The Trial That Rocked the World高级英语第三版第一册第四课翻译和词汇
Lesson 4 The Trial That Rocked the World
震撼世界的审判
A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court on that sweltering July day in 1925. The counsel for my defence was the famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow. Leading counsel for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan, the silver-tongued orator , three times Democratic nominee for President of the United States, and leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about my trial.
在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。我的辩护人是著名刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯.
达罗。担任主控官的则是能说会道的演说家威廉.詹宁斯.布莱恩，他曾三次被民主党提名为美国总统候选人，而且还是导致我这次受审的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导人。
A few weeks before I had been an unknown school-teacher in Dayton, a little town in the mountains of Tennessee. Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over. Seated in court, ready to testify on my behalf, were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists, led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University. More than 100 reporters were on hand, and even radio announcer s, who for the first time in history were to broadcast a jury trial. "Don't worry, son, we'll show them a few tricks," Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.
几个星期之前，我还只是田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，而现在我却成了一次举世瞩目的庭审活动的当事人。在法庭就座为我作证的有以哈佛大学的科特里o马瑟教授为首的十几位有名望的教授和科学家。到场的还有一百多名新闻记者，甚至还有一些广播电台的播音员，他们也要破天荒地播放一次庭审实况。就在我们静候着法庭开审的当儿，达罗关切地搂住我的肩膀低声安慰道："别担心，孩子，我们会给他们点厉害瞧瞧。"
The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at the secondary school. For a number of years a clash had been building up between the fundamentalists and the modernists. The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old Testament. The modernists, on the other hand, accepted the theory advanced by Charles Darwin -- that all animal life, including monkeys and men, had evolved from a common ancestor.
我刚到戴顿中学任自然科学教员兼足球教练不久，这件案子就突然降临到我的头上。若干年来，原教旨主义者和现代主义者之间就一直在酝酿着一场冲突。
原教旨主义者坚持严格按照字面意义去理解《旧约全书》，而现代主义者则接受查尔斯o达尔文的进化论--认为一切动物，包括猿和人，都是由同一个祖先进化而来的。
Fundamentalism was strong in Tennessee, and the state legislature had recently passed a law prohibiting the teaching of "any theory that denies the story of creation as taught in the Bible." The new law was aimed squarely at Darwin's theory of evolution. An engineer, George Rappelyea, used to argue with the local people against the law. During one such argument, Rappelyea said that nobody could teach biology without teaching evolution. Since I had been teaching biology, I was sent for.
在田纳西州，原教旨主义势力很强，州立法机构最近还通过了一项法令，禁止公开讲授"任何否定《圣经》上宣讲的创世说的理论。"这项新法规的矛头直接指向了达尔文的进化论。有位名叫乔治o拉普利亚的工程师因反对这项法规常和当地人进行辩论。有一次辩论中，拉普利亚说，任何人要讲授生物学，就不能不讲进化论。因为我就是讲授生物学的，所以他们便把我叫去作证。
"Rappelyea is right," I told them.
"拉普利亚是对的，"我对他们说。
"Then you have been violating the law," one of them Said.
"那么说，你在触犯法律，"他们中的一位说。
"So has every other teacher," I replied. "Evolution is explained in Hunter's Civic Biology, and that's our textbook." Rappelyea then made a suggestion. "Let's take this thing to court," he said, "and test the legality of it."
"所有其他的教师也都在触犯法律，"我回答说。"亨特所著的《生物学基础》中就讲到了进化论，那是我们使用的教科书。"于是拉普利亚提出一个建议。"让我们将此事交付法庭判决，"他说，"以检验其是否合法。"
When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history. The American Civil Liberties Union announced that it would take my case to the U. S Supreme Court if necessary to establish that a teacher may tell the truth without being sent to jail." Then Bryan volunteered to assist the state in prosecuting me. Immediately the renowned lawyer Clarence Darrow offered his services to defend me. Ironically, I had not known Darrow before my trial but I had met Bryan when he had given a talk at my university. I admired him, although I did not agree with his views.
当我于五月七日被正式起诉时，谁也不曾料到，我本人更没有料到我的这件案子竟会越闹越大，以至成为美国历史上最著名的庭审案例之一。美国公民自由
联合会宣布：如有必要，联合会将把我的案子提交美国最高法院审理，"以确保
教师不至于因讲授真理而被送进监狱。"接着，布莱恩自告奋勇地要协助州政府方面对我进行起诉。著名律师克拉伦斯.达罗也立即主动提出要替我辩护。具有讽刺意味的是，在这次审判之前我并不认识达罗，但我却见过布莱恩，那是我念大学的时候，他来校作过演讲。我很钦佩他，尽管我并不赞同他的观点。
By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere. The buildings along the main street were festooned with banners. The streets around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passersby. People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists, arrived to cheer Bryan against the " infidel outsiders" Among them was John Butler, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law. Butler was a 49-year-old farmer who before his election had never been out of his native county.
到七月十日庭审开始的时候，我们这个拥有一千五百人口的小镇上呈现出一
派看马戏似的热闹气氛。大街两旁的建筑物上都挂起了彩旗。在法院的三层红
砖房子周围的街道上突然冒出了许多摇摇晃晃的摊贩货架，出售的是热狗、宗教书籍和西瓜。福音传教士们也在街上搭起帐篷向行人传教布道。附近一带的山区居民，其中多半是原教旨主义者，也纷纷赶到镇上来为布莱恩呐喊助威，打击那些"外来的异教徒"。他们当中就有具体起草了那条反进化论法令的约翰.巴特勒。巴特勒是一位四十九岁的农场主，在当选之前还从未跨出过自己的县境。
The presiding judge was John Raulston, a florid-faced man who announced: "I'm just a reg'lar mountaineer jedge." Bryan, ageing and paunchy , was assisted in his prosecution by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessee's brilliant young attorney-general, Tom Stewart. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow, my counsel included the handsome and magnetic Dudley Field Malone, 43, and Arthur Garfield Hays, quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law. In a trial in which religion played a key role, Darrow was an agnostic, Malone a Catholic and Hays a Jew. My father had come from Kentucky to be with me for the trial.
