四六级翻译技巧 一

四级句子翻译的常用技巧

英语和汉语是两种差异比较大的语言,英语重形合,汉语重意合。有人把英语句子比喻为“树木丛生、干枝纠缠的树林”,脉络难析,主次难辨,而把汉语句子比喻为“枝干分明的竹林”,脉络清晰,主次易辨。翻译时,根据表达习惯,英语、汉语的句子结构有时需要进行相应的转换。英汉语复合句中主句和从句之间的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全一致,因此,翻译时,也时常需要根据表达习惯,对句序进行相应的调整。

现代翻译理论认为,句子是最重要的翻译单位。四六级考试中的翻译题型也是以句子翻译为主。考生如果能够熟练掌握句子翻译的基本方法,那么对于处理考试中的句子翻译题必将是如虎添翼。今天着重介绍常用的句子翻译方法:正反、反正表达法,分句、合句法。

正反、反正表达法

由于民族文化和思维方式不同,英汉两种语言在表达同一概念时所采用的方式就有所不同。在表达否定概念时,英语和汉语使用的词汇、语法、语言逻辑就有很大的差异。汉语中没有严格意义上的肯定或者否定形态变化,表达方式比较简单,表达否定意义的词语中几乎都含有明显的否定标志词“不、无、莫、未、没有”等;英语的否定结构比较复杂,方式灵活多样,除了使用否定词外,还常使用一些否定词缀和形式肯定、意义否定的动词、形容词。介词等。

汉语有些词、短语或者句子是从反面表达的,而译成英语时则需要从正面进行表达,如例1、例2、例3。反之,汉语中有些从正面表达的词、短语或者句子,译成英语时需要从反面进行表达,如例4、例5、例6。此外,汉语还有一些特殊的句子结构,如双重否定(例7)、否定转移(例8)在译成英语时也需要引起我们的注意。

一、汉语与译文的表达

I.汉语从反面表达,译文从正面表达

例1:他提出的论据相当不充实。

译文:The argument he put forward is pretty thin. (词)

例2:我们确信,年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。

译文:We are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. (短语)

例3:他七十岁了,可是并不显老。

译文:He was 70, but he carried his years lightly. (句子)

II.汉语从正面表达,译文从反面表达

例4:他这个人优柔寡断,而且总是反复无常。

译文:He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious. (词)

例5:调查结果清清楚楚地显示病人死于心脏病。

译文:The investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease.(短语) 例6:这类举动迟早会被人发觉的。

译文:Such actions couldn’t long escape notice. (句子)

III.特殊的否定句式

例7:有利必有弊。

译文:There is not any advantage without disadvantage. (双重否定)

例8:我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。

译文:In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews. (否定转移)

二、分句、合句法

很多情况下,翻译句子的时候,需要调整原来的句子^考试*大结构,分句法和合句法是调整原文句子的两种重要的方法。所谓分句法就是把原文的一个简单句译为两个或两个以上的句子。所谓合句法就是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句。

I.分句法

汉译英时,需要分译的句子多数是长句,或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句,就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚,也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译,则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。如以下五个例子:

例1. 少年是一去不复返的,等到精力衰竭时,要做学问也来不及了。(按内容层次分译)

译文:Youth will soon be gone,never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.

例2. 她隔窗望去,突然发现有只小船停泊在河边,船里有位船夫睡得正香。(从主语变换处分译)

译文:Looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman fast asleep.

例3. 声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减,但不受气压的影响。(从关联词处分译)

译文:The speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls with decrease in temperature. It is not affected by the pressure of the air.

例4. 我们的政策是实行“一个国家,两种制度”,具体说,就是在中华人民共和国内,有着十多亿人口的大陆实行社会主义制度,香港、台湾地区实行资本主义制度。(原文出现总说或分述时要分译)

译文:We are pursuing a policy of “one country with two systems.”More specifically, this means that within the People’s Republic of China, the mainland with its more than one billion people will maintain the socialist system, while Hong Kong and Taiwan continue under the capitalist system.

