4+学生版--代词+名词属格(修改版)

Pronoun 代词

Pronoun 代词

personal pronoun人称代词

Antecedent 先行项

Number数Gender性Person 人称Case 格

反身代词的强调性用法(emphatic use)和非强调性用法(unemphatic use)(详见P99-101) possessive pronoun物主代词

reflective pronoun反身代词

demonstrative pronoun指示代词

interrogative pronoun疑问代词

relative pronoun关系代词

indefinite pronoun不定代词

Number

数

“数”的一致

everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody在正式语体中用第三人称单数he替代。

They each had their problem.

They had each his own problem.

集体名词的代词选择(“个体”与“整体”)

The team has won its first game.

The team are now on the floor taking their practice shots at the basket.

名词的并列结构时代词的选择，例my husband and coach, my husband and my coach.

Gender

性

“性”的一致

Masculine gender阳性(注意人名)

Feminite gender阴性（注意人名）

Neuter gender中性: book, car, ship,etc.---it,its, itself（可带有感性色彩或拟人化）

Common gender通性(既可男性，也可女性):student, teacher, scholar, doctor, patient, layer, engineer, scientist, speaker, secretary, customer, infant, baby, child, parent, person,etc.

(1) infant, baby, child在不知情的前提下可用中性代词it；若知情就得根据孩子性别来选择相应的代词。

(2) 除(1)以外，其它的通性名词除法律文书（he or she, his or her）外，这种he or she, his or her不宜在语篇中多次出现，以保持语篇的简练性。但是，若通性名词表示特指含义时，随后的代词以及相应的限定词须根据上下文表示的具体性别选用合适的形式，如a student at Barnard College(女子大学) has to do her own work.

Person

人称

人称一致

first person第一人称, second person第二人称, third person第三人称

代词及其先行项在句中要保持人称一致，而且在语篇中也尽量保持人称的一致。

人称的特指用法（specific reference）和类指用法（generic reference）。后者包括正式语体的one 和we，非正式语体的you（一般包括说话人和听话人在内的人）和they（一般不包括说话人和听话人在内的人）。

Case 格

用法

Subjective case主格, objective case宾格, genitive case属格.

用主格还是宾格（详见P94-96）

(a) 在非正式语体中，当人称代词用于不带谓语或不带限定谓语动词的不完全句中作主语时，习惯上用宾语，而不用主格。如does any of you know where tom lives? Me./ me to appease a chap like him? Nothing doing.

(b)在比较分句（comparative clause）或分裂句(cleft sentence)中，按照传统语法，作主语中主格，作宾语用宾格。如he is not nearly as smart as she. /i trust you as much as her./it is she who did it./ it was him i sent to collect the money.

(c) 人称代词在句中作主语补语时，按照传统语法，改用主格。但在实际使用中习惯上多用宾格。如who is knocking at the door? It is me.

(d) everybody/ nobody+ but/except+人称代词

Nobody but she can sovle our problem.(句首，主语，主格)

Nobody can sovle our problem but her.（句末，主语，宾格）

I interview everybody but him.(句末，宾语，宾格)

(e) who和whom按照语法来确定主格还是宾格。

用宾格还是属格

当带有人称代词作主语的-ing分词分句在主句中作宾语时，人称代词常用属格(在非正式语体中，可用宾格替代)。如I want to avoid his/John's（him/John）thinking that i don't want to help./ i don't mind their/ the girls' （them/the girls）changing their minds.

当带有人称代词作主语的-ing分词分句在主句中作介词补足成分时，作此种用法的人称代词也是既可用属格也可用宾格，而以用属格居多。如i told them about your/you resigning from office./ i am surprised at his/him making that mistake. 但是当主句带有defer, deny, postpone等做谓语动词时，随后作宾语的-ing分词分句如果还带有人称代词作分句主语，这种人称代词通常只用属格。如he doesn't deny his breaking the agreement./ my failure to complete the task deferred my going on a holiday.

当人称代词在主句中作宾语，随后又跟有-ing分词作补语，这时人称代词只能用宾格，不用属格。如they caught him cheating on the exam. 但是当带有人称代词作主语的不定式分句在主句中作宾语时，这种作分句主语的人称代词通常只用宾格，不用属格。如everyone wanted him to be the leader of the movement.

代词照应Pronoun Reference

用法

(1) 就代词及其指代对象的相互位置来说分为：

后照应（anaphoric reference）, 如Bob told Lucy that Ruth was leaving, but she didn’t believe him.

前照应（cataphoric reference），如when he was at college, Alex was a great friend of mine.

