair C.The Book of SnobD.The New Comes
88. Wuthering Heights is the masterpiece by____.
A. Jane Austen
B. Emily Bronte
C. Charles Dickens
D. Willimn Makepeace Thackeray
89. Jane Eyre was written by which Bronte sister? ____ A. Anne B. Charlotte C. Emily D. Jane
90. Which of the following novelists was the last of the great Victorian novelist?_______
A. Dickens
B. William Makepeace Thackeray
C. Thomas Hardy
D. George Meredith
91. ________ is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist.
A. James Joyce
B. John Galsworthy
C.
D.H. Lawrence D. George Bernard Shaw
92. John Galsworthy was most famous for____.
A. Heart of Darkness
B. Ulysses
C. The Forsyte Sage
D. A Passage to India
93. George Bernard Shaw is an outstanding _____dramatist.
A. realistic
B. expressionistic
C. Modernist
D. classical
94. W.S. Maugham was most famous for __
A. Moon and Sixpence
B. Cakes and Ale
C. Human Bondag e
D. The Razor's Edge
III. Linguistics
1 Introduction
95. If the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called_______ came into being. A. syntax B. semantics C. pragmatics D. morphology
96. Which of the following items is not a design feature of human language?_____
A. competence
B. arbitrariness
C. displacement
D. productivity
97. The differences between Traditional Grammar and Modem Linguistics are all of the followings
EXCEPT______.
A descriptive vs. prescriptive B. spoken vs. written
C. non-Latin-based framework vs. Latin-based framework
D. competence vs. performance
98. The term ________linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. comparative
D. historical comparative
99. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called_______.
A. sociolinguistics
B. psycholinguistics
C. computational linguistics
D. applied linguistics
100. ______is regarded as the “father of modem linguistics” .
A. Chomsky
B. Saussure
C. Halliday
D. Whorf
101. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between_.
A. prescriptive and descriptive
B. synchronic and diachronic
C. speech and writing
D. language and parole 102. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that____.
A. language is basically vocal
B. language is arbitrary
C. language is used for communication
D. language is productive
103. ________ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.
A. Ambiguity
B. Abstractness
C. Arbitrariness
D. Fuzziness
104. All human languages are organized on two levels: the sound level--meaningless, the grammatical
level--meaningful. This means language has the design feature of_______.
A. creative
B. changeable
C. arbitrary
D. duality
105. ____are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.
A. Morphology and semantics
B. Morphology and syntax
C. Semantics and syntax
D. Morphology and phonology 106. Language has the feature of ________in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. A. duality B. productivity C. displacement D. interchangeability
107. Linguistics gives priority to the spoken language instead of the written language because__.
A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systems
B. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world
C. we have recording devices to study
D. spoken language precedes written languages only in Indo-European 108. Langue & parole are a pair important distinctions put forward by ___.
A. Saussure
B. Chomsky
C. Lyons
D. Halliday
109. Who made the distinction between competence and performance?
A. Chomsky
B. Saussure
C. Halliday
D. Bloomfield
2. Phonetics and Phonology
110. Phonetics is the study of____.
A. all the sounds that occur in the world's language
B. speech sounds used by human languages to represent
C. the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in nature
D. how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding
111. In the field of phonology, which of the following does NOT belong to the suprasegmental features?________ A. stress B. tone C. intonation D. syllable
112. Classification of vowels are made up of the following EXCEPT______.
A. the position of the tongue
B. the openness of the mouth
C. the shape of the lip
D. the width of the vowels 113. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a ______. A. phoneme B. allophone C. phone D. allomorph
114. In English, there is only one glottal. It is _______. A. [f] B. [r] C. [h] D. [v]
115. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in a different phonetic environments are called the
_____of that phoneme. A. minimal B. allomorph C. phones D. allophones
116. There are _______nasals in English. A. one B. two C. three D. four
117. _______ are not a minimal pair in English.
A. "sink" and "zinc"
B. "fine" and "vine"
C. "bat" and "pat"
D. "teach" and "cheat"
3. Morphology
118. Morphology is the study of____.
A. the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their information
B. the uses of different types of utterances in different contexts
C. the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in nature
D. the rules that pertain to all languages throughout the world.
119. What is the minimum unit of meaning? ______ A. phoneme B. morpheme C. allophone D. allomorph 120. There are ______morphemes in the word "undesirability". A. three B. four C. five D. six
121 _____ are bound morphemes because they can not be used as separate words.
