直接引语变间接引语口诀详解

直接引语变间接引语以及if条件句

口诀

人称，时态，状语始终变

一主二宾三不变

时态向后退一格

状语变化见表格

陈述that 可省略

一般疑问用if(whether)

特殊疑问去助动

以上语序为陈述

祈使句选动词（tell,ask,order，beg）

将它改为不定式

详解

人称变化

一主She said. "My brother wants to go with me tomorrw. "→

She said her brother wanted to go with her the next day.

二宾Jack said to me,“You look worried today.”

Jack told me that I looked worried that day.

三不变The teacher asked,”Has she read enough this week?” The teacher asked if she had read enough that week.

陈述that 可省略

She said. "I have a pen."→She said that she ha d a pen.

She asked me , “ what is it?” →She asked me what it was.

一般疑问用if(whether)

She asked me , “Do you like watching TV? ” →

She asked me whether I liked w watching TV.

特殊疑问去助动

They asked: “ where do you come from?”→

They asked where you came from.

附表：

时间状语、地点状语、指示代词和动词的变化：

强化训练

Exercise one

( )1 He often says,” I shall tell you about them.” He often tells me that ____ will tell__ about___.

A.I; you; them

B.he;me; them;

C.he; you; us

D. I; me; you

( )2I’m not sure __________.

A what is his name. B)what his name is. C) his name is what D)what’s his name

( )3 I asked him how much__________.

A does his new car cost B)did his new car costC) his new car costed D)his new car cost ( )4)I don’t know _________.

A where does he live B)where did he live C) where he lives D)he lives where

( )5)I didn’t know______________.

A what she said B)what did she sayC) what she spoke D)what was she speaking

( )6)I don’t know__________.

A when he will come back B)when will he come back

C)when does he come back D)when did he come back

( )7)Could you tell me where ________ now?

A)you are living B) do you live C)you live D)did you live

( )8)He didn’t know _____he should go or not.

A)if B) weather C)that D)whether

Exercise two 不同句式练习

陈述句

1)She says,”I am a teacher.”She says

2)She said,”I am a teacher.”She said

一般疑问句

1)“Are you from Japan?”he says to me. He ( ) me

2)“Are you from Japan?”he said to me. He ( ) me

特殊疑问句

3)“When does the train arrive?” Please tell me. Please tell me

4)“When does the train arrive?” Please told me. Please told me

祈使句/请求

1)“Don’t make any noise.”Mother says to Tom.Mother ( ) Tom

2)“open the window.” Mr Li said to me. Mr Li ( ) me

3)“Would you like to show me your book?” Kate says to me. Kate ( ) me

Exercise three 把直接引语变成间接引语(陈述句)一般现在时

1)“We go to school on Saturday.”They say

2)“I want to give your sister a Christmas card.” Kelly says

3)“I will visit my daughter in March.”He says

4)She says, “I’m glad to meet you.”She tells us

把直接引语变成间接引语(陈述句)一般过去时

5)“I am a teacher.” He said

6)“We are at the coffee shop.”They said

7)“I don’t have any books about animals.”Rik told Annie

8)“The earth goes round the sun.”The teacher said

Exercise four把直接引语变成间接引语(一般疑问句)一般现在时

1)I really don’t know.“Did they go to the park yesterday?”I really don’t know

2)The principal wants to know.“Do the students study hard?” The principal wants to know

把直接引语变成间接引语(一般疑问句)一般过去时

3)They wondered.“Shall we buy some food for picnic?” They wondered

4)“Is your mother a doctor or not?” Lucy asked me.Lucy asked me

Exercise five把直接引语变成间接引语(特殊疑问句)一般现在时

1)Jack wants to know.“Where does your cousin live?”Jack wants to know

2)Do you know. “Whose book is it?”Do you know

直接引语变成间接引语(特殊疑问句)一般过去时

3)“What do you want?” Sally asked me.Sally asked me

4)“How much sugar shall we put in a cake?” She knew.She knew

Exercise six把下列句子改成间接引语方法:首先区别句子,然后决定引导词/语序/时态/人称

1)Don’t drink too much.The doctor said to me.

