2015年职称英语考试综合类阅读理解文章及译文汇总
Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history,not because they were bigger,but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions.Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals,but all the mass extinctions over the past300million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock.To his surprise,the older the massive volcanic eruptions were,the more damage they seemed to do.He calculated the"killing efficiency"for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size,older eruptions were at least10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian extinction,for example,which happened250 million years ago,is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide.The global warming that followed wiped out80per cent of all marine genera at the time,
and it took5million years for the planet to recover.Yet60 million years ago,there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction.Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years."The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all,"Wignall says.He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs65million years ago,because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot,director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France,says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations.He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted.And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years.He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced,and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
词汇：
dioxide n.二氧化物lava n.熔岩
Permian adj.二叠纪gigaton n.十亿吨梯恩梯
genera n.种类dinosaurs n.恐龙
asteroid n.小行星
注释：
The Permian extinction二叠纪物种灭绝
练习：
1.Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?
A)Because they killed off life more easily.
B)Because they were brighter.
C)Because they were larger.
D)Because they were hotter.
2.How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?
A)By estimating how long they lasted.
B)By counting the dinosaurs they killed.
C)By studying the chemical composition of lava.
D)By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.
3.When did dinosaurs become extinct?
A)300million years ago.
B)250million years ago.
C)60million years ago.
D)65million years ago.
4.What can be inferred from paragraph3concerning dinosaurs?
A)They were killed off by an asteroid.
B)They died of drastic climate change.
C)They were wiped off by a volcanic eruption.
D)The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.
5.What is the main thesis of the article?
A)Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.
B)Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.
C)Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.
D)It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.
答案与题解：
1.A本题问的是：为什么远古的火山爆发比近期的火山爆发破坏性更大?第一段是这么说的：古代的火山更具破坏力，不是因为它们更大，而是因为它们释放出的二氧化碳更能容易地毁灭生命。
2.D本题问的是：Wignall是如何计算出远古火上爆发的杀伤力的?答案在第二段。第二段有这样一句话：He calculated the
"killing efficiency"for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced.他通过比较火山释放出的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤效力。
3.D本题问的是：恐龙是什么时候灭绝的?答案在第三段。其中有这么一句话：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs65million years ago,because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.他没有将6500万年前恐龙灭绝计算在内，因为大部分的科学家认为那是由小行星撞击地球引起的。
4.D本题问的是：第三段还可以推导出有关恐龙的什么样的信息?在讨论第三题的答案时，我们已经注意到了，Wignall没有提6500万年前恐龙的灭绝是否跟火山爆发有关是因为许多科学家相信恐龙的灭绝是受一颗小行星的影响。这就说明，关于恐龙灭绝的原因在科学家之间是有分歧的。
5.B本题问的是：文章的主要论点是什么?答案在文章的第一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history,...(古代火山更具破坏力)。
译文：远古火山喷发
古代的火山更具杀伤力，不是因为它们更大，而是因为它们释放出来的二氧化碳更容易把人杀死。
来自里兹大学的Paul Wignall正在调查火山爆发和大规模物种
灭绝之间的联系。不是所有的火山都会造成大量动物死亡。但在过去的三亿年间，巨大的火山岩石的形成都伴随着大规模种族灭绝。让他惊奇的是，远古的火山造成的破坏更大。他通过比较火山释放出的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤效力。他发现，体积相同的情况下，老远古火山要比近期火山的杀伤力大十倍。
例如，发生在两亿五千年前的二叠纪物种灭绝就与西伯利亚的火山爆发发生在同一时期。当时的火山岩大约覆盖了西欧那么大的面积。当时火山释放出了大约100亿吨梯恩梯的二氧化碳，随之而来的全球变暖杀死了80%的海洋生物。500万年以后，地球才恢复到原来的状态。然而，6000年前，火山大规模爆发，以及而后的全球变暖并没有带来种族灭绝。一些动物确实消失了，但几万年以后，地球又恢复到以前的水平。“最近的一次火山爆发基本上没带来什么影响。”Wignall称。他并没有将650万年前的恐龙灭绝计算在内，因为大部分的科学家认为那是有小行星撞击地球所引起的。他认为，远古火山之所以杀伤力大是因为近期的生物能够更好的适应二氧化碳含量上升。
法国巴黎地理研究所的所长Vincent Courtillot称Wignall的观点很具争议性，并且很难做出这样的计算。他指出火山爆发的杀伤力是由其持续长度所决定的。并且很难知道是否大规模爆发会持续上百万年。他补充道，很难计算远古火山灰喷发多少火山岩，并且火山岩的数量也不一定和二氧化碳释放数量相一致。
The Beginning of American Literature
American has always been a land of beginnings.After Europeans“discovered”America in the fifteenth century,the mysterious New World became for many people a genuine hope of a new life,an escape from poverty and persecution,a chance to start again.We can say that,as nation,America begins with that hope.When,however,does American literature begin?