例5. 我们主张对我国神圣领土台湾实行和平统一,有关的政策,也是众所周知和不会改变的,并且正在深入人心。(为了强调语气而采用分译)

译文:We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan which is part of our sacred territory. Our policy in this regard is also known to all and will not change. The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire Chinese nation. II.合句法

英汉两种语言的句子结构不完全相同,尽管英语句子日趋简洁,但是从句套^考试*大从句,短语含短语的句型也是频频出现。一般而言,一个英语句子的信息包含量要大于一个汉语句子,因此,我们在做汉译英的时候,常常把汉语的两个句子,甚至更多句子,合译成英语的一句。使用合句法还可以使译文紧凑、简练。如以下三个例子:

例6:一代人与一代人之间的冲突,也就是年轻人与老年人的冲突,似乎是最可笑的。因为这就是现在的自己与将来的自己,或者说过去的自己与现在的自己的冲突。(在关联词处合译)

译文:A conflict between the generations between youth and age seems the most stupid, for it is one between oneself as one is and oneself as one will be, or between oneself as one was and oneself as one is.

例7:对我来说,我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。(从主语变换处合译)

译文:To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am king.

例8:第二天,我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字,比前一个电报说得更详细。(按内容连贯合译)

译文:The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers, giving more details.

一、四六级翻译高分技巧

1. 明确考查要点

做翻译题时,读完英语部分和所给汉语的提示之后,首先要思考题目的考查要点,弄清楚出题人的意图,然后可以有针对性地进行翻译,写出准确的译文。译文内容在内容终于原文的基础之上,还应该做到语言风格和中文保持一致,例如将中文蕴含的包边概念用英文表达出来。译文的正式与否也取决于汉语原文的正式与否。2. 所选词义要准确,符合英语表达习惯

汉译英的译文一定要符合目标语(英语)的表达习惯,一定不可以使用中式英语。中文和英文在表达习惯上有一定的差异,如:

1) 英文多试后置定语,而中文多是后置定语。

2) 英文状语语序为‘方式状语+地点状语+时间状语’,而中文则是‘时间状语+地点状语+方式状语’。

3) 英文多长句,句子中心多在句首,而中文多短句,句子中心躲在句末。

4) 英文多以非人称名词作主语,而中文多以人称代词作主语。

5) 英文多被动结构,中文多主动结构。

6) 英文多倒装句,而中文多正常语序。

3. 牢记一致原则

译文在保证表意到位的基础上,还要保证语法的准确性,特别要留意主谓、时态、语态、指代一致等问题。

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大学英语四六级翻译--科技类词汇(精炼版)

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中国的创新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。为了在科学技术上尽快赶超世界发达国家,中国近年来大幅度增加了研究开发资金。中国的大学和研究所正在积极开展创新研究,这些研究覆盖了从大数据到生物化学,从新能源到机器人等各类高科技领域。它们还与各地的科技园合作,使创新成果商业化。与此同时,无论在产品还是商业模式上,中国企业家也在努力争做创新的先锋,以适应国内外消费市场不断变化和增长的需求。 译文一 China's innovation is flourishing faster than ever before. In order to surpass developed countries on progressing and technology as soon as possible, China has sharply increased research and development fund. Chinese universities and institutes are actively doing innovative researches, covering various fields of high technology, from big data to biochemistry, and from new energy to robots. They are also cooperating with science and technology parks in different places, progressing commercialize their fruits of innovation.In the meantime , to adapt to the changing foreign and domestic market, and to satisfy the growing demand, Chinese entrepreneurs are also making pioneering efforts to innovate their products and business models(模式). 译文二(文都版) Innovation is progressing in an unprecedented speed in China. In order to catch up with those developed countries in the world as fast as it can in the science and technology field, China has increased funds for development research substantially in recent years. Universities and research institutions in China are actively carrying out innovation researches, which cover high-

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201112CET6 82. You shouldn’t have run across the road without looking. You (也许会被车撞倒的). 83. By no means (他把自己当成专家) although he knows a lot about the field. 84. He doesn’t appreciate the sacrifice his friends have made for him, (把他们所做的视作理所当然). 85. Janet told me that she would rather her mother (不干涉她的婚姻). interfere in干涉interfere with 阻挠intervene intervention干预86. To keep up with the expanding frontiers of scholarship, Edward Wilson found himself (经常上网查找信息). 201106CET 82. Even though they were already late,(宁愿停下来欣赏美丽的景色) than just go on. 83. No agreement was reached in the discussion between the two parties, as (任何一方都不肯放弃自己的立场). 84. The pills (本来可以治愈那位癌症病人的), but he didn’t follow the doctor’s advice and take them regularly. 85. It is (你真好,给了我那么多帮助); I really feel obliged to you. 86. The war left the family scattered all over the world, and it was thirty years (他们才得以重聚). 201012CET6

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