A. Roots
B. Stems
C. Affixes
D. Compounds
122.The word "irresistible" is _______ . A. a compound one B. a clipped one C. a blended one D. a derived one 123. _______ of the following word-formation processes, is the most productive.
A. clipping
B. blending
C. initialism
D. derivation
124. Morphemes that can occur "unattached" are called_____.
A. inflectional
B. bound
C. free
D. derivational morphemes
125. The word "kung-fu" is a _____ one. A. clipped B. blended C. compound D. borrowed
4. Syntax
126. ______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
A. Semantics
B. Pragmatics
C. Syntax
D. Morphology
127. What elements does a phrase contain?_______.
A. Head, determiner and complement
B. Head, specifier and complement
C. Head, specifier and complementizer
D. Head, determiner and complementizer
128.Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.
A. meaning
B. form
C. position
D. structure
129. The syntactic component provides the _______of a sentence.
A. lexicon
B. structure
C. meaning
D. sound
130. Application of the transformational rules yields ______structure.
A. phrase
B. deep
C. prelexical
D.surface
131 .The same word has the same ______ meaning to all the speakers of the same language.
A. conceptual
B. associative
C. lexical
D. affective
5. Semantics
132. The meaning relationship between the two words "sheep" and "ewe" is_____.
A. Antonymy
B. Homonymy
C. Hyponymy
D. Polysemy
133. X: They are going to have another baby. Y: They have a child.
The relationship of X and Y is ______.
A.synonymous
B. inconsistent
C. X entailing Y
D. X presupposing Y
134. According to the componential analysis, the words "girl" and "woman" differ in the feature of____.
A. HUMAN
B. ANIMAL
C. MALE
D. ADULT
135. The semantic features of the word "girl" can be expressed as____.
A. +animate, -human, +adult, +male
B. +animate, +human, -adult, +male
C. +animate, +human, +adult, -male
D. +animate, +human, -adult, -male
136. According to predication analysis, the predication of the sentence "It is hot." is a ____ predication.
A. no-place
B. one-place
C. two-place
D. three--place
137. The relationship between "violet" and "tulip" is ____.
A. co-hyponyms
B. syperordinate
C. hyponyms
D. antonyms
138. The relationship between "begin" and "commence" is ____.
A. dialectal synonyms
B. stylistic synonyms
C. collocational synonyms
D. semantically different synonyms 139. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _____ meaning.
A. phoneme
B. word
C. phrase
D. sentence
140. What is the relationship between the words "color" and "red" ? _____
A. synonymy
B. antonymy
C. polysemy
D. hyponymy
141. "fall" and "autumn" are __ synonyms.
A. dialectal
B. stylistic
C. evalutatively different
D. semantically different
142. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of___ .
A. humor
B. sarcasm
C. ridicule
D. all of the above
143. The four major modes of semantic change are _____.
A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation
B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation
C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation
D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 144. We call the relation between "animal" and "horse" as____.
A. synonymy
B. polysemy
C. homonymy
D. hyponymy
145. What is the sentential relation between "He likes skating", and "He likes sports."? ___
A. presupposition
B. entailment
C. contradiction C. hyponymy
146. The pair of words "borrow/lend" is called _____.
A. relational opposites
B. synonyms
C. complementary
D. gradable opposites
147. "Yellow" has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its_____.
A. conceptual meaning
B. cognitive meaning
C. associative meaning
D. stylistic meaning
148. X: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe. The relationship of A and B is_____.
A. synonymous
B. inconsistent
C. X entailing Y
D. X presupposing Y
149. The ambiguity in "pass the port" is caused by____.
A. lexical items
B. a grammatical structure
C. homonymy
D. polysemy
150. Componential analysis is a method applied in the field of_____.
A. phonetics
B. syntax
C. semantics
D. pragmatics
151 "big" and "small" are a pair of ____ opposites. A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. pragmatics 6. Pragmatics
152. _______ first proposed the Speech Act theory. A. Searle B. Austin C. Grice D. Halliday