American literature begins with American experiences.Long before the first colonists arrived,before Christopher Columbus,before the Northmen who found America about year 1,000,Native Americans lived here.Each tribe's literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of lining with the land. Another kind of experience,one filled with fear and excitement, found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home in Spain,French and English.In addition, the journals of the people who lived and died in the New England wilderness'tell unforgettable tales of hard end sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years.
Experience,then,is the key to early American literature. The New World provided a great variety of experiences,and experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers.These writers included
John Smith,who spent only two-and-a-half year:on the American, continent.They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd，who thought of themselves as British subjects,never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own.American Indians,explorers,
Puritan ministers,frontier wives,plantation owner一they are all the creators of the first American literature.
词汇：
colonist殖民者subject臣民Puritan清教徒的
注释：
1.Christopher Columbus：克里斯托弗·哥伦布，美洲新大陆的发现者
2.Each tribe's literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of lining with the land：每个部落的文学都紧密地交织到日常生活的架构中去，反映了和土地密切相连的确凿无疑的美洲生活经历。
3.New England wilderness：新英格兰的荒原，新英格兰指如今美国东北部的几个州，为来自欧洲的殖民者最早定居的地区。
练习：
1)What does“that hope”in the first paragraph refer to?
A)The hope that America would be discovered.
B)The hope to start a life.
C)The hope to see the mysteries of the New World.
D)The hope to find poverty here.
2.When did American literature begin?
A)Before the American natives lived there.
B)When Columbus and other explorers gent reports back home..
C)When tire Northmen found America in about1,000.
D)Long before the year1,000.
3.What can we learn from the literature of the tribes of the native Americans?
A)About the everyday fife of the native Americans.
B)About the arrival of Columbus
C)About the experience of the first European settlers
D)About the experience of those who died in the New England wilderness.
4.The main purpose of the last paragraph is to tell the readers that
A)in the early days most American writers were from Great Britain.
B)people with rich life experience became writers.
C)there were many writers in the early days of American
history
D)early-day experience provided the foundation for American literature.
5.According to the last paragraph,which of the following statements is true about America literature?
A)Some British writers started American literature.，
B)Early-day American literature is a reflection of the boring life then.
C)Some British writers had doubts about the future of American literature.
D)Some British writers had great confidence in the future of American literature.
参考答案：
1.B.这里的that hope就是指上一句中的a genuine hope of a new life。
2.D.答案在第二段的第二句。早在1000年北欧人声称发现了美洲大陆之前，这块土地上就有美洲印第安人居住，美洲文学早在那时就已经产生。
3.A.答案在第二段的第三句。从美洲土著部落的文学中，我们可以找到他们日常生活的写照。
4.D.这一段的第一句是本段的主题句，而D则是主题句的释义。
5.D.本题答案的依据是下面的这句话：They included Jonathan
Edwards and William Byrd，who thought of themselves as British subjects,never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own.这两位自认为是大英帝国臣民的英国作家对一场将会创造出一个拥有自己文学的美利坚合众国的革命从来没有任何怀疑。
译文：美洲文学的开端
美洲一直是一个充满新开端的地方。15世纪欧洲发现美洲之后这个神奇的新世界给很多人提供了真正的新生活的希望，让他们远离贫穷和迫害，开始一次新生。我们可以说美国是在这种对新生活的美好愿望中诞生的。那么美洲文学是何时开始的呢?