语境照应（situational reference）。

就所用代词的不同种类来说，代词照应分为：

人称照应（personal reference）--人称代词、物主代词、反身代词以及物主限定词。

指示照应（demonstrative refernce）--this,that, these, those。

i'm going to buy the house. That will cost me a lot of money.

boxing matches were very popular in England 200 years ago. in those years, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.

listen to this. there should be no error, no delay, and no waste.

that/those 很少用于前照应，偶尔使用，多带有讽刺意味, 如I like that! He damaged my car and then blamed me for letting him use it.

名词属格(genitive noun)

名词属格(genitive noun)

含义

名词+’s适用于表示人名、有生命或视为有生命物的名词，也可用于表示地理名称、天体名称以及表示时间、度量、价值的名词。凡强调与人类活动紧密相关的一些事物也可用名词属格来表示，如the city’s population, the book’s cover, ten days’holiday。

虽然of词组和名词属格互换为我们使用英语提供了方便，但当名词属格结构中名词中心词是由及物动词转化而来时，属格词语中心词之间的语法关系就可能产生歧义。

He came for the teacher's help. / He came to the teacher's help.

(2) He is flushed at Aunt Li's praise./ They are all loud in Aunt Li's praise at Aunt Li's good deeds.

构成

（1）单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加-’s；若以-s结尾的复数名词只加-’，如the girls’dormitory。

（2）复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组构成属格时，在最后一个词的词尾加-’s，如my mother-in-law’s death，the University of Minnesota’s president，an hour and a half’s talk。（3）并列名词表示各自的所有关系时，要在各个名词之后加-’s；若仅在第二个名词之后加-’s，则指两人共有的东西，如Mary and Bob’s books。

（4）名词词组+同位语的结构中，属格-’s加在同位语之后，如his schoolmate Johnson’s，Basel the bookseller’s，也可以前后都加-’s，如Basel’s, the bookseller’s。

（5）以咝音/z/结尾的人名，其属格加-’s或-’均可，如，Dickens’，Dickens’s。但以其他咝音结尾的人名，属格用-’s，如Marx’s，Ross’s等。

意义

名词属格(genitive noun)

of-词组

（1）表所有关系:Mr Brown's suitcase has been taken downstairs./ Mrs Cameron's passport was lost.

（1）表所有关系:the trunk of an elephant/ the foreign policy of China

（2）表主谓关系:the Prime minister's arrival is reported in the morning paper./ everybody was pleased at David's quick recovery from illness.

（2）表主谓关系:the arrival of the Prime Minister/ the claim of the buyers

（3）表动宾关系:the enemy's defeat brought the war to an end./ the criminal's punishment will be ten years in prison.

（3）表动宾关系:the occupation of the Island/ our hatred of the enemy

（4）表示来源:Mary's letter(=a letter form Mary), the girl's story(-a story told by the girl)

（4）表示来源:the comedies of Moliere(=the comedies written by Moliere)/ the law of Newton(=the law developed by Newton)

（5）表示类别:a winter's day, men's shoes

（6）表示时间、度量、价值等,an hour's work, a pound's weight, one dollar's worth of meat

用法

（1）名词属格可在名词词组中作限定词，这时名词属格与物主代词起着相同的作用，如the

boy’s father=his father。

（2）当名词属格用作名词的前置修饰语时，它可和其他限定词（包括中位限定词）连用。the newly published children's book(那新出版的的儿童读物)

a pleasant three days' journey(一次为期三天的愉快的旅行)

名词带有较长的后置修饰语时，只能用of-词组，而不用名词属格。

the opinion of the chairman appointed a month ago/the suggestions of those present at the meeting

定冠词+形容词,或用of-词组表示同位关系时，只能用of-词组，而不能用名词属格。

the income of the rich/ the struggle of the exploited/ the city of Rome(罗马城)/the town of Bremen

（3）当of-的宾语为集体名词时，只能用of词组，如he is a friend of our family.

独立属格

Independent genitive

(a) 名词中心词已在上下文中出现过，如Mary's is the largest house.

(b) 被省略的名词中心词表示某人的家或住宅，如i am going to dine at the Johnson's./ the dorctor's is on the other side of the street.

(c)被省略的名词中心词表示教堂、学校等公共场所，或店铺、公司等。He lives near St. Paul's (cathedral)in London./ he was educated at Merchant Taylor's (school)./pickled vegetables are available at the grocer's./Chinese toys are sold both at Smith's and at Brown's.

