_词汇化_和_语法化_的含义及相互关系

_词汇化_和_语法化_的含义及相互关系
_词汇化_和_语法化_的含义及相互关系

词汇与语法

Word List (单词表) message n. 要旨,要点 tricky adj. (工作、问题等)微妙的,棘手的;(人)狡猾的beginning n. 开始;起初 semester n. (尤指美国大专院校的)学期m cover v. 处理 duty n. 任务 management n. 管理 number one adj. 最重要的;头号的 seriously adv. 真心地,当真地;认真地,严肃地 once conj. 一旦……(就……) weekly adj. 每周一次的 follow v. 遵照;沿用 following adj. 紧接着的 realistic adj. 现实可行的 essay n. 作文;短文 quiz n. 考查;测验 upset v. 打乱(计划等);打翻 ability n. 能力;才智

grade n. (考试或作业的)分数 achieve v. 获得 flexible adj. 灵活的 re-plan v. 重新计划 basis n. 基础;根据 project n. 课题;科研项目 mid-term adj. 期中的 solid adj. 扎实的 schedule n. 计划表 alive adj. 起作用的;现存的;活着的assignment n. (指定的)作业 activity n. 活动 social adj. 社交的;交谊的 seem v. 似乎;好像 back adj. 以前的;过去的 Proper Names Elwood N. Chapman 埃尔伍德·N·查普曼(人名) Useful Expressions(常用短语)

(完整版)英语语法专业术语

英语语法专业术语 语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable no 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses

动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form

新概念英语第一册课语法点总结

新概念英语第一册113-144课语法点总结一.so / neither引导的简短回答 a.结构: 1.so / neither + be动词 + 主语 例:He is a dancer, so am I. 他是个舞蹈家,我也是。2.so / neither + 情态动词 + 主语 例:He can dance very well, so can I. 他跳舞跳得很好,我也是。 3.so / neither + 助动词 + 主语 例:He doesn’t like singing, neither do I. 他不喜欢唱歌,我不喜欢。 b.表示 某人也是,某人也会,某人也不是,某人也不会。 c.区别 如果前一句是肯定的,后一句用so开头; 如果前一句是否定的,后一句用neither开头。 二.not a (an) / any & no & none 1.no是个限定词,用在名词前,等同于not a或not any,用 来强调句子的否定含义。

例:I haven’t got any fingers. = I have got no fingers. 我没有手指。 I haven’t got a long tail. = I have got no long tail. 我没有一条长尾巴。 2.none : 没有人;一个也没有;一点儿也没有 例:He has got many interesting books. I have got none. 他有很多有趣的书,我一本也没有。 三.不定代词either; both; all; neither; none 注意:either表示两者任选其一。 例:Which one do you want, an apple or a pear? Either is Okay. 你想要苹果还是梨?都可以。 Either of my parents will come to see you. 我爸爸或者妈妈会来见你。 不定代词的词组: 1.both … and …两者都…… 例:Both Lily and Linda are right. Lily和Linda都是对

新概念英语语法检测1-及答案

J0L12 Grammar Test 1 Class _______ Name _______ Grade ________ 一. 选择填空 1. The stones we carried were used A _ bridge. A. to build B. to build ing C. to be used D. build 2. The engin eer asks A _____ a computer should be in his room. C. on D. for B. what does the word mean D. what did the word mea n 4. I won der __ B ___ he will come here, by train or by pla ne. A. whether B. how C. why D. however 5. Next week the children will _______ B __ by their parents for a holiday in Qin gdao. A. take B. be take C. take to D. have took 8. The telephone has been out of order for weeks, __D_? _ A. does it B .doesn ' t it C. has it D. hasn ' t it 9. How long __C__ the army? A. has he join B. has he served in C. has he bee n in D .ago has A. that B. after 3. I want to know ____ C ___ A. what the word mean C. what the word means 6. Do you know ___ C __ ? A . what will the money be used for C. what the money will be used for B. where the money used to do D. how the money will be used to

词汇与语法

四级语法和词汇(1) 1. My father never gave me ______. A. many advice B. many advices C. much advice D. a lot of advices 参考答案:C TIP:advice为不可数名词,不能用many来修饰,也没有复数形式。 2. She took him ______and led him across the road. A. by his hand B. by the hand C. with hand D. with the hand 参考答案:B TIP:take ... by the hand“抓住……的手”。英语的习惯是在动词后先提人,而后在介词后再提具体的身体部位,身体部位前通常用定冠词。 3. I don't think he is to blame, ______? A. do I B. is he C. isn't he D. does he 参考答案:B TIP:本句涉及的是否定的转移问题,I don't think 中的否定词否定的是宾语从句,故附加疑问句就需要用肯定的形式。 4. ______ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it. A. Even though B. Unless C. As long as D. However 参考答案:C TIP:as long as“只要”。 5. He couldn't lie convincingly enough to take a child _______.