美洲文学是在美洲生活经历中产生的。早在第一个殖民者踏上美洲大陆之前，在哥伦布到达这里之前，甚至1000年北欧人声称发现了美洲之前，这块土地上就有美洲印第安人居住。每个部落的文学都紧密地交织到日常生活的构架中去，反映了和土地密切相连的确凿无疑的美洲生活经历。另一种美洲经历是充满恐惧又令人兴奋的哥伦布及其他探险家带回家乡的用西班牙语，法语和英语成的报告。另外还有一些新英格兰荒原-上生活的人在日记中记载了早时那难忘的困苦以及有时让人心痛的经历。
美洲的生活经历是美洲早期文学产生的关键因素。这个新世界给人们提供了各种各样的生活经历，这就需要大量的美洲早期文学家用各种各样的方式来描述美洲生活。这些文学家包括仅在美洲居住两年半的约翰?史密斯，还有约翰逊?爱德华和维廉姆?白伊德。这两位自
认为是大英帝国臣民的英国作家对一场将会创造出一个拥有自己文学的美利坚合众国的革命从来没有任何怀疑。不管是美洲印第安人，探险家，还是清教徒，新派妻子，农场主等等，他们都是最初美洲文学的创造者。
Finding Enlightenment in Scotland
In the1740s,the famous French philosophy Voltaire said "We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization."That's not a bad advertisement for any country,especially when it comes to attracting people in search of a first class education.
Yet some people go even further than that.According to the American author Arthur Herman,the Scots invented the modem world itself.He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modem life depends-everything from the scientific method to market economics.Their ideas did not just spread amongst intellectuals,but to those people in business, government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment,which is usually seen as taking place between the years1740and1800,At this time,Scotland was home to a number of thinkers who made an important shift in the course
of Western philosophy.Before that,philosophy was mainly concerned with religion.For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment,the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.
Their reasoning was practical.For the philosopher David Hume,humanity was the right subject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how people think and feel.And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved,for universal benefit.
Hume was not a scientist himself,but his enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method-the pursuit of truth through experiment.His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh,Adam Smith,famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade,he argued,was a form of information.Money is the way in which people tell each other what they want,and how much people pay is the best way we have of knowing how much somebody wants something.In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets,we all come to benefit each other.
Smith's idea of"enlightened self-interest"has come to dominate modem views of economics.It also has wider applications.He was one of the first major philosophers to
point out that nations can become rich,free and powerful more efficiently through peace,trade and invention than by means of war and plunder.
The original Scottish Enlightenment is thought to have ended with the lives of Smith,Hume anti the other thinkers who lived in Scotland at that time.But a wider Scottish Enlightenment can still be seen.It exists in the way that the ideas evolved at that time still underpin our theories.It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with practical orientation.
The Institute for System Level Integration(ISLI)is a good example.Founded in1998by a group of four Scottish universities,ISLI draws on the academic expertise of the university departments of computer science,electronic and electrical engineering and informatics.But though it works at the cutting edge1of science,ISLI's ultimate aims are rooted in the needs of the real world2:to produce highly skilled design engineers and researchers to meet the needs of the rapidly changing global semiconductor industry.
Though only one amongst many educational institutions in Scotland,ISLI's existence shows that the principles of the Scottish Enlightenment still live on.It's a country that's
still inventing,still modernizing,and still doing its best to spread enlightenment.
词汇：
enlightenment.启蒙plunder.掠夺
underpin作为……的基础
semiconductor半导体
注释：
1.fitting edge;(科技发展的)前沿
2.rodted in the needs of the real world基于现实世界的需要
练习：
1.Scotland is thought to have made important contributions to the civilization of the Western world because of
A the great thinkers who were born there
B the methods introduced by its distinguished scholars
C the first-class education it provides
D the ideas proposed by some famous thinkers and intellectuals
2.Which of the following is the ultimate aim of Hume's huittamty-oriented studies?
A To observe and investigate humaii behaviour.
B To find ways to improve human society as a whole.:
C To find out how people think aiid feel.
D To judge the societies humans live iii.
3.Smith's idea of"enlightened self-interest"has great significance for
A the pursuit of personal interest
B the prosperity of all nations
C the improvement of international trade
D the study of economics only
4.Which of the following statements is true of the Scottish Enlightenment?
A It ended with the death of such thinkers as Hume and Adam Smith.
B It is embodied only in the way Scottish universities are run.
C Its influence is found only in economics.
D It is still alive in a broad sense.
5.The Institute for System Level Integration is used as an example to illustrate.
