2014考研英语：应用文写作全面指导
洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌
考研英语的应用文写作，要求考生根据所给情景写出约100词的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等。因此同学们在复习过程中应加强对应用文写作特点的了解和针对格式要求的记忆，有意识的掌握各类应用文的写作方法。在应用文的写作过程中要注意四性：信息覆盖的全面性、结构组织的条理性与逻辑性、语言使用的准确性、文体格式的正确性。要想写作得高分，这四性缺一不可。应用文写作不单单只是针对格式的复习，格式只是最起码的要求，信息是否完全关系到文章是否完整，结构的合理安排才能让文章层次鲜明，而语言使用的准确性也关系到考生的写作水平和得分情况。希望同学们用较高的标准来要求自己，实现应用文写作中质的突破。
下面，简单地介绍一下这几种应用文的写作技巧：
首先是私人和公务信函。私人和公务信函是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具，与同学们的生活、学习比较密切，也是以后工作中用的最多的一种沟通方式。信函是很重要的一种应用文。
所谓私人信函就是给家人、朋友或者同学等写信，谈事情的同时又交流感情；所谓公务信函就是给亲朋好友之外的人写信，主要是为了办事，比方说给老板或是客户写信都属于公务信函。
信函一般都是由写信时间，信内地址，称呼，信的主要内容和信尾几个主要部分组成。收信人地址要写在左上角，寄信人地址要写在右上角，寄信人地址也可以不写。姓名写在地址上面。地址排列顺序依次为门牌号、街区名、城市和国名。在信的开头人名前一定要加Mr.，Mrs.，Dear等比较尊敬的称呼。信的结尾注意使用常用的客套话如：sincerely yours，faithfully yours或者yours sincerely，yours faithfully。英文书信写作要遵循五个原则，即正确、清晰、简洁、礼貌和体贴。正确是指信中所谈的事情要准确、具体，不用含糊抽象的词如：本月、明天等。清晰要求的是主题要明确，层次要清楚，让读者看后了然于心。简洁是现代英语发展的一大趋势。书信写作要做到行文简洁流畅，避免迂回冗长的长句，使书信尽可能写得明白清晰。书信交往，同样需要以礼待人。因而在写信过程中，要避免伤害对方感情，措辞上多多使用would，could，may，please等词，要自然得体，彬彬有礼。体谅对方也是写书信时要注意的一个原则。不能以自己为中心，要尊重对方的习俗爱好，即便是拒绝，也要委婉而不失去友谊。书信的写作也要注意格式，避免语法、拼写、标点错误，信中所引用的史料、数据等也应准确无误。
备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。包括书端、收文人的姓名、头衔、地址，称呼，事因，正文，结束语和署名。备忘录上一定要说明什么时间，谁写的？写给谁？什么事？并且正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。
报告分为两种，第一种是读书报告。比如读一本书或者看一本小说写一个读书报告。读书报告中首先要交代背景知识，比如作者生平，时代简介等，接下来对书的内容做一个简单的概括，最后一段可以发表评论，要注意时态。另一种报告就是书面报告，书面报告考试的可行性和可能性更大一些。书面报告与备忘录的写法很类似，所不同的就是书面报告一般是下级写给上级，它也需要交代清楚四件
事：什么时间？谁写的？写给谁？什么事？
考生们首先要熟悉不同类型的应用文写作格式，注意事项，写作特点等。其次要背诵大量的优秀范文，要整段整段的背，不仅是背会，而且要脱口而出，并且转换成自己的语言，写作时可以随心所欲支配。再次，是要多动手写作，要写出属于自己的文章。多动手写作才能快速写出好文章来。写好的文章要注意检查，看有无语法错误，有无用词不当，能否用其他的句式表达相同的意思。
希望同学们认真复习，取得良好的复习效果！
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2014考研英语阅读全文翻译
Text 1 为了“让生活更美好”，减少“家庭的扶养”，英国财政部大臣George Osborn，提出了“为找工作提前支付工资”的计划。只要到计算机化的就业服务中心找工作的人有VC--网上找工作的注册书，并且开始找工作，那么他们有资格得到福利，然后他们应该每周做一次报告而不是每两周。还有什么能比这个更合理？ 下面是更明显的合理性。下来找工作者将会有七天对津贴的等待。“最初的这些天应该用来找工作，而不是找注册地。”他还宣称“我们做这些是因为我们这会帮助那些没有福利的人并且让那些已经有福利的人更快地得到工作。”帮助？真的吗？第一次听到这时，这就是一个关注社会的官员——努力想让生活更美好，和一个对于新待业人员能很容易找到工作的宽松社会的“改革”，以及对懒惰的补贴。我们后来知道给他动力的是他对“基础公平”的热情——保护纳税人，控制支出，以及保证那些最需要的要求者得到他们的福利。 失去工作是让人伤心的：你不可能心里唱着歌跳着去就业服务中心，有着从一般状态翻番自己收入的愿景，并对此感到高兴。失业是金融的恐怖，心理的尴尬，你知道得到的支持是最小的并且是非常难得到的。你现在是不被需要的；为你的生活提供目标和组织体系的工作环境已经把你排除在外了。更糟糕的是，养活你自己和家人以及各种生活基本支出的经济来源断掉了。对于最需要什么这个问题，那些新的失业者的答案总是两个字：工作。 但是在奥斯博岛，你的第一本能反应是被扶养——如果你能做到，那么是永久的扶养，被一个不得不放纵你的错误的国家支持。这就像过去的20年——关于找工作更艰难的改革，并且没有福利管理体系。现在英国的福利体系原则不再是确保人们可以躲避失业的风险并且能在这种灾难发生时收到无条件的补偿。即使这个1996年产生的短语“待业者的津贴”是将失业者重新定义为“待业者”，意思是对已经通过为国家保险做贡献得到的福利不在有委托管理权。确实，这些要求者得到了有期限的“津贴”，条件是积极地找工作；这是欧盟中最不慷慨的一个体系，一周71,70英镑，没有补贴没有保险。 Text 2 世界各地，律师比其他职业的人得到更多的不友好的眼光——记者除外。但是，世界上很少有国家像美国那样委托人有会如此多的抱怨。 在经济危机前的两年里，法律服务的花费的增长速度是通货膨胀速度的两倍。最好的律师赚了能填满摩天大楼的钱，吸引更多的学生扎堆进入法律学校。但是大多数的法律毕业生从没得到大公司的工作。他们中的很多成为一种让人讨厌的诉讼文员，使侵权系统变为花费昂贵的恶梦。 对此是有很多原因的。其中一个是法律教育的过高的成本。在美国大多数州的律师来说只有一条路可以选择：一个四年的与法律无关的本科学历，然后是在200个法律学校中的一个得到三年的法律证书，这些学校是被美国法律协会授权的，并且在进入之前还要通过一个昂贵的预备考试。这为当今的法律学校的每个学生带来一个平均为10万美元的债务，这是所有专业大学生中最高的债务。法律学校的债务意味着其许多的学生不能进入政府和非营利性性组织工作，因此他们不得不极度努力地工作。 改革这个体系将会对律师及其委托人都有好处。明智的想法已经存在一段时间了，但是在国家层面上会体现出，控制这个专业太过守旧，以至于无法实行。一个观点是允许大学生学习法律作为本科文凭。还有一个是在法律学校学习两年后就允许其参加法庭。如果这法律考试对于那些准律师来说是足够严厉的话，那些可以提前参加考试的人就该被允许那样做。
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