主审法官名叫约翰.劳尔斯顿，是一位面色红润的男人。他操着浓重的地方口音高声说道："我只是个平平常常的山区法官。"布莱恩的样子老态龙钟，大腹便便。协助他进行起诉工作的有他的儿1 85子--也是个律师--及田纳西州年轻有为的检察长汤姆o斯图尔特。我的辩护人当中则除了六十八岁的精明老练的达罗外，还有英俊潇洒、富于魅力的四十三岁的达德雷.费尔德.马隆和文质彬彬、学识丰富，尤其精通法学的阿瑟.伽费尔德.黑斯。在一场宗教起着关键作用的审判案中，达罗是个不可知论者，马隆是个天主教徒，而黑斯则是个犹太教徒。我的父亲也特意从肯塔基州赶来陪我面对这次审判。
The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer, and the trial got under way. Of the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. As my father growled, "That's one hell of a jury!"
法官请了一位当地的牧师主持开庭祷告仪式，接着审判便开始了。陪审团的十二名成员中，有三人除《圣经》之外再没有念过什么别的书，还有一人则根本不识字。难怪我父亲气呼呼地骂道："真是他妈狗屁的陪审团!"
After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement. "My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry are , and it is a mighty strong combination."
履行完规定的法律诉讼程序之后，达罗站起来开始发言了。"我的朋友检察长先生方才告诉我们说约翰.司科普斯知道他为什么会被带上法庭，"达罗拖长着声音说。"我也知道他为什么会被带上法庭。那是因为愚昧和偏见还很猖獗，而且这两者又结合在一起，形成一股强大的势力。"
Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. "Today it is the teachers, "he continued, "and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and Culture to the human mind. "
达罗在热得像烘箱似的法庭里来回踱着方步。"今天受攻击的是教师，"他接着说道，"明天就会轮到杂志、书籍和报纸。要不了多久，社会上便会是一种人与人为仇，教派与教派为敌的局面，直到我们的社会大踏步地退回到十六世纪那光辉的年代，那时如果有谁胆敢给人类带来智慧、知识和文化，就会被那些愚昧的偏执狂们点燃柴堆活活烧死。"
"That damned infidel," a woman whispered loudly as he finished his address.
他的话音刚落，就听到一个妇女高声咕嘟了一句："这个该死的异教徒!"
The following day the prosecution began calling wit-nesses against me. Two of my pupils testified, grinning shyly at me, that I had taught them evolution, but added that they had not been contaminated by the experience. Howard Morgan, a bright lad of 14, testified that I had taught that man was a mammal like cows, horses, dogs and cats.
第二天，控方开始传唤证人出庭作证。出庭作证的是我的两个学生，他们一
边羞涩地对我傻笑，一边向法庭证明说我向他们宣讲过进化论，但又补充说他们并没有因此而受到毒害。一个叫霍华德.摩根的聪明的十四岁小男孩作证说我对他们讲过，人也像牛、马、狗、猫一样是哺乳动物。
"He didn't say a cat was the same as a man?" Darrow asked.
"他没有说猫和人完全一样吧?"达罗问。
"No, sir," the youngster said. "He said man had reasoning power." "There is some doubt about that," Darrow snorted.
"没有，先生，"那孩子说道。"他说人是有思维能力的。" "这话怕不一定对哩，"达罗哼着鼻子说。
After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address the jury. The issue was simple, he declared "The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below." The spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work. In one hand he brandished a biology text as he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton to testify for the defence.
证人作证完毕后，布莱恩起立向陪审团陈辞。问题很简单，他说，"基督徒相信人来自天上，进化论者则认为人一定是来自地下。"旁听的群众忍不住咯咯地笑了起来，布莱恩也就越说越起劲，他一只手挥动着一本生物学教科书，一边口中发话谴责那些来到戴顿为我作证的科学家们。
"The Bible," he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, " is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as par t of a divine plan."
"《圣经》，"他用洪亮的嗓音大喊大叫道，"是不会被那些千里迢迢赶来作证的学者专家们赶出这个法庭的。这些专家们来到这里的目的是想证明主张人类
祖先来自丛林的进化论和上帝按照天机，依其形象创造人类并安排到这个世界上来的看法，是并行不悖的。"
As he finished, jaw out-thrust, eyes flashing, the audience burst into applause and shouts of "Amen". Yet something was lacking. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have. Dudley Field Malone popped up to reply. "Mr. Bryan is not the only one who has the right to speak for the Bible, he observed. "There are other people in this country who have given up their whole lives to God and religion. Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given post of his life to politics." Bryan
sipped from a jug of water as Malone's voice grew in volume. He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion.
他讲完话时，下巴翘得老高，眼里闪着光芒，听众席中立刻爆发出喝采的掌声和"阿门"的喊声。但似乎还是缺少了一点什么东西。昔日当布莱恩如燎原的烈火般席卷政界时表现出的那种火热的激情已消失殆尽。听众们似乎觉得他们的这位英雄没能充分发挥出应有的辩才将那些异端分子打个落花流水。达德雷.费尔德.马隆跳起来反驳布莱恩。"布莱恩可不是唯一有资格为《圣经》辩护的人，"他说。"在我们这一国度，还有些人将自己的全部生命都奉献给了上帝和宗教。而布莱恩先生却满腔热情地将自己的大半生命献给了政治。"布莱恩从水杯中呷了一口水，马隆说话的音调随之变得越来越高。他呼吁学术自由并指责布莱恩存心在科学与宗教之间挑起一场殊死决斗。
"There is never a duel with the truth," he roared. "The truth always wins -- and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no human agency to support it! "
"从来没有人能同真理决斗，"他大声怒吼，"真理从来都是胜利者--我们并不害怕这一点。真理不需要布莱恩先生。真理是永存的、不朽的，而且并不需要依靠人的力量去维护它!"
When Malone finished there was a momentary hush. Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan. But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan, the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defence.
马隆发言结束时，场上出现了一阵沉默，但接着法庭里便爆发出一阵暴风骤雨般的掌声.超过了刚才为布莱恩发出的掌声。然而，尽管马隆在同布莱恩进行的这场舌战中取得了胜利，法官还是决定不许在座的科学家们为辩方作证。
When the court adjourned, we found Dayton's streets swarming with strangers. Hawkers cried their wares on every corner. One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE. (This was J. R. Darwin's everything to Wear Store.) One entrepreneur rented a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponder whether they might be related.
