《学术英语(管理)》Unit 6

《学术英语(管理)》Unit 6
《学术英语(管理)》Unit 6

《学术英语(管理)》Unit 6 TextA

《消费行为(consumer behavior)影响因素(influencer影响因素)》

1消费行为研究的是人们做事情的原因。我们越能明白消费者行为的那些理智的(rational 理智的)、情绪的和经常潜意识的(subconscious潜意识的)原因,我们就越能创造出有效的市场营销活动(marketing compaign)。

2那些好的营销总是能让人们做我们想要他们做的事情吗?不。但它能以最可能的方式(in a…light 从…的角度;以…的方式)呈现我们品牌的故事。为了做这件事,重要的是了解什么是消费者想要的,他们怎样做的决定,为什们他们会选择他们要的那个品牌以及我们应该怎样和在哪里和他们交谈。

3在一个杂货店里花费一个小时去观察别人购物,你会看见各种各样不同类型的购物者。

一些人会注重他们的任务并努力去填满一张具体的货物清单。有些人会慢慢地比较并排的产品,决定着沿路下来什么是他们想要的。一些人注重通过促销、优惠券(coupons 优惠券)、交易卷(volume['v?lju?m]卷)获得最好的交易。还有一些人一直徘徊在通道中,寻找着他们应该为周末准备什么的灵感。

4了解消费者做什么是很有趣的,但只是我们一半的工作。真正重要的是了解他们为什么要这样做。一旦你明白为什么,你就可以开始预测行为和运用在市场上,那意味着销售。5消费者行为有两个影响因素值得我们注意:环境和文化。

*环境和消费者行为

6我们会受到我们周围每个人每样东西的影响,如朋友、家人、广告、潮流、名人(celebrity 名人)、价格、过去的经历、地位和认知地位等。所有这些因素组成了我们生存的环境。7当第二天你坐下来吃早餐时,你倒给你自己一大杯新鲜的冷冻的牛奶。你觉得有人会陌生奇怪地看着你吗?然后你去一个热闹的新夜店点一杯牛奶。你发现有什么不同了吗?

环境指示你饮料选择的适当性(appropriateness)。在一个环境下,你饮料选择是很适当的,但在另一个环境下,它可能是完全不适当的。

8在许多的地方,品牌被看做是你成功的象征。在东欧,即使是最穷困的打零工的人(day laborer 打零工的人)也会在一个俱乐部里拿一包万宝路香烟和朋友分享。但是万宝路香烟在东欧是很贵的。绝大多数时间,一箱满是当地品牌的香烟才会花费掉其十分之一的价钱。在那个环境下,万宝路包装的地位带给拥有者“徽章的价值”甚至超过实际产品(actual product)。

9品牌会告诉别人我们是谁,我们的想法、价值观、甚至标志着我们在世界上成功的水平。

这都来源于我们生活的环境和它所影响下的消费者行为。

10在一些发展中国家,西方品牌被当做艺术一样展示在人们的房子里。一箱凯洛格早餐麦片粥被明显地摆放着以告诉经过房子的每一个人,这个家庭知道并负担得起昂贵的西方品牌产品。

11你的年龄和所在的年代对你如何看待世界、你真理观和你的信仰结构都有巨大的影响。

性别、性取向(sexual orientation)、家庭地位、教育成就(attainment 成就,达到)、种族特点(ethnicity种族特点)、、收入、地理和职业都在你确定你是谁、你想的是什么、你怎样反应以及你怎样看待未来中扮演了一个主要的角色。

*文化和消费者行为

12正是文化,定义了在一个特别的时间和地方一群特别的人。它是一群人共同拥有的知识、

价值和信仰的顶点(culmination 顶点)。文化在不断地进化和变化。我们是谁、我们相信什么、我们想要什么(what we want out of life)、我们关于正义、平等、适当的看法等都是我们所处于的文化的结果。

13在一个更大的文化(背景)下,国家有文化和大量的次文化。代表性地美国、俄国、日本、印度等,无论你选择哪一个国家,都有的特性就是,在每一个国家都是那些次文化构成更大的国家文化。民族的文化、地域的(demographic)文化和社会阶层(societal class)文化都对你是谁、你相信什么、你的行为以及回应都有很大的影响。

14基本的地理文化随着时间而发生一些改变。想想许多亚洲国家的集体主义(collectivist 集体主义的)文化认为集体利益高于个人利益,而与之相对的是西方国家的个人主义文化认为个人利益高于集体利益。

15但这些文化在变化。比如,想想印度的惊人的(phenomenal)变化。它越趋向于资本主义以及它鼓励的客户驱动的文化(consumer-driven culture),它的文化就越快地向那种你所认为用财政上的成功(financial success)衡量一个人的个人主义文化方向发展。

那么,印度现在是个人主义文化吗?不是的。它的核心仍然是多年来形成的集体主义文化。那种几千年来对文化的理解(unravel理解;解释;阐明)或者可能需要花费至少几百年的时间去改变,或者永远不能完全地改变。

16文化直接影响消费者行为。现代西方国家的文化,如美国趋向于重视新的是什么和接下来的是什么。结果是,不制造过去的产品以免它们有在还没破旧之前就被下一场革命或时代更新被丢弃的机会。这不仅仅运用于衣服和器具,它甚至可用于我们生活中的一些永恒持久的东西如房子。美国是世界上众多流动易变的社会(mobile societies)的国家之一,平均美国人一生有将近8套不同的房子。相反地,在德国,他们有一个说法是当你正在建造你的房子,你就是为你自己和你的重孙子建造房子。

17向全球观众营销可以简单地对当地观众营销以增加你产品销售的国家数量。如果你假定印度消费者会以同样的理由喜欢你的产品并用和一个德国或法国消费者一样的方式使用它,你可能会失去很多时间,或至少无法达到你单独地把每个市场作为目标的销售水平。

18除此之外,营销人喜欢全球品牌(global brands)。你可以用相同的包装和广告来销售一件产品给多于60亿的人们,这个想法让所有的会计师都感到兴奋。一些品牌取得了成功,如万宝路、可乐、英特尔、微软和诺基亚。但其他的品牌要求从市场到市场作大量的(substantial)调整。一种满是漂白剂(bleach漂白剂)的干衣房清洁剂(detergent)会把超(ultra-超;极)白的衣服交到一个一心想要(obsessed一心想(做某事);着迷)洁净度的市场,但对于一个重视环保的市场或一个难以得到水的市场,这可能是一个大灾难。

19了解文化花费时间,同时伴随专业人员打破信仰体制和帮助我们了解我们的异同。在你祖国以外的市场,你需要了解人们、市场和有竞争力的设置正如你在祖国取得成功时所做过的许多细节。这里没有捷径(shortcut捷径)。

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