A the practical orientation of Scottish higher edueation
B the tradition of Scottish higher education
C Smith's application of Hume's philosophical ideas to ecoiiomics
D the high level of education Scottish universities have attiiiied
答案与题解：
1.D这道题的答案在第二段里可以找到。根据Arthur Herman,苏格兰的思想家和知识分子提出了很多现代生活引以为据的思想，这些思想不仅对知识分子来说具有学术意义,而且还流传到商业、政府和科学等领域。
2.B文章的第四段解释了Hume的研究是如何以人为本的。人的行为、人的思维方式等都是他所要研究的，但他研究的最终目的是这段的最后一句话，即make concrete suggestions/for universal benefit.
3.B答案见第六段。Smith的这个想法对现代经济学固然有重要意义,但如文中所说，It also has wider applications.即下文所说的世界各国可以通过和平、贸易和创造轰明而不是通过战争和掠夺来变得富裕、自由、强大。
4.D答案的依据在第七段：A wider Scottish Enlightenment can still be seen.
5.B文章的倒数第二段介绍了这个被用作例子的学校，这个例乎要说明什么可以看再前一段。最后一句说：It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with practical orientation.
译文：苏格兰启蒙运动
18世纪40年代，法国著名哲学家伏尔泰曾经说过：“苏格兰汇集了我们所要寻找的所有文明”。这对一个国家来说无疑是不错的广告，尤其可以吸引那些正在寻求一流教育的人。
然而有些人认为还不仅如此。据美国作家阿瑟·赫尔曼所说，是苏格兰人创造了现代社会的一切。他认为苏格兰思想家和知识分子提出了很多现代生活引以为据的思想，涵盖科学理论到市场经济等多个领域。他们的思想不仅在学术界广为流传，那些构建西方世界的商人，政府官员及科学家等也深受他们的影响。
各种思潮的蓬勃开始于1740年到1800年之间发生的苏格兰启蒙运动。当时苏格兰聚集了一大批使西方哲学产生巨大转变的思想家。在这之前，哲学以宗教作为它的主要研究对象。而苏格兰启蒙思想家则认为人类应以人本身作为研究对象。
启蒙思想家们主张分析的实用性。哲学家大卫·休谟认为哲学应把人类作为研究对象，因为这样我们可以审视人的行为从而求证人类究竟是如何思考和感知的。在此基础上我们就可以对我们居住的社会作出评价，进而提出具体的改进意见，造福全人类。
休谟本身不是科学家，但他对知识性质的研究为从经验中寻求真理的科学理论奠定了思想基础。他的好友也是他在爱丁堡时的室友，亚当·斯密以将人类学研究应用于经济学而著称。亚当斯密曾经说过贸易是一种信息。金钱是人们相互告知自己需求的一种方式，而人们的消费金额使我们了解一个人对某种商品的需求程度的最好途径。人们在市场贸易中寻求自身利益的过程是互利互惠的。
亚当斯密的启蒙性的“自身利益”的观点不仅已成为现代经济学的主流，它在其他方面还有更广的应用。他是第一个提出世界各国可以通过和平、贸易和创造发明而不是通过战争和掠夺来变得富裕、自由、强大的哲学家。
最初的苏格兰启蒙运动随着亚当斯密，休谟等在苏格兰居住的思想家们的去世而衰落了。但是我们仍可以看到启蒙运动的痕迹，那时产生的思想仍是我们当今很多理论的基础。在今天的苏格兰，其教育传统仍是将学术精湛和实用目的相结合的。
系统水平整合研究所就是一个很好的例子。该所1998年由四所苏格兰大学创建，以计算机科学，电子工程和信息学为学术专长。虽然他的许多学科都走在科学前沿，其最终教学目的还是基于现实社会的需求，即为当今全球多变的半导体工业培养高水平的设计工程师和研究者。
虽然这只是苏格兰众多教育机构中的一个，但是该研究所的教育理念证实了苏格兰启蒙运动思想在今天仍有体现。苏格兰仍然在创造，发展，并努力地传播着它的启蒙思想。
Narrow Escape
We had left the hut too late that morning.When we stepped outside,the sky beyond the mountains to our east was already livid with colour.1It meant the day would be a hot one,and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice.
As soon as we stepped out on to the face,it became obvious
this was going to be an awkward route.The main problem was talus, the debris that collects on mountainsides.Talus is despised by mountaineers for two reasons.First,because it can easily be pushed off on to you by people climbing above.And second, because it makes every step you take insecure.