153. The _____ provides great philosophical insights into the nature of the linguistic communication.
A. Speech Act Theory
B. CP Theory
C. communicative competence
D. linguistic competence
154. What is the most important concept to distinguish pragmatics from semantics?
A. context
B. entailment
C. presupposition
D. discourse
155. A: What do you think of Mr. Zhang? B: A fine day, isn't it?
In the dialogue between A and B, B's answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP? _____
A. The maxim of quantity
B. The maxim of quality
C. The maxim of manner
D. The maxim of relation 156. A: Where is Paul? B. Somewhere in our University.
In the dialogue between A and B, B's answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP? _____
A. The maxim of quantity
B. The maxim of quality
C. The maxim of manner
D. The maxim of relation 157. A: Shall we get something for the kids? B. Yes. But I veto C-A-N-D-Y.
In the dialogue between A and B, B's answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP? _____
A. The maxim of quantity
B. The maxim of quality
C. The maxim of manner
D. The maxim of relation 158. Which of the following is NOT the specific instance of directives?______
A. inviting
B. advertising
C. warning
D. swearing
159. The word "promising" belongs to________. A representatives B. directives C. commissives D. expressives 160. _______ act expresses the intention of the speaker.
A. locutionary
B. illocutionary
C. perlocutionary
D. speech
161. When you talk to your boss or your friends, you sue different words, we could analyze this phenomenon with _____. A. social context B. situation context C. linguistic context D. semantic field
162. The function of the sentence "Water boils at 100 degree centigrade." is ___.
A. interrogative
B. directive c. informative D. pe:'formative
163. Contextual features exclude ______ when an utterance is made.
A. the time
B. the place
C. the participants
D. the purpose
164. Liu had something to tell the manager, Mr. Smith, so he went to his place, entering the room and said,
" _____ ".
A. You are not busy, I hope.
B. Can I have a word with you, Mr. Smith
C. Got a minute
D. I'm terribly sorry to trouble you, Mr. Smith
165. According to Austin's speech act theory, a speaker might be performing the following acts simultaneously when speaking EXCEPT_____act. A. locutionary B. illocutionary C. perlocutionary D. relocationary
7. Language Change
166. Which of the following does NOT belong to the methods of the addition of new words?___
A. clipped words
B. back-formation
C. functional-shift
D. meaning-shift
167. The following words are the examples for "blending" except ____ . A. memo B. smog C. motel D. brunch 168. The word "beseem" taken from Romeo and Juliet has faded out of the modern English language; this is an example of_______. A. addition of words B. loss of words C. narrowing of meaning D. loss of inflections 169. The fact that a lexical item may undergo a shift in meaning is called in linguistics.
A. widening of meaning
B. narrowing of meaning
C. meaning-shift
D. losing of meaning
170. The new words such as "police officer", "chairperson" are created because ____.
A. science and technology are developing rapidly
B. computer and internet technology are more and more popular
C. women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men
D. the children can remember them asquickly as possible
171.____ century is considered to be the beginning of modern English. A. 17th B. 19th C. 18th D. 16th 172. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example______.
A. lewd-→ignorant
B. silly→foolish
C. last→pleasure
D. knave-→boy
173. Which of the following words is not formed through clipping?______. A. dorm B. motel C. gent D. zoo 174. Which word is different from the other three in word formation? __
A. USA
B. DOZER
C. AIDS
D. WTO
175. "brunch" is a (an) _____ . A. blending B. acronym C. derivation D. compounding
176. The word "WMD" which stands for "weapon of mass destruction", is _____.
A. an acronym
B. a compound one
C. a clipped one
D. a blended one
177. The word "girl" originally meant "young person of either sex", but now it means "young people of female sex". This is an example of____.
A. meaning-shift
B. widening of meaning
C. narrowing of meaning
D. loss of meaning
8. Language and Society
178. The sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society is called ____.
A. sociolinguistics
B. neurolinguistics
C. macrolinguistics
D. microlinguistics
179. Which of the following doesn't belong to dialectal varieties?
A. regional dialects
B. sociolect
C. idiolect
D. diglossia
180. The dialect which is caused by social status is____.A. regional B. sociolect C. idiolect D. diglossia
18l.Standard dialect is _____.
A. designated as the official or national language of a country
B. a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect
C. used by people who speak different languages for restricted purpose
D. used by people who belong to the higher social status
182. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is_____. A. bilingualism B. diglossia C. pidgin D. creole
183. A speaker uses the Standard English dialect when interacting with strangers, and uses a different dialect when interacting with individuals whom she recognizes as members of her own social group. This illustrates which of the following types of linguistic behavior?_____
A. hypercorrection
B. negative transfer
C. code-switching
D. borrowing
184. The word "language" is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person's language. This is called __
A. scientific language
B. idiolect
C. colloquial language
D. formal language
185. The form of a given language used in a certain geographical space is called_____.
A. style
B. dialect
C. register
D. pidgin
9. Language and Culture
186. According to Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which of the following is NOT true?____
A. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around.