休庭期间，我们发现戴顿镇的街头巷尾到处挤满了陌生人，每个角落里都有一些小商小贩在叫卖货物。有家商店的招牌上写道：达尔文：没错--就在里面。(这是小达尔文的服装店。)还有一个承包商租了一个商店橱窗来展出一只猿猴。有些人便花钱去观看这只猿猴，并思量着自己是否可能与它有什么渊源。
"The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes, ” a reporter noted, "afraid it might be true. "
"这只可怜的畜牲双手捂住眼睛，蜷缩在一个角落里，"一位记者这样写道，"
生怕人猿同源是真的。"
H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his Pants with a tan blowing on him, and there was talk of running him out of town for referring to the local citizenry as yokels . Twenty-two telegraphists were sending out 165 000 words a day on the trial.
HoL。门肯穿着短裤，一边吹着电扇，一边写出了一些含辛辣讽刺意味的电讯文稿。由于他在文中将当地居民称作"乡巴佬"，因此人们议论着要将他驱逐出镇。二十二个报务员每天要拍发十六万五千字的报道这场庭审的电文。
Because of the heat and a fear that the old court's floor might collapse, under the weight of the throng, the trial was resumed outside under the maples. More than 2 000 spectators sat on wooden benches or squatted on the grass, perched on the tops of parked cars or gawked from windows.
由于天气炎热，加之又担心古老的法庭地板会因承受不住人群的重量而坍塌，审判活动改在户外枫树荫下继续进行。前来观审的有两千多人，他们有的坐在长条木凳上，有的蹲在草地上，有的趴在停放着的汽车的车顶上，还有的人则从窗户里傻呆呆地伸长脖子向外张望。
Then came the climax of the trial. Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution was forced to take the position that the Bible must be interpreted literally. Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. The judge looked startled. "We are calling him as an expert on the Bible," Darrow said. "His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."
接着审判的高潮到来了。由于反进化论法律条文的限制，控方只得坚持《圣经》必须严格按字面意义解释的立场。这时，达罗突然打出他的王牌，点名要布莱恩充当辩方证人。法官也满脸惊讶。"我们要他当证人是因为他是《圣经》研究专家，"达罗说道。"作为经学权威，他的声誉是举世公认的。"
Bryan was suspicious of the wily Darrow, yet he could not refuse the challenge. For year s he had lectured and written on the Bible. He had campaigned against Darwinism in Tennessee even before passage of the anti-evolution law. Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.
布莱恩满心狐疑，不知那诡计多端的达罗葫芦里在卖什么药，但他又不能不接受这一挑战。多年来他一直在讲解《圣经》，并且还曾围绕《圣经》著书立说。甚至在反进化论法令通过之前，他就在田纳西州发动过反达尔文主义的运动。这时，只见他刚毅果敢地握着一把芭蕉扇，像是拿它当成一把退敌的利剑似的，大步流星地向证人席走去。
Under Darrow's quiet questioning he acknowledged believing the
Bible literally, and the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent "Amens".
在达罗的平静语调套问下，他承认自己对《圣经》的字字句句深信不疑，旁观的人群对他的激昂的回答不时和以热烈的“阿门“的喊声。
Darrow read from Genesis: "And the evening and the morning were the first day." Then he asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan said that he did.
达罗翻开《创世纪》念道："夜尽晨来乃第一天也。''接下来他问布莱恩是否相信太阳是第四天创造出来的，布莱恩回答说他相信。
"How could there have been a morning and evening with-out any sun?" Darrow enquired.
"没有太阳之前又怎么会有早晨和晚上呢?"达罗问道。
Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. There were sniggers from the crowd, even among the faithful. Darrow twirled his spectacles as he pursued the questioning. He asked if Bryan believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered in the affirmative.
布莱恩闷声不响地擦拭着自己的秃顶。人群中传出阵阵暗笑声，连一些虔诚的基督徒也在发笑。达罗一面捻弄着他的眼镜，一面继续发问。他问布莱恩是否相信有关夏娃的故事字字句句都是真实的，布莱恩作了肯定的回答。
"And you believe that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?"
"I believe that."
"那末你也相信上帝为了惩罚引诱夏娃的那条蛇便让所有蛇类从那以后永远匍匐爬行的故事是真的了?"
"我相信那是真的。"
"Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that time?"
The crowd laughed, and Bryan turned livid. His voice rose and the fan in his hand shook in anger.
"好哇，那么你是否知道那以前蛇类是如何行走的呢?"
观审的人群哄地笑了起来。布莱恩气得脸色发青，盛怒之下他调门提高了，手里拿着的扇子一个劲儿抖动着。
"Your honor," he said. "I will answer all Mr. Darrow's questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him..."
"法官大人，"他说。"我即刻就要回答达罗先生的所有问题。我要让世界知道这个不信上帝的人正在利用田纳西州的法庭诽谤上帝……"
"I object to that statement,” Darrow shouted. “ I am examining you on your tool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes."
"我反对这种说法，"达罗大声叫道。"我只是在考验你的那些愚蠢的想法，世界上没有哪个有知识的基督徒会相信你的那些想法。"
The judge used his gavel to quell the hubbub and adjourned court until next day.
法官敲响小木槌止住了喧哗声，随即宣布休庭，次日再审。
Bryan stood forlornly alone. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectator s pushed by him to shake Darrow's hand.
布莱恩孤零零地站在那儿。当观众们纷纷从他身边挤过去同达罗握手时，我的心替这位昔日的英雄难过起来。
The jury were asked to consider their verdict at noon the following day. The jurymen retired to a corner of the lawn and whispered for just nine minutes. The verdict was guilty. I was fined 100 dollars and costs.
第二天中午，陪审团受命对此案进行裁决。陪审员们离席退到草坪的一角，只低声议论了九分钟，结果是判决被告有罪。我被罚款一百美元，并支付诉讼费用。
Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a "victorious defeat." A few southern papers, loyal to their faded champion, hailed it as a victory for Bryan. But Bryan, sad and exhausted, died in Dayton two days after the trial.
达德雷.费尔德.马隆称这次庭审结果对我来说是一次"胜利的败仗"。有几家南方报纸，出于对他们那位已失去昔日光彩的英雄的忠诚，称这次审判结果为布莱恩的胜利，并为之欢呼。可布莱恩本人却因伤心劳神过度，审判结束后才过了两天便在戴顿去世。
I was offered my teaching job back but I declined. Some of the professors who had come to testify on my be-half arranged a scholarship for me at the University of Chicago so that I could pursue the study of science. Later I became a geologist for an oil company.
学校要请我回去继续担任原先的教学职务，但我谢绝了。有几位前来为我作
证的教授已为我争取到了一份芝加哥大学的奖学金，因而我得以继续进修自然科学。.后来，我成为一家石油公司的地质学专家。
Not long ago I went back to Dayton for the first time since my trial 37 years ago. The little town looked much the same to me. But now there is a William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top over looking the valley.