2)We go to school on Saturday. They said.

3)How can I get to the park? Can you tell me.

4)Is your mother a worker? She asked me.

5)Does Mary study hard? He wants to know.

6)Please open the window. The teacher said to Tom.

7)Ice gets into water when it’s over zero. I learned.

8)What time did he get up? Please tell us.

9)Do you go to school on foot? I said to Mike.

10)Will you go shopping with me? Miss Li asked me.

11.The teacher said to his class, "Don't waste your time!"

12.She said to her son, "Don't forget to turn off the light when you leave the room!"

13.His father said to him, "Think, before you do it!"

14.The teacher said to his students, "Tell briefly in your own words how penicillin was discovered."

15.The leader said to him, "Please write your report as short as possible."

16.He said to me, "Let me have a look at the book you bought."

17.He said, "I am proud of my motherland."

18.John said, "I wrote back telling him about it yesterday."

19.I said, "I will give her some advice tomorrow."

20."You are wasting your time day-dreaming!" he said to Mary.

21."You have already done your duty," he said to her.

22.Mary wrote in her letter, "Mr. Liu, when will you come to America?"

23."Don't risk your lives, men!" the captain warned.

24."I'll be very busy today," said the man.

25.She said, "We have worked on the school farm for two weeks."

26.He said, "I'm reviewing my lessons."

27.They said, "We arrived this morning."

28.She said to me, "Have lunch with us."

11 The teacher told his class not to waste their time.

12 She told her son not to forget to turn off the light when he leaves the room

13 His father told him to think before he does it.

14 The teacher told his his students to tell briefly in their own words how penicillin had been discoverd .

15 The leader told him to write his report as short as possible.

16 He told me to let him have a look at the book I had bought.

17 He said that he was proud of his motherland

18 John said that he had written back telling him about it the day before.

19 I said that I would give her some advice the next day.

20 He told Mary that she was wasting her time day-dreaming

21 He told her that she had already done her duty

22 Mary wrote in her letter that when Mr.Liu would come to America

23 The captain warned not to risk your lives.

24 The man said that he would be very busy the day

25 She said that they had worked on the school farm for two weeks

26 He said that he was reviewing his lessons

27 They said that they had arrived that morning

28 She told me to have lunch with them

总之，这些句式变化很多，很难在一下子学会，需要自己悟出道理啊

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语言最重要的是表述，而不仅仅是那框条的语法。

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如：他们说：“皇帝死后将成为神。” [直接引语] Dixere:"Augustus post mortem deum factus erit."

他们说，那个皇帝死后将成为神。[间接引语] Dixere Augustum post mortem deum faciendum esse.

间接引语中，引语的主语要使用宾格，动词要使用不定式，不定式的时态取决于引语动词发生的时间与主句动词时间的先后性，不定式的性、数取决于间接引语的主语（如前所述，只用宾格）。如：

Consules sentiunt servos non esse liberandos. 执政官们认为奴隶们不该被释放。

主句动词是认为：sentiunt ，时态是现在时。间接引语中的动词是不定式liberandos esse，是将来时，因为“被释放”的动作是发生在主句动词“认为”之后的。liberandos 的性（阳性）、数（复数）与间接引语的主语servos 保持一致。

Fama erat patrem meum interfectum esse; fratrem autem etiam vivere. 曾有消息说，我的父亲遭杀害；而我的一个兄弟仍活着。

这里有两句间接引语。前面一句的动词是interfectum esse，是不定式的完成时，表示“被杀害”的动作是发生在fama erat [消息到来]之前的；后一句的动词是vivere，是不定式的现在时，表示“活着”这个动作与消息到来同步。

[思路分析]

如下

[解题过程]

直接引语和间接引语详解

引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ “标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢?

1、人称的转变

1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：

He said，“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.

2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>

My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.

3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>

She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.