B. Language filters people's perception and the way they categorize experiences.
C. Language patterns determine or influence people's thinking and behavior.
D. Language structure people habitually use shows no influence on people's behavior.
187. Which of the following about the relationship between language and culture is NOT true?__
A. Language use is tinted with its culture.
B. Language expresses cultural reality.
C. The relationship is analogous to that of structures and processes.
D. The relationship of language to culture is that part to whole.
188. The famous line "My love is a red, red rose.", stirs up vividly, the imagination of a beautiful lady. This is
the_____ meaning of "rose". A. denotative B. connotative C. iconic D. dictionary
189.The meaning that can be found in the dictionary is the _____ meaning of a word.
A. denotative
B. connotative
C. iconic
D. culture
190. France has made special efforts to protect its languages from being corrupted by other languages especially American English. This is a kind of______.
A. linguistic imperialism
B. linguistic nationalism
C. cultural imperialism
D. cultural diffusion
191. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about_____.
A. language and thought
B. language and translation
C. grammatical structure
D. second language acquisition 192. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is also known as linguistic _____.
A. reliability
B. relativity
C. reversibility C. reachability
10. Language Acquisition
193.According to Chomsky, the Universal Grammar is _____.
A. got through imitation and practice
B. acquired through the interaction with the environment
C. pre-equipped in children's brains
D. gained specifically for each language
194. Which of the following statements is true?
A. All normal children have equal ability in learning their first language.
B. A child can begin his first language acquisition at any time.
C. Linguistic environment plays an important role in first language learning.
D. It is easy for parents to teach their children grammar.
195. The children know the taboo words, the polite forms of address during__
A. pragmatic development
B. atypical development
C. grammatical development
D. vocabulary development 196. The theory of universal grammar was proposed by_____.
A. Noam Chomsky
B. Firth
C.F.
D. Saussure D. Sapir
11. Second Language Acquisition
197. Some Chinese learners of English tend to pronounce "three" as "tree" and "this" as "dis". This is caused
by____. A. interlingual interference B.intra!ingual interference C. cognitive factors D. semantic change 198. Generally four types of motivation have been identified in the second language learning . "Learners learn a second language for external purpose” is called ______motivation.
A. instrumental
B. integrative
C. resultative
D. intrinsic
199. __ 's Input Hypothesis is one of the most famous theories among different models of language acquisition. A. Krashen B. Chomsky C. Austin D. Halliday
12. Language and Brain
200. The study of the relationship between brain and language is called____.
A. sociolinguistics
B. inacrolinguistics
C. microlinguistics
D. neurolinguistics
专八2003-人文知识真题及答案精编版
2003年英语专八人文知识真题 31. is not a nationally observed holiday of America. [A] Christmas [B] Easter Sunday [C] Thanksgiving Day [D] Independence Day 32. The university of Dublin was not founded until . [A] the 19th century [B] the 18th century [C] the 17th century [D] the 16th century 33. The introduced old-age pensions in New Zealand in 1898. [A] Labor Party [B] Democratic Party [C] Liberal Party [D] Conservative Party 34. Irish culture experienced a golden age from to . [A] the eighth century, the eleventh century [B] the seventh century, the ninth century [C] the sixth century, the eighth century [D] the ?fth century, the seventh century 35. Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens? [A] A Tale of Two Cities [B] Hard Times [C] Oliver Twist [D] Sons and Lovers 36. is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama the modernistic period. [A] Sinclair Lewis [B] Eugene O'Neill [C] Arthur Miller [D] Tennessee Williams 37. is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. [A] Ernest Hemingway [B] F. Scott Fitzgerald [C] William Faulkner [D] Ezra Pound 38. is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories. [A] Concord [B] Immediate constituent [C] Syntagmatic relations [D] Government 39. studies the sound systems in a certain language. [A] Phonetics [B] Phonology [C] Semantics [D] Pragmatics 40. A linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers is called . [A] situational dialect [B] slang [C] linguistic taboo [D] bilingualism 2004年英语专八人文知识真题 31. The following are products imported by Australia from China EXCEPT . [A] food [B] textiles [C] steel products [D] electronics 32. Scots regard as the most important festival in a year. [A] Near Year's Day [B] Christmas Day [C] New Year's Eve [D] Easter 33. The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since became Prime Minister in 1992. [A] John Howard [B] Bob Hawke [C] Malcolm Fraser [D] Paul Keating 34. was known for his famous speech "I have a dream". [A] John F. Kennedy [B] Martin Luther King, Jr [C] Abraham Lincoln [D] Thomas Jefferson 35. Of all the 18th century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. [A] Daniel Defoe [B] Samuel Johnson [C] Oliver Goldsmith [D] Henry Feilding 36. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his .