前不久，我在那次审判三十七年之后第一次重返戴顿。在我眼中，小镇景物
依旧，只是多了一所威廉.詹宁斯.布莱恩大学，它坐落在一个小山坡上，俯视着
下面的山谷。
There were other changes, too. Evolution is taught in Tennessee, though the law under which I was convicted is still on the books. The
oratorial storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew
up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the
schools and legislative offices of the United States, bringing in its
wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has
grown with the passing years.
还有一些其他方面的变化。进化论已经可以在田纳西州公开讲授了，尽管那条曾判我有罪的法令仍未废除。由克拉伦斯.达罗和达德雷.费尔德.马隆在戴顿镇
的小小法庭上掀起的那些辩论风暴犹如一股清风吹遍了美国的学校和立法机关，
随之而来的是日渐增长的思想自由和学术自由的新气象。
约翰.司科普斯
词汇(Vocabulary)
sweltering ( adj.) :that swelters or suffers from the heat;very hot;sultry热得发昏的;酷热
counsel ( n.) :a lawyer or group of lawyers giving advice about legal matters and representing clients in court辩护律师;法律顾问;辩护人
silver-tongued ( adj.) :eloquent;persuasive雄辩的;口才流利的
orator ( n.) :a skilled，eloquent public speaker雄辩家
jury ( n.) :a group of people sworn to hear the evidence and inquire into the facts in a law case，and to give decision in accordance with their findings陪审团
erupt ( v.) :burst forth or out，as from some restraint进发;爆发;喷出
clash ( n.) :a sharp disagreement;conflict抵触;冲突;意见不一致;对立
fundamentalism ( n.) :religious beliefs based on a literal interpretation of everything in the Bible and regarded as fundamental to Christian faith and morals原教旨主义(相信《圣经》所记载的传统的基督教信仰，反对较为近代的教义)
legislature ( n.) :a body of persons given the responsibility and power to make laws for a country or state(esp. the lawmaking body of a state，corresponding to the U.S.Congress)立法机构(尤指美国的州议会)
prohibit ( v.) :refuse to permit;forbid by law or by an order禁止;不准
legality ( n.) :quality，condition，or instance of being legal or lawful;conformity with the law合法性
indict ( v.) :accuse;charge with the commission of a cime; esp. make formal accusation against on the basis of positive legal evidence usually said of the action of a grand jury控告，控诉;指控，告发，对……起诉
prosecute (v.) :institute legal proceedings against，or conduct criminal proceedings in court against对……起诉
festoon ( v.) :adorn or hang with festoons饰以(或悬挂)花彩，结彩于
sprout (v.) :grow or develop rapidly迅速生长，迅速发展
rickety ( adj.) :1iable to fall or break down because weak;shaky易倒的;易垮的;不结实的;不稳固的
evangelist ( n.) :anyone who evangelizes(esp. a traveling preacher or a revivalist)福音传教士(尤指巡回说教者或信仰复兴者)
exhort ( v.) :urge earnestly by advice，warning，etc.规劝，劝告，劝戒
infidel ( n.) :a person who holds no religious belief无宗教信仰者，不信宗教者
florid ( adj. ) : flushed with red or pink(said of the complexion)(脸色)红润的
paunchy ( adj. ) :[derog. or humor](esp. of a man)having a fat stomach[贬或幽](尤指男性)大腹便便的
attorney ( n.) :.any person legally empowered to act as agent for. or in behalf of，another(esp. a lawyer)(被当事人授权的法律事务中的)代理人
shrewd ( adj.) :keen-witted，clever，astute or sharp in practical affairs机敏的;精明的;伶俐的magnetic ( adj.) :vpowerfully attractive(said of a person，personality，etc.)有吸引力的;有魅力的(指人或个性等)
steep ( v.) :immense，saturate，absorb，or imbue(esp. used as steeped锄：thoroughly filled or familiar with)沉浸;埋头于(尤用作steeped in充满着;沉湎于;精通)
agnostic ( n.) :a person who believes that the human mind cannot know whether there is a God or an ultimate cause，or anything beyond material phenomena;atheist不可知论者growl (v.) :complain in an angry or surly manner牢骚满腹地说
spar ( v. ) :wrangle or dispute争论;争吵
drawl ( v.) :speak slowly，prolonging the vowels慢慢吞吞地说
bigotry ( n.) :the behavior，attitude，or beliefs of a bigot：intolerance;prejudice偏执的行为(或态度、信念等);偏执;顽固;偏见
rampant ( adj. ) :spreading unchecked;widespread蔓延的;猖獗的
faggot ( n.) :a bundle of sticks，twigs，or branches(esp. for use as fuel)柴捆;柴把
contaminate ( v.) :make impure，infected，corrupt，etc.使感染，传染，毒害
mammal ( n.) :any of a large class of warm-blooded. usually hairy vertebrates whose off springs are fed with milk secreted by female mammary glands哺乳动物
snort ( v.) :wave，shake. or exhibit in a menacing, challenging，or exultant way(威胁地、挑战似地、狂喜地)挥舞
denounce ( v.) :condemn strongly as evil谴责，指责，痛斥
sonorous ( adj. ) :having a powerful，impressive sound(声音)响亮的;洪亮的
reconcile ( adj. ) :settle(a quarrel，etc.)or compose(a difference，etc.)调解;调和;使一致;使相符divine ( adj. ) :given or inspired by God;holy;sacred神授的，天赐的;神圣的
fervour ( n.) :great warmth of emotion;ardor;zeal;passion热烈;热情，热心，热诚
arena ( n.) :any sphere of struggle or conflict竞争场所;活动场所
prairie ( n.) :a large area of level or slightly rolling grassland大草原
scorch (v.) :char，discolor，or damage the surface of sth. by superficial burning;burn;make a caustic attack on;assail scathingly;excoriate烧焦;烤焦;挖苦;严厉指责(或批评) pop ( v.) :[colloq.]arise;happen or arrive unexpectedly[口]突然发生，突然出现，突然来到duel ( n.) :any contest or encounter suggesting such a fight，usually between two persons(常指两人间的)争斗，冲突，斗争
hush ( n.) :absence of noise;quiet;silence寂静，平静，安静;默不作声，沉默
adjourn ( v. ) :close a session or meeting for the day or for a time休会，闭会;延期
swarm (v.) :be filled or crowded;teem(with)充满，被挤满(常与with连用)
hawker ( n.) :a person who hawks goods in the street;peddle;huckster(沿街叫卖的)小贩
entrepreneur ( n.) :[Fr.]a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking.assuming the risk for the sake of the profit[法语]企业家
ape ( n.) :any of a family(Pongidae)of large，tailless monkeys that can stand and walk in an almost erect position猿