4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：

He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine th is afternoon?” ——>

He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。

2、时态的转换

直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：

直接引语间接引语

一般现在时一般过去时

一般过去时过去完成时

现在进行时过去进行时

过去完成时过去完成时

现在完成时过去完成时

过去进行时过去进行时

一般将来时过去将来时

例如：

“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. ——>

She said she was very glad to visit our school.

Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” ——>

Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.

Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” ——> Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” ——>

He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.

“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. ——>

The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.

Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” ——> Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.” ——>

Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.

He said，“I haven't heard from my parents these days.” ——>

He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.

3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况

1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如：

He always says, “I am tired out.” ——>He always says that he is tired out.

2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：

H e will say, “I?ll try my best to help you.” ——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.

3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：

He said, “I went to college in 1994.” ——>He told us that he went to college in 1994. 4）当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：

He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” ——>

He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.

5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：

Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” ——>

Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：

He said，“Practice makes perfect.” ——>He said that practice makes perfect.

7）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时，如：

例如：

The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.” ——>

The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.

He said, “She must be a teacher.”——> He said that she must be a teacher.

He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”——>

He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.

The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”——>

The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions. She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”——> She asked if she had to take the medicine.

〔注〕：此处用had to代替must更好

8）此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon 等均不必改变。如：

Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.

Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?

Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.

4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化

1）时间状语：

直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语

now （then）；tomorrow （the next / following day ）

today (that day）；next week （the next / following week / month / year）yesterday（the day before）two days ago（two days before ）

last week /month/ year (the week/month/ year before) this week/month/year (that week/month/ year)

2）指示代词：these 变成those

3）地点状语：here变成there

She said, “I won't come here any more.”——> She said that she wouldn?t go there any more..

4）动词：come变成go，bring变成take

5、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化

1）陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如：

He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” ——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.

He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”——>

He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说told that）此外主句中的谓语还常有：

repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如：

He said，“I'm late because of the heavy traffic.”——> He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.

如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。

The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”——>

The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.

2）直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。

He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”——>

He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”——>

He asked whether I was interested in English.

3）直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whether…or…表达，而不用if…or…，也不用either…or…. 如：

He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”——>

He asked me whether I spoke English or French..

I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”——>

I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.

4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如：

He asked，“What's your name?”——> He asked（me）what my name was.

He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”——>

He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.

5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如：

He said，“Be seated, please.”——> He asked us to be seated.

“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said. ——>

He told me to be careful with my handwriting.

“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby. ——>

The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.

“Don't touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said. ——>

The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission. 6）有些含有“建议”——>、“劝告”——>的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等动词转述，如：

He said, “Let's have a rest.”——> He suggested our having a rest.

He said, “Let me help you.”——> He offered to help me.

7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth.

/suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式转述。如：

“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. ——>He asked me to open the door. “Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. ——>

He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.

8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如：She said, “What a lovely day it is!”——> She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day.

嵌套间接引语的从句：

如果间接引语当中还镶嵌有另一句从句，则被称为嵌套间接引语的从句，英文叫：the subordinate clause in indirect statement。这时，这样的从句要使用虚拟语气。从句动词的时态与主句动词的时态相关联。如：

Dux dicebat militem qui fugisset poenas daturum esse. 统帅曾常说，那个逃跑的士兵将要受到惩罚。

qui fugisset[逃跑] 是一句关系从句，修饰militem “士兵”，由于处在dicebat [说]后面的间接引语当中，因此需使用虚拟语气。间接引语的动词是不定式daturum esse[将受到]，为将来时，因为动作发生在主句动词“说”之后，而fugisset [逃跑]为虚拟语气的过去完成时，表示在统帅“说话”之前已经逃走了。

如何把直接引语变间接引语

“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：

She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.

“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：

He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：

Mr Smith said。"Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。变时态：

直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。

现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：

1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen

2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.

3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。

①直接引语是客观真理。

"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。

②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：

Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。

③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。

④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：

He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。

⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to，had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：

Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。

三、如何变状语：

直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now 变为then, yesterday。变为the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：

He said, "These books are mine." →He said t hose books were his.