双重属格

double genitive

结构：非确定特指的限定词+名词中心词(普通名词)+of+名词属格词（确定特指<一般指人>,单数）’s

a friend of my father’s=one of my father’s friends

that clever remark of your sister’s two novels of Dickens’ which novel of Dickens’ do you like? Which students of yours passed the exam?

注意：（1）非确定特指的限定词包括不定冠词、不定代词、疑问代词、指示代词，数词如a，some，any，either/neither, each/every, other/another/several, many/much/more, this/these，that/those, which, two。

（2）名词属格词必须是特指，受定冠词或形容词性物主代词的限定，只能是单数，且必须是有生命的专有名词或普通名词。

（3）of属格和双重属格所表示的意义略有区别。

He is a friend of my father’s. He is a friend of my father.=He is friendly to my father.

--who told you that?

--- a friend of your father's.

---If he says such things, he is not a friend of my father, whoever he may be.

（4）如果of前面的名词是表示主题作品的名称，如portrait, statue, picture, photo, autograph,

photograph, printing等名词时，of属格表示“某人自己的…”，而双重属格表示该属格的定语是该物品的拥有者、收藏者或制造者，可译为“某人所拥有的，某人所收藏的”。, This is a picture of the late president.

This is a picture of the late president’s.

She found a portrait of her mother in the bedroom.

She found a portrait of her mother’s in the bedroom.

a portrait of Mr Brown’s

a portrait of Mr Brown

如果of面前是criticism, estimate, judgement, condemnation, opinion, suggestion等具有动作含义的名词时，of属格表示动宾关系，而双重属格则表示主谓关系。

a criticism of Mr Brown’s = a critici sm offered by Mr. Brown

a criticism of Mr Brown=a criticism about Mr. Brown

(a)I saw a Homer’s painting at the barber’s.

(b)I saw a painting of Homer at the barber’s.

(c)I saw one of Homer’s paintings at the barber’s.

(d)I saw a painting of Homer’s at the barbe’s.

(e)I saw that painting of Homer’s at the barber’s.

（4）如果of后的名词是名人时或of后面的名词带有一个同位语（或任何一种附加语）时，则通常用of词组，不用双重属格。如，A friend of President Bush came to visit him yesterday. Jack is a friend of Mr. Wang, the newly elected mayor.

注意：1. She is a friend of my sister. 2. She is a friend of my sister’s.

（3）美国加州大学洛杉矶分校资深英语系教授Marianne Celce一Murcia在她所著的The Gram-

Mar Book一书中对of一属格与双重属格之间的区别列举了两个句子:

1) Philip is one of our friends.

2) Philip is a friend of ours.

从上述例句中我们可以看出of-属格表示的是由中心词表示的概念与of后附加语中的名词词干所表示的人之间的关系.而双重属格正好表示的是一种相反的关系,即生格(即属格)中名词所表示的人与中心词所表示的概念之间的关系。也就是说定语性的限定所有格与其主导成分之间的关系是主语与谓语(及其附加语)的关系。即:在名词+of+生格(即属格)这种结构中.名词是句中的宾语名词性谓语.其主语的意义是由生格(即属格)来表示的;在名词+of+名词词干的结构中.带of的附加语只是修饰第一个名词的定语性附加语。如，a story of Farmer Gile’s= Farmer Gile tells/told a story, a story of Farmer Gile-a story told about Farmer Gile, no eloquence of her lover’s= her lover was vainly eloquent on the subject, no eloquent of her lover= no eloquence displayed by her lover

（4）限定词如果是this，that，有时会带有爱憎褒贬等感情色彩。使用指示代词this （these）或that（those），并不是用其语法限定功能，而是利用指示代词this（these）

表近———近则亲；that（those）表远———远则疏的语义功能。例如：

Mike’s big ear

that big ear of Mike’s

Mary’s bright eyes

those bright eyes of Mary’s

a. two friends of my father’s

b. Two of my father’s friends

c. my father’s two friends

与汉语的比较

汉语注重逻辑关系,只有真正是领属关系的才认为是所有格,如:“老张的书”、“我姐姐的房间”。汉语名词修饰名词时,有些濡要在修饰词与中心词之间用结构助词“的”加以连接,汉语结构助词“的”相当于英语中的名词所有格“’s”和介词“of”。另外,汉语中有些名词作定语性修饰语不用“的”,如:“经济政策”、“考试题目”等等。而英语则比较强调所有格的语言形式,属格在英语中意义相当丰富,给我们的英语表达增加了难度.英语中的属格一般分为独立属格和双重属格。