ponder ( v.) :weigh mentally;think deeply about;consider carefully默想;深思;考虑
cower ( v.) :shrink and tremble，as from someone's anger，threats，or blow(因别人发怒、威胁或打击而)畏缩;发抖，哆嗦
sulphurous ( adj.) :violently emotional;heated;fiery异常激动的;激烈的;暴怒的
dispatch ( n.) :a news story sent to a newspaper，radio station，etc.，as by a special reporter or news agency(特派记者或新闻社发给报社、电台的)(新闻)电讯，电文，通讯yokel ( n.) :[a contemptuous term]a person living in a rural area;rustic;country bumpkin[贬]乡巴佬，土包子
perch ( v.) :alight or rest on or as on a perch栖息;停歇;坐在高处
gawk ( v.) :stare like a gawk，in a stupid way(像呆子般)呆呆地盯着，呆视
wily ( adj.) :full of wiles;crafty;sly狡猾的;狡诈的;诡计多端的
repel ( v.) :drive or force back;hold or ward off击退;抵挡住
fervent ( adj.) :having or showing great warmth of feeling;intensely devoted or
earnest;ardent;passionate热烈的，满怀热情的，热心的，深表热诚的;强烈的Genesis ( n.) :the first book of the Bible，giving an account of the creation of the universe《创世纪》(《圣经·旧约》的首卷)
snigger ( n.) :a sly，derisive，partly stifled laugh窃笑;暗笑
twirl (v.) :rotate rapidly;spin(使)快速旋转，(使)迅速转动
serpent ( n.) :a snake，esp. a large or poisonous one蛇(尤指大蛇或毒蛇)
livid ( adj.) :grayish-blue;pale;lead-colored青灰色的;铅色的
slur ( n.) :any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someone's reputation;aspersion，reproach，stigma，etc.诽谤;污辱;诋毁，中伤，破坏……的名誉
gavel ( n.) :a small mallet rapped on the table by a presiding officer in calling for attention or silence or by an auctioneer(会议主席、法官或拍卖商用以敲击桌子的)小木槌，议事槌quell ( v. ) :crush;subdue;put an end to镇压;平息
hubbub ( n.) :a confused sound of many voices;noise;uproar;tumult吵闹声，喧哗，喧嚣;鼎沸;骚动
forlorn (adj.) :abandoned or deserted被抛弃的;被遗弃的;孤独的，寂寞的/forlornly adv.
verdict ( n.) :the formal and unanimous finding of a jury on the matter submitted to them in a trial裁定;判决
conviction ( n.) :a convicting 0r being convicted证明有罪;(被)判罪;定罪
短语(Expressions)
adhere to : continue to obey or maintain(esp，a rule，standard or belief)坚持，忠于
例：She adheres to her principles throughout her teaching career. 她在整个教学生涯中始终坚持自己的原则。
take on : begin to have呈现
例：Her voice took on a troubled tone.她的声音里有些不安。
under way: begin，start(开始)进行，在前进中。
例：We have several plans under way.我们已将几项计划付诸实施
英语中通常使用that
英语中使用that 1.先行词如果有all, every, only, very, any (任何的)，one of few,any,little, no等词修饰时， 2.先行词是不定代词，some（something，somebody，someone），any（anything，anybody，anyone），no（nothing，nobody，no one），every（everything，everybody，everyone 3.先行词有最高级修饰 4.先行词有序数词修饰， 5.先行词如果既有人又有事物 6. 主句以There be…开头,先行词为物时用that,先行词为人的句子中,常用who引导定语从句. . There is a room in the building that is still free. There is a pretty girl who wants to see you. 7. 句子中如果已经有了who，引导词代替人，为了避免重复，要使用that；或者句子中如果已经有了which，引导词代替事物，为了避免重复，要使用that； 8. 先行词如果在主句中做表语，或引导词在从句中做表语，代替事物，多使用that；eg. 这是我昨天买的书。This is the book that I bought yesterday. as作为定语从句引导词的三点用法 （1）代替主句整句话内容； （2）先行词有such修饰，要使用as； eg. He is such a good teacher __as__ we all like. He is such a good teacher __that___ we all like him. (such…that 如此…以至于…,引导结果状语从句)； （3）先行词有the same修饰， the same……as表示同类不同一个：I want to buy the same bicycle as my friend did. the same……that表示同类同一个：The police has found the same bicycle that Jack lost. 引导词代替主句整句话内容，在从句中做主语或宾语，要使用as或which来引导 ?as和which的区别： 1.结构上as的从句既可以放于主句前，也可以放于主句后；which的从句只能放于 主句后； 2.as如果在从句中做主语，谓语动词只能是be动词结构； eg. 她数学考试不及格，这让她的爸爸很生气。
高中英语连词用法归纳
高中英语连词用法归纳 一、概说 连词是一种虚词，用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子，在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，如and, but, or, for等；从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等)，引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等，引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。 二、并列连词的用法 ◆ 1. 表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有but, yet 等。如： Someone borrowed my pen, but I don?t remember who. 有人借了我的钢笔，但我不记得是谁了。 He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn?t help us. 他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。 ◆ 2. 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有for, so 等。如： The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生。 You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你们一定要克服 粗枝大叶，因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。 注意：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。 ◆ 3. 表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有and , or , either…or , neither…nor , not only…but(also) , both…and , as well as 等。如： He didn?t go and she didn?t go either. 他没去，她也没去。 The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。 Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。 It is important for you as well as for me. 这对你和对我都很重要。 People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 年龄不到或者超龄的人都不得参军。 三、从属连词的用法 ◆1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词 (1) 表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的when, while, as, whenever。如： Don?t talk while you?re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。 Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。 He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。 (2) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。如： Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。 After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。 (3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。如： She?s been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。 Hold on until I fetch help. 坚持一下，等我找人来帮忙。 Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (谚)不要无事惹事。 (4) 表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the i nstant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如： I?ll let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。 The moment I have finished I?ll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。 I came immediately I heard the news. 我一听到这个消息，马上就来了。 Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦开始, 便不可停下来。 (5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如： I?ll tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次见到他时，我就把这个情况告诉他。We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每当我们洗手的时候，我们都要损失一