四、如何变句型：

①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.

②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether 或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.

"You have finished the homework, haven…t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.

"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.

③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。

She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.

④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：

"Don?t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.

⑤直接引语如果是以“Let…s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：

He said, "Let?s go to the film." →He suggested going t o the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.

引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：

John said, "I?m going to London with my father."

约翰说："我要和父亲到伦敦去。"（引号内是直接引语）

John said that he was going to London with his father.

约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）

回答者：糖_____|三级| 2009-7-17 12:36

If 引导条件句的用法

1、真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if 是如果的意思。

时态关系

句型：条件从句主句

一般现在时shall/will + 动词原形

If he comes, he will bring his violin.

典型例题

The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.

A. will rain

B. rains

C. rained

D. is rained

答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意：

1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.

(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.

(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.

2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

2 非真实条件句

1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。

a. 同现在事实相反的假设。

句型：条件从句主句

一般过去时should( would) +动词原形

If they were here, they would help you.

b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。

句型：条件从句主句

过去完成时should(would) have+ 过去分词

If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.

The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.

If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.

含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.

If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.

含义：He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.

c. 表示对将来的假想

句型：条件从句主句

一般过去时should+ 动词原形

were+ 不定式would + 动词原形

should+ 动词原形

If you succeeded, everything would be all right.

If you should succeed, everything would be all right.

If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

3 混合条件句

主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。

If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）

If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).

4 虚拟条件句的倒装

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should 或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。

Were they here now, they could help us.

=If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him

=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

注意：

在虚拟语气的从句中，动词?be?的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。

If I were you, I would go to look for him.

如果我是你，就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right.

如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

典型例题

_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I

B. I were

C. Were I

D. Was I

答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do., 而不能说Weren?t I to d o.

5 特殊的虚拟语气词：should

1）It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。

句型：

(1)suggested

It is (2)important that…+ (should) do

(3) a pity

(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted；+ (should) do

(2)important, necessary, natural, strange

a pity, a shame, no wonder

(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.

2）在宾语从句中的应用

在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。

order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do

I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.

注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

判断改错:

（错）You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.

(对) Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

(错) I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.

(对) I insisted that you were wrong.

3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用

在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。

My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.

I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

could, should和would除了分别是can，shall和will的过去式，还有其他的用法，有人学英语多年还容易将其搞混淆，因此使用时要特别注意：

1.could的用法

(1)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度：

How could John be so arrogant？约翰怎么这么傲慢？

He couldn't be over forty. 他不可能有40多岁了。

Where could she be now？她现在能在哪儿呢？

以上三个句子可以用can代替could，两者在时间上没有差别，只是用could时语气较缓和，用can时不相信程度更强一些。

(2)比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法：

Could(Can) you lend me your walkman？你能把随身听借给我用一下吗？

Could I see your credentials？我可以看看你的证件吗？

这时could和can没有时间上的差别。

(3)在虚拟条件句中作助动词，与谓语动词一起构成谓语：

I could do it (if I would).（假如我愿意的话）我是能办到这一点的。（指说话人不愿意）

You could have done better if you had been more careful. 你要是再细心一点，是可以做得更好的。

2.should的用法

(1)表示惊异、赞叹、不满等情绪：

It is simply a miracle that rice should grow in such a place. 稻子竟能在这样的地方生长，这实在是个奇迹。