专八人文知识(练习题)
专八人文知识(练习题) 篇一：★英语专八人文知识题与答案 英语专业八级人文知识 试题(1) 美国概况练习题： 1. The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is_____. 2. The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is ____. 3. The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is____. 4. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is____. has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. 6. The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by____. years. institutions. 9. The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are____________. 10. _____ (which state ) is not governed by the common law. 练习题答案及题解:
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
2015专八人文知识资料
人文知识汇 （十） 1. ____ is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. A Finn Gael B The Progressive Democrats C Finna Fail D The Irish Labor Party 2. The largest state of all the states of America is___. A Texas B Alaska C California D Hawaii 3. had the title “the Wizard of Menlo Park”. A John Stevens B Charlie Chaplin C Thomas A Edison D Robert Fulton 4. major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures. A Loenardo da Vinci's B Titian C Raphael D Michelangelo 5. Which of the following was best known for his Madona (Virgin Mary)? ___ A Raphael B Michelangelo C Da Vinci D Titian 6. The first American President who inaugurated in Washington City was__. A George Washington B Thomas Jefferson C John Adants D Andrew Jackson 7. The “Big Stick”Policy was advanced by President__. A Franklin D. Roosevelt B William Mckinley C Thomas Woodrow Wilson D Theodore Rooservelt 8. What is the largest river in America? A the Ohio River B The Columbia C the Mississippi River D The Colorado 9. The United States is ___ populous country in the world. A the third most B the second most C the most D the fourth most 10.Which of the following is the father of the modern mode of painting? __ A Raphael B Titain C Loenardo da Vinci D Michelangelo 答案： 1.选D.爱尔兰最古老的政党是工党(The Irish Labour Party)，Finna Fail是爱尔兰的最大党，又称命运战士党(Soldiers of Destiny) 2.选B. Alaska(阿拉加斯州)是位于北美洲西北部，与美国本土48周不毗连，是美国所有州中面积最大的州。而在美国大陆，最大的州市Texas(得克萨斯州);美国最小的州是Rhode Island(罗得岛州) 3.选C.Thomas A Edison (爱迪生，1847-1931)美国著名的发明家，获得电灯、留声机、电影放映机等10093项发明专利权，1876年创办世界第一个工业试验室。“the Wizard of Menlo Park”(门洛帕奇的奇才)是人们对爱迪生的别称。Wizard指奇才，Menlo Park是新泽西州东北部的爱迪生纪念塔及州立公园所在地。 4.选A.达芬奇的《最后的晚餐》是世界上最有名的以宗教为主题的绘画作品，其《蒙娜丽莎》是世界俄上不朽的人物肖像画。他与Michelangelo (米卡朗琪罗)，Raphael (拉斐尔)和Titian (提香)是意大利文艺复兴鼎盛时期的四大代表。 5.选A. Raphael (拉斐尔，1483-1520)是意大利文艺复兴鼎盛时期著名的画家、建筑师，其代表作《圣母玛利亚》(Virgin Mary)影响深远。 6.选B.Thomas Jefferson (托马斯?杰斐逊)，美国第2届总统(1801-1809)，是the Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》的主要起草者，杰斐逊是第一位在首都华盛顿宣誓就职的总体。 7.选D.“Big Stick”(大棒政策)指以军事力量为后盾的外交政策。此语出于Theodore Roosevelt (西奥多?罗斯福总统)喜欢引用的西非谚语“说话温柔，大棒在手。”西奥多?罗斯
专八人文知识总结(终)
专八人文知识总结(终) 英语专业八级考试人文知识 -- 文学 Ⅰ英国文学 一、 The Anglo-Saxon period古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） The Song of Beowulf（贝奥武甫）：英国的民族史诗（epic），口头文学遗产 二、 The Anglo-Norman period中古英语时期的英国文学（1066-1350） 1、 allegory非常盛行 2、 Romance（传奇文学）：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑 士 3、Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟: “Father of English poetry”被誉为英国诗歌之父,代表作The Canterbury Tales，首引入“英雄偶句体”(the Heroic Couplet)，。 4、Ballads 民谣：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。 三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔： Utopia《乌托邦》 2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。 3、 Philips Sidney锡德尼：An Apology for Poetry((also known as The Defense of Poetry)《为诗辩护》，这是伊丽莎白时代文学批评的最佳之作。Arcadia《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱。 4、Edmund Spenser斯宾塞: The Fairy Queen《仙后》, the greatest epic poem of the time. 5、William Shakespeare莎士比亚：plays and sonnets 四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》Hamlet《奥赛罗》Othello《李尔王》king Lear《麦克白》Macbeth 四大喜剧:《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice 《仲夏夜之梦》A Midsummer Night's Dream《皆大欢喜》As You Like It《第十二夜》Twelfth night 7、Ben Johnson 本·琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、 John Donne约翰·多恩metaphysical poet“玄学派”诗歌创始人