高级英语写作黄金句型和新词
1) With the rapid improvement in.../growing awareness of..., more and more.../sth.... 1 随着…的飞速发展/越来越多的关注，越来越… (e.g. With the considerable improvement in building industry, more and more structures are being erected to set the people's minds at ease.) 例：随着建筑业的大力推进，人们对建立越来越多的房屋建筑感到宽心。 2) Recently, sth./the problem of...has been brought to popular attention/ has become the focus of public concern. 2 近来，某事/某问题引起了人们的普遍关注/成了公众关注的焦点。 (e.g. Recently, the problem of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.) 例：近来失业问题引起了人们的普遍关注，各级政府已把它列为首要议程。 3) One of the universal issues we are faced with/that cause increasing concern is that... 3 我们面临的一个普遍问题是… /一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题 是… (e.g. One of the universal issues that draw (cause) growing concern is whether it is wise of man to have invented the automobile.) 例：一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题是，发明汽车是否为人 4) In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in.. . 4 在过去的几年里，…经历了突飞猛进/迅猛增长/下降。 (e.g. In the past ten years, there has been a sharp decline in the number of species.) 例：在过去的几年里，物种数量骤然下降。 5) Nowadays, more/most important/dangerous for our society is... 5 如今对我们社会更（最）为重要的（危险的）事情是… (e.g. Nowadays, most dangerous for our society is the tendency to take advantage of each other in political circles.) 例：对我们社会最为危险的事情是政界倾向于互相利用。 6) According to the information given in the table/graph, we can find that... 6 根据图表资料，我们可以发现… 7) As can be seen from the table/graph/figure, there is a marked increase /decline/favorable (an unfavorable) change in... 7 根据图表（数字）显示，…明显增长（下降）/发生了有利（不利）变化。 8) As we can see from the table/graph/figure above, drastic/considerable/ great changes have taken place in...over the period of time from...(年份)to...( 年份) 8 据上面图表（数字）所示，从某年到某年某方面发生了剧烈的（相当大的；巨大的）变化。
so-that的用法
so...that... 如此……以致于…… ...so that... 以便于，为了 “so...that...”句型的意思是“如此/这么……以致于……”，常引导结果状语从句，但“so...that...”是个爱“变脸”句型，你一不留意就会出错。“so...that...”句型及其转换也是中考的热点，现将其用法总结归纳如下，让我们一起来看看它是怎样变的吧。 一、 so... that...句型中的so是副词，常常用来修饰形容词或副词，常用句型为：主语+谓语+so+adj. / adv. + that从句。例如： 1. he is so young that she can't look after herself. 2. The boy ran so fast that I couldn't catch him. 3. He was so angry that he couldn't say a word. / 二、在“such... that...”句型中，such修饰名词，意思也是“如此……以致于……”但当名词前有many、much、(a) few、(a) little等词修饰时，句子中要用“so...that...”而不能用“such...that...”。例如： 1. He has so much money that he can buy what he wanted. 2. I've had so many falls that I have pains here and there. 3. There is little water in the glass that I can't drink any more. 三、 so与that也可连起来写，即变成：... so that ...(以便 / 为了……)，引导目的状语从句。例如： ~ 1. I got up early so that I could catch the early bus. 2. Please open the window so that we can breathe fresh air. 3. You must go now so that you won't be late. 四、以“so...that”引导的结果状语从句可以转换成不定式的简单句，即可转换为“...enough to...”或“...too...to”句型，但这种转换必须符合下列条件： 1. 当主句和从句的主语一致，且that从句是肯定句时，可用“enough to do sth.”来转换。例如：
连词的用法教案(一)(初中英语)
教学过程 一、复习预习 教师引导学生复习上节课所学的内容复习，（以提问、回顾的形式进行），针对上节课的作业进行讲评、订正、答疑，并通过简单的句子导入本节课所要学习的连词。 连词含义：连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。 二、知识讲解 知识点1：并列关系连词的用法 在句子中并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。常用的并列连词有：and，both…and,not only…but also,as well as，neither…nor等。 1. 【考查点】单个连词及固定搭配的用法。 如：They sat down and talked about something. 他们坐下来并且讨论一些事情。 She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar. 她不仅弹钢琴而且还弹吉他。 注意：not only… but also关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 他不仅喜欢读故事书，甚至能写一些。 2.【易错点】1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2) 但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点： There is no air or water in the moon. 在月球上没有空气和水。 There is no air and no water on the moon. 在月球上没有空气没有水。 在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。 知识点2：表示选择关系的连词 1.【考查点】选择关系的连词及固定搭配 or意思为"或则"。either…or意思为"或者……或者……"or else/ otherwise 否则 如：Which do you prefer, tea, coffee, or juice ? 你喜欢哪一个，茶，咖啡还是果汁？ Either you or I am right. 你和我有一个是正确的。 Be silent, or else you will be kicked out. 保持沉默，否则你将会背开除。 I am tired, otherwise, I would play. 我很累，不然的话我就去玩了。 知识点3：表示转折或对比关系的连词 1.表示转折关系和对比关系的连词有but，while，yet，however等 2.【考查点】转折关系连词的用法 如：He is rich but unhappy. 他很富裕但不快乐。 Some people love cats, while others hate them. 有些人喜欢猫，而有些则讨厌他们。 She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time. 她说她将会迟到，然而他却准时到达了。 She does not like him, however, I like him. 她不喜欢他，但是我喜欢他。 They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being. 他们不是动物的骨头而是人类的。 注意：not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。 2.【易错点】but和however的区别。However后有逗号，but没有。 知识点4：表示因果关系的连词 1.【考查点】for因为，做并列连词使用时，是在对先行的句子补述原因或者理由， 以连接句子与句子，通常不置于句首。so, therefore 因此，then那么，因而。 如：He is absent today, for he is ill. 他今天缺席了因为他生病了。 He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game. 他的腿受伤了，因此不能参加这个游戏。 知识点5：谓语动词单复数的判断 1.【考查点】句子有as well as,neither…or等连词时注意谓语动词的单复数。