For about30minutes we moved steadily up the face.The rock was in poor condition,shattered horizontally and mazed with cracks.When I tried to haul myself up on a block of it,it would pull out towards me,like a drawer opening.My hands became progressively wetter and colder2.Then came a shout."Cailloux! Cailloux!"I heard yelled from above,in a female voice.The words echoed down towards us.I looked up to see where they had come from.
There were just two rocks at first,leaping and bounding down the face towards us,once cannoning off each other in mid-air.And then the air above suddenly seemed alive with falling rocks,humming through the air and filling it with noise. Crack,went each one as it leapt off the rock face,then hum-hum-hum as it moved through the air,then crack again.The pause between the cracks lengthened each time,as the rocks gained momentum and jumped further and further.I continued to gaze up at the rocks as they fell and skipped towards me.A boy
职称英语阅读理解(终审稿)
职称英语阅读理解 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 第二十七篇Driven to Distraction Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s seat, starts up the car and heads1 to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him. But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University3 (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.4 The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting — or whether any distractions are offset5 by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.6 “We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues7. The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload8 involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy
2014年职称英语 阅读理解(41) +Too Little for Global Warming
第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warming Oil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios2 to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures. Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change3 say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up4 the shortfall. But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet. The IPCC’s predictions of global meltdown pushed forward5 the 1997 Kyoto Protocol6, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions. The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources. But geologists Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleklett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass7. Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after. Their analysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined amount to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC. Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world’s remaining reserves. Nebojsa akicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panel’s work still stands8. He says they factored in9 a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the “conservative”Swedes. Even if oil and gas run out. “there’s a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited.” He says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous. Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates. He says the latest
职称英语C级补全短文(-)
2016职称英语教材-卫生类C级完形填空及参考译文1 第一篇Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis. Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others. The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve. The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment. Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses. 1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病 世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。大多数时候，这种感染是不活跃的。但是每年大约有八百万结核病病例，通常是在肺部。两百万人因此丧命。结核病发病率由于艾滋病的传播和抗药型结核病的出现而增加。目前的治疗至少需要六个月。患病者不得不每日服用多种抗生素药品。许多人在稍感舒适后就停止使用药品，这么做可能导致抗药性感染。公共卫生专家一致认为针对结核病的速效治疗剂将会更加有效果。现在有一项研究评估这种速效治疗剂究竟效力有多大。这项研究由美国哈佛大学国际卫生方面的教授率领。Joshua Salomon说，疗程较短的治疗计划可能不仅仅意味着更多病人被治好，也意味着将感染传给别人的病人会更少。 研究者们设计了一个数学模型来检测两个月治疗计划的效果。他们以东南亚目前的结核病情况来检验这个模型。科学家们发现两个月的治疗可以防止大约20％的新病例，也可能防止大约5％因结核病引起的死亡。这个模型表明，如果速效治疗剂可以在2012年前研发出来并大规模使用的话，减少结核病例在2012年到2030年间就可以实现。 世界卫生组织在1990年制定了DOTS计划，DOTS意指短期直接观察治疗。卫生工作者监督结核病人每天服药，以确信他们继续治疗。今年年初，一个国际组织同盟宣布了一项扩大DOTS的计划。这个十年计划也旨在资助新结核药品的研究。现在四种最常用的药品也有四十多年的历史了。全球结核病药物开发联盟宣称它的长期目标是找到一种治疗方法，可以通过十次剂量就效果。
(英语)高三英语阅读理解解析版汇编
（英语）高三英语阅读理解解析版汇编 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 In America, parents tend to encourage their children to develop their potential (潜能) to the fullest extent. Fathers and mothers frequently teach their children both ambition and the confidence necessary to work toward their goals. American parents are always active in concentrating on what their kids can do, not what they can't. As a result, millions of American boys and girls grow up hoping to become actors and athletes, diplomats and doctors. Many of them even want to become president. American parents often encourage their children to become involved in extra activities of all types at school, such as student government, sports and music. They believe that only through taking part in these activities can their children become mature young adults. As we all know, school work is important. But parents should realize that the social skills their children learn from natural conversations with each other are as important as schoolwork and the skills they will need in the future work. What's more important in their work is that their children should have a sound knowledge of physics or the ability to communicate effectively. As a rule, Chinese parents don't educate their children about the same kind of ambition and confidence as Americans do, nor do they encourage the same level of participation in extra