专八人文知识总结
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人 9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣
10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》 14、Oliver Goldsmith：《好心人》；《屈伸求爱》；《威客菲尔德牧师传》，感伤主义文学； 诗歌《荒村》从新古典主义向浪漫主义过渡的标志； 散文作品《世界公民》； 15、谢里丹：《造谣学校》，莎士比亚之后最杰出的英国喜剧，是整个英国史上最优秀的作品之一；达到英国“风俗喜剧”之巅； 五、维多利亚时期的英国文学（19世纪）
英语专八人文知识考试总结
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
专八人文知识之北美概况
练习题： 1、The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is the Mississippi River. 密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线。 2、The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原。 3、The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is Non-hispanics white. 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体。 4、Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。2000年以后，拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数，成为美国第一大少数民族群体。 5、America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. 美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党。 6、The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. 第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境。 7、In the United States, primary education requires Six years years. 美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间。 8、Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. 大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读。 9、The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are____________.美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. 10、Louisana (which state )is not governed by the common law. 路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。 11、Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment. 美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑。 12、The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and Wes t. 美国的主要四大部分不包括北部。 13、The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. 美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响。 14、California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. 加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州，拥有人口也最多。 15、＂Hollywood＂is often used as a synonym for American films. 好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地。 16、The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River. 美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河流。被美国人视为“众河之父”，沿河流域也是美国的主要农作物产区。17、The north-eastern part of the United States ――New England enjoys a typical continental climate. 美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。冬天寒冷，夏天炎热。
2021年英语专业八级考试人文知识精选练习题及答案2
2021年英语专业八级考试人文知识精选练习题 及答案2 1 _____is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. A Washington D.C. B Los Angeles C San Francisco D New York City 2 The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the union Jack, is made up of _____ crosses. A one B two C three D four 3 Washington D.C. is named after___________. A the U.S. President George Washington B Christopher Columbus C both George Washington and Christopher Columbus D none of them
4 _____ was the home of the Lake Poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor, Coleridge and Robert Southey of 19th century Britain. A Lough Neagh B Windermere C Lake District D Coniston Water 5 The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was______. A Thomas Jefferson B James Monroe C James Madison D Abraham Lincoln 6 Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is_____. A Rhode Island B Virginia C Texas D Montana 7 The national flag of the United States is known as_____.