高级英语第一册详细讲解
Lesson one The Middle Eastern Bazaar 一．Background information 二．Brief overview and writing style This text is a piece of description. In this article, the author describes a vivid and live scene of noisy hilarity of the Middle Eastern Bazaar to readers. At first, he describes the general atmosphere of the bazaar. The entrance of the bazaar is aged and noisy. However, as one goes through the bazaar, the noise the entrance fades away. One of the peculiarities of the Eastern bazaar is that shopkeepers dealing in the same kind of goods gather in the same area. Then the author introduces some strategies for bargaining with the seller in the bazaar which are quite useful. After that he describes some impressive specific market of the bazaar particularly includ ing the copper-smiths market, the carpet-market, the spice-market, the food-market, the dye-market, the pottery-market and the carpenter‘s market which honeycomb the bazaar. The typical animal in desert----camels----can also attract attention by their disdainful expressions. To the author the most unforgettable thing in the bazaar is the place where people make linseed oil. Hence he describes this complicated course with great details. The author‘s vivid and splendid description takes readers back to hundreds of thousands of years age to the aged middle eastern bazaar, which gives the article an obvious diachronic and spatial sense. The appeal to readers‘visual and hearing sense throughout the description is also a marked feature of this piece of writing. In short, being a Westerner, the author views the oriental culture and civilization as old and backward but interesting and fantastic. Through careful observation and detailed comparison, the author depicts some new and original peculiarities of the Middle Eastern bazaar which are unique and distinguished. 三．Detailed study of the text Paragraph 1 the general atmosphere of the bazaar 1. The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back…of years: 1) Middle East: generally referring to the area from Afghanistan to Egypt, including the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, and Asiatic Turkey. 2) A bazaar is an oriental market-place where a variety of goods is sold. The word perhaps comes from the Persian word bazar.（中东和印度等的）集市，市场 Paraphrase: The bazaar can be traced back to many centuries ago. The architecture was ancient, the bricks and stones were aged and the economy was a handicraft economy which no longer existed in the West. 2. The one I am thinking of particularly is entered…: 1) is entered..: The present tense used here is called ―historical present(历史现在时)‖. It is used for vividness. 2) Gothic: of a style of building in Western Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries, with pointed arches , arched roofs, tall thin pillars, and stained glass windows. 3) aged: having existed long; very old 3. Y ou pass from the heat and glare of a big open square into a cool, dark cavern…: 1) Here ―the heat‖is contrasted with ―cool‖, ―glare‖with ―dark‖, and ―open square‖with ―cavern‖. 2) glare: strong, fierce, unpleasant light, not so agreeable and welcome as ―bright sunlight‖.强光， 耀眼的光 3) ―cavern‖here does not really mean a cave or an underground chamber. From the text we can see it is a long, narrow, dark street of workshops and shops with some sort of a roof over them.
THAT用法情况总结
THAT用法总结 第一、that 用作形容词（后接复数名词时用those） 它用来指已被提到的人或物；也可表对比，指两个中较远的那个。 What about that book you borrowed from me last month？ 请注意，that 有时候在句子中具有喜欢或轻蔑等感情色彩。 that little son of his 他那个小宝贝儿子 That George！乔治那家伙！（含有轻蔑语气） 第二、that 用作代词。 1. that 用作指示代词（复数形式是those），其指代意义同形容词用法，同时它还可以用作定语从句中的先行词；还可为了避免重复，代替前述名词。 .that用来替代前面提到的特指的事物,所代替的名词可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词.代替可数名词可以用the one替换.但其前面不可用任何限定词修饰.例如: 1)The population of China is larger than that of Japan.(that代替不可数名词population,不可用the one替换) 2)The headteacher in your class is younger and more active than that in theirs.(that代替可数名词headteacher,可用the one替换) that 代替指物的单数可数名词或抽象不可数名词，一般是特指的 those 代替指人或指物的复数名词，一般是特指的=the ones one 代替指人或指物的单数可数名词，一般是泛指的 ones 代替指人或指物的复数名词，一般是泛指的 That is what he told me. What is that (which) you have got in your hand? The price of rice is higher than that of flour. 2. that 用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句。先行词可人可物，用法相当于who或which。（但是在下列情况下多用that：先行词既有人又有物时；先行词有形容词最高级、序数词、不定代词、very，only等修饰时；先行词是不定代词时）He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. I think it one of the most wonderful films that the film company has ever produced. She has little information that is useful for our research. Is there anything that I can do for you? 请注意，that 在定语从句中作宾语时通常可省略。 The books (that) I sent you will help you in your studies. 第三、that 用作连词，引导名词性从句,状语从句和强调句。 1. that名词性从句。 ①引导宾语从句。及物动词后的引导词that可省略。 I didn't expect (that) he could win the championship. The teacher pointed out that Tom was not working hard enough.
英语连词用法总结(完整)