activities. Children are typically advised to study hard and pass exams. They have to spend a lot of time in doing much schoolwork every day. It is a great waste of time to do so. Now more and more Chinese parents have recognized that they should pay attention to developing the potential of their children. I hope that leaders in Chinese educational circles should take some measures to develop the potential of their children. I am very confident about it. （1）From the passage, we know the American parents pay much more attention to . A. the social skills than Chinese parents B. their children's studying hard and well C. what their children want but they can't D. extra activities than schoolwork （2）According to the passage, Chinese parents . A. know more than American parents to educate their children B. owning ambition and confidence is necessary and important C. pay much more attention to their children's fine future D. don't encourage their children to participate in extra activities （3）From the passage, we can infer . A. American children are brave and adventurous B. American children are more active in their studies C. Chinese children have the ability to communicate effectively D. something should be done to develop the potential of the children in China （4）What's the writer's attitude towards Chinese education reform? A. Neutral. B. Indifferent. C. Positive. D. Negative. 【答案】（1）A
职称英语阅读理解50答案
Stress Level Tied to Education Level 1.Stress level is closely related to. social status. 2.The1,031adults were interviewed. on a daily basis for 8 days. 3.Which group reported the biggest number of stressful days? People with college degrees. 4.The less advantaged people are, the greater. the impact of stress on their health is. 5.Less-educated people report fewer days of stress possibly because. Stress is too common a factor in their life. Medical Journals 1.The main readers of medical journals are. health professionals. 2.Which of the following statements is NOT true? Most medical journals publish only online. 3.How many major types of articls are mentioned in the passage? Five. 4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called. A research article. 5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on. Articles published in that journal. Need for Emphasis on Treatment 1.Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries? They are not receiving any treatment. 2.The WHO publishes its World Health Report. Once a year. 3.According to Lee, our response to the AIDS disease is. A matter of great significance. 4.AIDS treatment programs may also result in. more effective prevention. 5.How many people have died of AIDS so far? More than 20 million. Heat and Health 1.More than 600 people died from heat in Chicago. In 1995. 2.What can piople learn from the Mean Heat Index? The average temperature of an extrem ely hot day. 3.A heat wave is a period of time during which. The weather is much hotter than usual. 4.Muscle pain in hot weather means that. Y our body needs more water. 5.For people who are not in good health,heat can. Be deadly. Losing W eight 1.The study showed that most of the girls. Had a healthy body weight. 2.What percentage of the girls considered themselves overweight? Nearly 30 percent. 3.The survey participants were girls. Who were 10 to 1 4. 4.What kind of institution does the lead researcher work with? A hospital. 5.Unhealthy attitudes about weight,body image and food may. Lead to an eating disorder. Pushbike Peril 1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because. they are not noble enough. 2.In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal iniuries. To tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the projict. 3.Paragraph 3 mainly discusses. how serious injuries occur. 4.The passage implies that. It is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. 5.In which of the following ways the handgrip work? It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents. Aate-night Erinking 1.The author mentions “pick-me-up”to indicate that. coffee is a stimulant. 2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone. 3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone. 5.The author of this passage probably agrees that. we should not drink coffee after supper. Attitudes to AIDS Now 1.What do activists worry about? People may stop worrying about AIDS. 2.According to the passage, people’s attitude toward the cure of AIDS is. realistic. 3.The Gallup Poll shows that the number of people. Who think AIDS is the country’s top health killer has fallen. 4.According to the Kaiser Poll, which of the following is NOT correct? More and more people die of AIDS now.
2014年职称英语真题及答案综合类C级(阅读理解)
Taking Pictures of the World Meet Annie Griffiths Belt,a National Geographic photographer.Belt has worked for National Geographic since 1978,and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world.In fact,Antarctica is the only continent Belt hasn't seen yet. Belt's photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality.They also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world.Belt has photographed the ancient city of Petra, Jordan,as well as the green landscapes of the Lake District in England.Recently,her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in North America. Everywhere that Belt goes,she takes pictures of people. Belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language." The greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into people's lives,"she has said."The camera is like a passport,and I am often overwhelmed by how quickly people welcome me!"