It's wonderful that you should get full marks. 你得了满分真了不起。

Why should you be so late today？你今天怎么来得这么晚？

(2)表示委婉地陈述自己的意见：

I should think you are right. 我想你是对的。

(3)（表示语气较强的假设）万一，竟然：

If he should fail to come, ask Tom to work in his place. 万一他不来，就叫汤姆代替他工作。

(4)（表示可能性、推测）可能，该：

My sister should be home by now. 我妹妹现在应该到家了。

(5)（表示建议、命令、愿意等）应该：

I move that he should come with us. 我坚持他应和我们一起去。

3.would的用法

(1)用在虚拟语气的主句中：

If you went to see him, he would be delighted. 如果你去看他，他一定非常高兴。

She would have come if she hadn't been so busy. 要不是忙她就来了。

(2)委婉地提出请求、建议或看法：

Would you take a seat？请坐！

(3)表示意愿，在陈述语气和虚拟语气都可用：

He would not leave before he finished his work. 他在完成工作以前不愿离开。

(4)表示过去反复发生的动作：

Now and then a blackbird would call. 不时会有山鸟叫。

(5)表示过去的一种倾向:

The wound would not heal. 伤口老不愈合。

(6)表示推测：

That would be in spring 1989. 那大概是在1989年春天。

should和would都是情态动词，也是助动词，你应该知道，它们两个有时也可以不译。

首先should，在汉语中，我们常译为：应该。而would常译为：可以或者是将要。

给个例子you should clean the classroom。你应该打扫教室。

It would be rain soon 。不久将会下雨。

而仅仅将这两个词做比较，显然should 比would语气更强烈

我今年刚高考完。还有几个需要提醒你，1个用法

sb shuold have done sth 某人应该做什么事（注意是应该，而实际上没做）。

should和would的区别和用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。比较："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么？"我问道。（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。）2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：He said he would come. 他说他要来。比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。" 变成间接引语，就成了：He said he would come. 原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。

should 本应该做某事却没有做,表示责备和遗憾.

如; You should ahve told me the news eariler.

would 表示与事实相反。

1。If I were a bird, I would be happy.(与现在事实相反)

2. If I had told him the news, he would have cried..(与过去事实相反)

3. If I were to go tomorrow, I would take a plane..(与将来事实相反)

should have done 是翻译为本该做某事而没做would have filled 没有这个意思

1 Like the rules governing the use of shall and will on which they are based, the traditional rules governing the use of should and would are largely ignored in modern American practice. Either should or would can now be used in the first person to express conditional futurity:

就象作为shall 和will 词的基础的限用的用法规则一样，适用于should 和would 这个词的传统使用规则在现代美国英语中也已被忽略了。现在should 或would 这两个词中的任何一个都可以用于第一人称，表示条件式中的将来：

If I had known that, I would (or somewhat more formally, should ) have answered differently.

如果已经知道了这个情况的话，我就（或正规一点用should ）不会那么回答了，

2 But in the second and third persons only would is used:

但在第二人称或第三人称中只用would ：

If he had known that, he would (not should ) have answered differently.

如果他知道那个情况的话，就（不能用should ）不会那么回答了。

3 Wouldcannot always be substituted for should, however. Should is used in all three persons in a conditional clause:

但是Would并不是总是能由should 代替。Should 在三种人称的条件从句中都可以用：

if I (or you or he ) should decide to go.

如果我（或你或他）决定要去。

4 Should is also used in all three persons to express duty or obligation (the equivalent of ought to ):

Should用于这三种人称的表示职责和义务的句子中（相当于ought to ）：I (or you or he ) should go.

我（或者你或者他）应该去。

5 On the other hand, would is used to express volition or promise:

另一方面，would 用来表达决心或保证：

I agreed that I would do it.

我一定会做的。

6 Either would or should is possible as an auxiliary with like, be inclined, be glad, prefer, and related verbs:

而would 或should 都可以作助词和like，be inclined，be glad，prefer 及其相关词语一起使用：

I would (or should ) like to call your attention to an oversight.

我想（或should ）请你注意一下一个疏漏之处。

7 Here would was acceptable on all levels to a large majority of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey and is more common in American usage than should. ·Should have is sometimes incorrectly written should of by writers who have mistaken the source of the spoken contraction should've. See Usage Note at if, rather, shall

在此处，在一次早期的调查中对大多数各阶层的使用者来说，would 是可以接受的，且在美国用法中比should 更为常见。有时书写者把should have 误拼成should of ，因为他们把口头缩略形式should've的来源给弄错了