英语连词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择连词 1．Read this story, you will realize that not everything can be bought with money. A．or B．and C．but D．so 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：考查并列句。句意看看这个故事，你就会明白不是所有的东西都可以用钱买到的。“祈使句 + and/or +陈述句”是一个固定句式，根据句意，选B 考点 : 考查并列句。 2．——Have you got the results of the final exam? ——Not yet. I'm afraid it will be a few days we know the final results. A．before B．after C．until D．when 【答案】A 【解析】考查连词的用法。根据句意：你知道期末考试的结果了吗？还不知道呢，恐怕再过一些天我们才知道最终的结果。before …才…，after …之后，until直到，when当什么时候，故选A。 3．We shouldn’t think the question of ________ they are poor or rich is important. A．what B．whether C．why D．how 【答案】B 【解析】考查考查名词性从句。句意“我们不应该把他们是穷人还是富人看得太重要。”whether常与or/or not连用，意为“是否......”。故选B。 4．— How can I wake up so early? — Set the ala rm at 5 o’clock,you’ll make it. A．but B．or C．and D．so 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：考查情景交际和并列连词。句意：--我怎样才能醒的很早？--把闹钟定到5点，这样，你就能做到了。答语前后是并列关系，祈使句+and表示条件，相当于if条件句。or 表示相反的情况，故选C。 考点：考查情景交际和并列连词 5．He was about to tell me the secret __ _____ someone patted him on the shoulder. A．as B．until C．while D．when
高级英语一
北语14秋《高级英语I》导学资料一 Unit1, Unit2& Unit3 一、本阶段学习内容概述 各位同学，大家好，本课程第一阶段学习的主要内容为Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence中包括课前练习（Warm-up）、单词和词组（New words and phrases）、课文（Text）、课后练习（Exercises）及补充阅读（Supplementary readings）中的指定内容。 课前练习：大家应先了解课前练习的要求，根据已有的知识思考其中问题，或者利用网络与同学开展一些讨论，争取在阅读课文前了解文章主要论述的问题，有利于更好的了解作者的思想观点和思维过程，从而了解文章所反映的思想文化，这样既能提高阅读理解能力又能获取知识和信息。 单词和词组:名词、动词和形容词是词汇练习和记忆中的重要部分。Unit 1、2、3中所列出的新单词绝大部分都是这三类，因此，大家一定要掌握好新单词。要开发利用多种方法记单词，如联想法、音节法、构词法等。单词和词组基本上给出了英语直接释义，可以培养大家英语思维的习惯。如果在阅读释义后还有疑问，一定要查阅英语词典，寻找一些相关的解释来加深对单词的理解和记忆。许多词的释义中给出了若干同义词或近义词，能帮助大家迅速扩大词汇量，同时，课后练习的词汇（Vocabulary Study）部分又给出了一些相关的练习，大家可以在学习完单词和词组后，乘热打铁，立即做词汇练习的第一小题（选择填空）和第二小题（找出意义相近的替代词）这样可以及时巩固所学单词，大概了解这些词的用法，为正确阅读课文打下基础，也能使得练习题做起来不是那么难。 （特别说明：高级英语阶段的学习，提高词汇量和词汇运用能力是一个很大，并且很重要，同时又是比较难的问题，这是我们必须面对的问题，所以，请大家务必花时间多熟悉单词。所谓的磨刀不误砍材功，先熟悉单词和短语，才能流畅的阅读文章。更关键的是，单词和短语在考试中所占比例不少！） 课文：每单元有一篇课文（Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence）。在掌握单词和词组之后，阅读课后注释，学习课文的背景资料、作者介绍和相关内容，如人物、事件、地点等的解释，这能帮助大家准确快速的理解文章的内容。在课件资源的帮助下，认真学习课文，包括课文中常用词语和句型的用法。文章比较长，大家一定要有耐心和毅力，坚持就是胜利。在学习完整篇文章后，及时完成课文理解（Comprehension Check）的练习。其中第一小题是根据课文内容选择最佳答案，第二小题是将部分文中的句子用英语注释。只要认真学习了课件资料，相信能很快准确地完成。同时也考察大家对课文理解的程度，督促大家很好的阅读课文。 课后练习：共有四个大题。 1.课文理解（Comprehension Check）：有两个题型。在借助课件学习完课文之后，大家可以先自己做这一部分的练习，然后再看课件，对正答案的同时，再重温课文的大意。 2.词汇（Vocabulary Study）：有两个题型。在学完课文和单词后，大家可以自己先做这一部分的词汇练习，不会做得可以看课件，并牢固掌握，对于补充的单词也要掌握。这样有利于快速扩充词汇量。 3.翻译（Translation）：有的单元是汉译英，有的单元是英译汉。都是一段与课文内容相近的短文。先认真思考，仔细看文章，如果有一定的难度，可以参考课件的解说，然后再组织语言完成翻译练习。
语法中that的用法
“that”在英文中是一个使用频率很高的单词。它有四种词性，并且句法及语法功能纷繁复杂。同学们如果不能熟练掌握其用法，很可能会形成英语学习的一种障碍，从而影响其学习兴趣和效率。现将that的用法总结归纳如下： 第一、that 用作形容词（后接复数名词时用those）。 它用来指已被提到的人或物；也可表对比，指两个中较远的那个。 What about that book you borrowed from me last month？ 请注意，that 有时候在句子中具有喜欢或轻蔑等感情色彩。 that little son of his 他那个小宝贝儿子 That George！乔治那家伙！（含有轻蔑语气） 第二、that 用作代词。 1. that 用作指示代词（复数形式是those），其指代意义同形容词用法，同时它还可以用作定语从句中的先行词；还可为了避免重复，代替前述名词。That is what he told me. What is that (which) you have got in your hand? The price of rice is higher than that of flour. 2. that 用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句。先行词可人可物，用法相当于who或which。（但是在下列情况下多用that：先行词既有人又有物时；先行词有形容词最高级、序数词、不定代词、very，only等修饰时；先行词是不定代词时） He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. I think it one of the most wonderful films that the film company has ever produced. She has little information that is useful for our research. Is there anything that I can do for you? 请注意，that 在定语从句中作宾语时通常可省略。The books (that) I sent you will help you in your studies. 第三、that 用作连词，引导名词性从句,状语从句和强调句。 1. that名词性从句。 ①引导宾语从句。及物动词后的引导词that可省略。I didn't expect (that) he could win the championship. The teacher pointed out that Tom was not working hard enough. ②引导主语从句。通常采用it作形式主语的句型。 That the earth goes around the sun is known to everyone. （It is known to everyone that the earth goes around the sun.） ③引导表语从句。 The trouble is that we are short of money. ④引导同位语从句。 引导同位语从句的that和引导定语从句的that是不同的。前者只起语法作用，在从句中不作任何成分；而后者在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。举例说明： The news that he resigned from office surprised us. The idea that he holds is very common nowadays on campus. 2. that引导状语从句①引导目的状语从句。 Bring it nearer that I may see it better. ②引导结果状语从句。What have I done that he should be so angry with me? ③引导原因状语从句。 I am afraid that I will fail in the driving test. ④引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然、尽管”。
英语连词用法详解
英语连词用法详解 一、单项选择连词 1．Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually. A．that B．where C．which D．whose 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：考查定语从句：句意：Stephen Hawking认为地球不可能是生命逐渐发展的唯一星球。先行词是the only planet，定语从句缺少地点状语，用where引导定语从句，选B.考点：考查定语从句 2．I missed supper_______ I’m starving! A．but B．and C．or D．for 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：句意：我没吃晚饭，现在我快要饿死了！由句意可知，空格处应该是缺少表示递进的连词，but表转折，or表选择，for表原因，只有and表递进，故选B。 考点: 考查连词的用法。 3．I usually sleep with the window open ________ it is really cold. A．if B．unless C．now that D．in case 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：考查连词辨析。A. if如果；B. unless除非；C. now that既然；D. in case万一。句意：我通常开着窗户睡觉，除非天气真的很冷。故选B。 考点：考查连词辨析 4．Don’t give up regardless of difficulty and failure, ________ you’ll never achieve your goals. A．and B．but C．or D．so 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 考查固定句型。句意：不管困难和失败，别放弃，否则你就不能实现你的目标。祈使句 +and（然后）/or/otherwise（否则）+陈述句，注意后面的陈述句通常是一般将来时。答案选C。 5．How long do you suppose it is ______ he arrived there?