(完整版)英语专业八级人文知识试题及答案
2014年英语专业八级人文知识试题及答案 1. The study of __ is Syntax. A textual organization B sentence structures C word formation D language functions 2. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language? A arbitrariness B productivity C cultural transmission D finiteness 3. The speech act theory was first put forward by__. A John Scarl B Johan Austin C Noarn Chomsky D M.A.K Halliday 4. The capital city of Canada is __. A Montreal B Ottawa C Vancouver D York 5. U.S. presidents normally serve a (an) __ term. A eight-year B four-year C six-year D two year 6. Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U.S. A Huston B Baltimore C Philadelphia D Boston 7. The state church in England is __. A The Baptist B The Roman Catholic C The Protestant Church D The Church of England 8. The novel Emma is written by__. A Jane Austen B Elizabeth C Gaskell Charlotte Bronte D Mary Shelley 9. Which of the following is not a Romantic Poet? A William Wordsworth
专八人文知识测试题16套含答案.doc
Test 1 1.In Britain, where does the Changing of the Guard take place? a)Buckingham Palace. b)Downing Street. c)Victoria and Albert Museum. d)The Tower of London. 2.What is a double-decker? a) A bus.b) A chocolate bar. c) A taxi. d) A two-storey building. 3.Of all the symbols, ________, which are considered to represent fertility and new life, are those most frequently associated with Easter. a)the pumpkin and the turkey b)the lamb and the beef c)the spring peas and the potatoes d)the egg and the rabbit 4.The first landing by Europeans in Australia was in 1606, but what is their nationality? a) Dutch. b) French. c) Spanish. d) British. 5.Middle English was used by the poet _______. a) Hardy b) Chaucer c) Shakespeare d) Milton 6.“A Tale of Two Cities” w as written by ______. a) William Shakespeare b) Goeffrey Chaucer c) Charles Dickens d) Thomas Jefferson 7.Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life. Which of the following is NOT a usual subject of her poetic expression? a) Religion and immortality. b) Life and Death. c) Love and marriage. d) War and peace. 8.What three components, generally, make up a system of a typical language? a)Phonology, syntax, semantics. b)Semiosis, syntax, frames. c)Frames, semantics, utterances. d)Sign, sign, signs. 9.Of the following word-formation processes, _______ is the most productive. a) clipping b) blending c) initialism d) derivation 10.“The pen is mightier than the sword.” is an example of ______. a) metonymy b) transferred epithet c) oxymoron d) metaphor
专八人文知识
1.The first known settlers of Britain were ____． 答案：the Iberians 2. On the island of Great Britain, there are three political divisions--- ____． 答案：England，Scotland，and Wales 3. Great Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the ____ in the south．答案：English Channel 4. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands, and the ____ are mainly lowlands． 答案：east and south 5. The most important river in Britain is____． 答案：the Thames 6. Britain?s longest river is ____． 答案：the Severn 7. The highest mountain in Britain is ____． 答案：Ben Nevis 8. The Highlanders are the ____ who live in the mountainous region of the Highlands. 答案：Scots 9. The Eisteddfod is a(n)——festival of poetry, music and the others. 答案：Welsh 10. The Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain in _____． 答案：55 BC 11. Christianity was first brought to England by ____． 答案：the Romans 12. William, Duke of Normandy, fought King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings in____. 答案：1066 13. When the Hundred Years? War ended in 1453, the only part of France that was still in the hands of English is ____．j 答案：Calais 14. In England, the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies was ____． 答案：the Gunpowder Plot 15. The law, which joined England and Scotland in 1707, was ____． 答案：the Act of Union 16. The Tories were the forerunners of ____，which still bears this nickname today． 答案：the Conservative Party 17. In Britain, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of ____． 答案：the Prime Minister 18. The Norwegian Vikings began to attack various parts of England from the end of the ____ century． 答案：8th
专八必备人文知识
专八必背人文知识 1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens. 2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学 3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科 4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学 5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。 6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。 7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like或 as 引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚） 8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间
英语专业八级人文常识
专八语言学练习 1. Which of the following feature is NOT one of the design features of language? a. Language is a system, b. Language is symboli c. c. Animal also have language, d. Language is arbitrary. 2. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is . a. arbitrary b. non-arbitrary c. logical d. non-productive 3. Which of the following terms best describes the "-ate" in the word "affectionate"? a. Derivational morpheme, b. Inflectional morpheme. c. Free morpheme, d. Prefix. 4. Which of the following teerms best describes the pair of words kill and dill? a. Minimal pair. b. A phonemic contrast. c. Closed class words, d. Bound morphemes. 5. What is the basic lexical relation between piece and peace? a. Synonymy. b. Antonymy. c. Homonymy. d. Polysemy. 6. /p/ is different from /b/ in . a. the manner of articulation b. the shape of the lips. c. the vibration of the vocal cords. d. the place of articulation. 7. Of all the speech organs, the is/are the most flexible. a. mouth b. lips c. tongue d. vocal cords 8. The phonological features, the consonant /t/ are . a. voiced stop b. voiceless stop c. voiced fricative d. voiceless fricative 9. The branch of linguistics that studies show context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called . a. semantics b. pragmatics c. sociolinguistics d. psycholinguistics 10. The utterance "We' ve abeady eaten ten tons. " Obviously violates the maxim of . a. quality b. quantity c. relation d. manner 11. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i. e. rounded,