职称英语综合类补全短文第四篇The First Four Minute逐句翻译
The First Four Minutes最初四分钟 When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends?人们什么时候决定他们是否愿意成为朋友？During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, “Contact：The first four minutes" he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships：“Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. (1) A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. ”按列奥纳多?祖尼博士的书中所说是在他们相处的最初四分钟。在他的书《接触：最初四分钟》里，他向所有对开始新的友谊感兴趣的人们提出了这样的建议：“每次你在社交场合遇到什么人时，全神贯注地注意他四分钟。如果这样做了的话，他们的生活就会完全不同。”； You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. 你可能已经注意到了，一般人都不会全神贯注地注意一个他刚认识的人。(2) He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more.他不停地往其他人身后看，好像要在屋里其他地方找到更趣的人似的。If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much.如果有人对你这样，你大概不会很喜欢他。
高三英语阅读理解(带详解)
I watched from a distance as the homeless man quarreled with those who did not leave money for him – the majority. I walked up to him and right on queue he asked me for a quarter. ―I’ll give you a quarter if you tell me your story.‖ He laughed, ―You’ll give me a quarter for my story?‖ I lay the quarter in front of him and corrected myself –―Nah, here’s the quarter but it would be nice to hear your story.‖ I followed his eyes to the quarter and for a brief moment I saw a glimmer of reflection. I sat down next to him and waited. ―I was in the army,‖ he said. ―I was a sniper(狙击手)and was supposed to shoot down the enemy from the distance.‖ I listened carefully to his grizzly voice as he went deeper into the story. He wore dirty old torn clothes and smelled like a dead rat left in a mouse trap. He told me how he used to hunt with his family and was really good at it. He had his own way of respecting animals by not wasting what he killed for food and not killing more than he needed. When the army came knocking on his door, he felt pride and joined up. All those years of polishing his hunting skills could now serve a larger purpose—to defend us from the bad guys. He set out to fight in Iraq. It wasn’t long before he realized his ideals and expectations were just a shadow of the truth. He became disillusioned with the killings, which he felt were of innocent people. ―I was a sniper but I never really killed anyone,‖ he said. ―One day I had to do it. They asked me to shoot this lady from the distance. I saw kids near that lady and my hands were on the trigger (扳机). Man, I was tearing up ... I couldn’t do it. She wasn’t doing anything to anyone and she was with the kids—I couldn’t see through my tears. It just didn’t make any sense to me.‖ The story goes on as he describes eventually being put into prison for 180 days for refusing to follow orders. He told me how he was black listed so that he couldn’t get a job. All the rights we take for granted were taken away from him. Why? Here was a man who was being punished—and for what? For refusing to kill the lady? For being a hero? ―I have no regrets,‖ the homeless man said. ―I may be homeless now, but I never killed that lady. I never killed anyone in the army. It didn’t feel right. I didn’t go there to do that. I went there to save people.‖ He continued, ―I can live with being homeless—that’s okay. But I wouldn’t be able to live with killing innocent people.‖ On that lonely Friday night, I met a hero. It just never occurred to me that a hero could be a smelly old man left on streets. 1. It can be learned from the passage that the homeless man_______. （） A. never killed animals B. had a strong respect for life C. deserved the punishment he received D. felt guilty about disobeying the order
2013职称英语综合类阅读理解英文及译文
2013职称英语阅读理解英文及译文 2013年新增（一）阅读判断 1.第一篇：Taking Pictures of the world 2.*第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition （二）概括大意与完成句子 1.第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 2.第八篇：How We Form First Impression （三）阅读理解 1.第三篇：Shark Attack ！ 2.第五篇：The Travels of Ibn Battuta 12年新增的篇目：第1、8、10、11、16、19、20、26、30、33、34、35、37、38、47篇 13年新增的篇目：第3、5篇。 12年第8篇(C级)第33篇B级，第35篇A级2012年已考 职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) 3 第一篇讲述关于人们的故事 Telling Tales about People 第二篇课外学习带来很大不同 4 Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 5 第三篇小心鲨鱼 5 Shark Attack! 6 第四篇火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福 6 Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 7 第五篇伊本白图泰游记7 The Travels of Ibn Battuta 8 第六篇看电视与长途汽车旅行9 TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 10 第七篇现代日光浴者10 Modern Sun Worshippers 11 第八篇变化中的中产阶级11 The Changing Middle Class 12 第九篇单亲幼儿最出色12 Single-parent Kids Do Best 13 第十篇艾伦的来信13 A Letter from Alan 14 第十一篇芭蕾舞的发展14 The Development of Ballet 15 第十二篇走私15 Smuggling 15 第十三篇芭比娃娃16 The Barbie Dolls 16 第十四篇睡眠17 Sleep 17