英语语法常用词汇-参考模板

English grammar terms often used 英语语法常用词语1.Parts of speech 词类 noun 名词pronoun 代词numeral 数词adjective 形容词verb 动词adverb副词article 冠词preposition介词conjunction连词interjection感叹词particle 小品词 2. Word building 构词法 conversion 转化derivation 派生affixation词缀法prefix前缀suffix后缀compound words 合成词 3.Classification of nouns 名词的分类 common nouns普通名词proper nouns 专有名词 individual nouns个体名词collective nouns 集合名词 material nouns 物质名词abstract nouns 抽象名词 countable nouns 可数名词uncountable nouns不可数名词 the singular form 单数形式the plural form 复数形式 the common case 普通格the possessive case 所有格 the subjective case 主格the objective case 宾格 person 人称third person singular 第三人称单数 4. Classification of pronouns 代词的分类 personal pronouns 人称代词possessive pronouns 物主代词 self pronouns 反身代词demonstrative pronouns 指示代词 interrogative pronouns 疑问代词conjunctive pronouns 连接代词 relative pronouns 关系代词reciprocal pronouns 相互代词 indefinite pronouns 不定代词 5.数词、形容词、冠词 cardinal numerals 基数词ordinal numerals 序数词 fractional numerals 分数词the comparative degree 比较级 the superlative degree 最高级The definite article 定冠词 the indefinite article 不定冠词 6.Classification of verbs 动词的分类 national verbs 实义动词link-verbs系动词 auxiliary verbs助动词modal verbs 情态动词 transitive verbs 及物动词intransitive verbs 不及物动词 regular verbs 规则动词irregular verbs 不规则动词 the present forms 现在式the past forms 过去式 the participle 分词the present participle现在分词 the past participle 过去分词the infinitive 不定式 the gerund 动名词bare infinitive 不带to的不定式

英语词汇与语法

since 英音:[sins]美音:[s?ns] 副词ad. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时) 1. 此后;从那时到现在 She left school three years ago and has worked as a nurse ever since. 她三年前毕业,从那时起便一直当护士。 2. 之前,以前 介词prep. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 I haven't heard from him since last year. 我自去年以来未曾收到过他的信。 连接词conj. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 It's been ten years since they married. 他们结婚到现在已经十年了。 She has been living a hard life since her husband died. 她自从丈夫死后,一直过着艰苦的生活。 2. 既然;因为,由于 He must have taken the book since it isn't here. 他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。 Since it is so hot, let's go swimming. 既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。 when 副词ad. 1. (用作疑问副词)什么时候,何时 I'd like to know when they'll let him out. 我想知道他们什么时候放他。 When did you last see Margaret? 你上一次见到玛格丽特是什么时候?

高一英语语法与词汇综合练习150题 (1)

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中小学新概念英语第一册语法点梳理

新概念英语第一册语法点梳理 新概念一共144课,其中单课为课文,双课为语法和练习。整本书是以单数课为正课,并附带有插图而双数课则是针对单数课所讲的内容有针对性地进行练习,从此出展现出整个新概念一教材区别于其他教材的独特之处。 以下是对新概念一整本教材的理解和剖析,以供各位对整个课本的理解和把握上参考和借鉴。 首先根据课本中出现的时态来分析: 本册书的语法出现层次性和规律性是很强的,首先我们先来整本书中都出了哪些时态,这些时态的具体分布和讲解时我们大家需要注意的递进性。 Lesson 31—34现在进行时 Lesson 37—40第一次出现be going to的将来时 Lesson 51—56一般现在时 Lesson 67—76为一般过去式 Lesson 83—90为现在完成时 Lesson 91—96为一般将来时(will) Lesson 117—118过去进行时 Lesson 119—120过去完成时 除去前面所有时态和句型所占据的76课我们一起来看一下以下的68课,每一课小的语言点,语法点都是在什么地方,应该用什么样的方式来讲解。 在这里告诉学员新概念一的每一个单课的重点都是出现双课的标题和课后的练习题里面。 Lesson1—2

语言点:与陌生人说话或引起别人的注意。Excuse me. Yes? Pardon? Thank you very much.语法点:主系表结构this为主语,名词做表语1的一般疑问句以及它的肯定回答。Is thisyour handbag? Yes, it is. Lesson 5—6 语言点:如何介绍别人。This is Miss Sophie Dupont. Nice to meet you. 语法点:主语为第三人称单数的主系表结构。She is French. He is German. It’s a Volvo.(L6)a/an的使用。 Lesson 7—8 语言点:如何自我介绍和相互认识。 语法点:主语为第二人称的主系表结构。Are you French? What nationality are you? What’s your job?特殊疑问句。Lesson 9—10 语言点:朋友或熟识的人之间如何相互问候。How are you? 语法点:主系表结构形容词做表语。 介词短语表示位置near the window, on the televion, on the wallLesson 29—30 语言点:如何发号命令。 语法点:祈使句(肯定)。 动词与宾语的固定搭配。 Lesson 37—38 语言点:如何表达将要做的事情。 语法点:现在进行时态be going to do结构表达将要发生的事情。 There be句型的一般疑问句形式。 Lesson 41-42

新概念英语第一册所有语法点汇总)

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Lesson 40 词组:动词+介词 Lesson 43 情态动词can的用法 Lesson 47 一般现在时 Lesson 48 序数词 Lesson 49 动词加 s(es) 规则动词不定式 some、any用法Lesson 51 What…(be,look…) like? 频率副词 Lesson 57 一般现在时与现在进行时 Lesson 59 have/has的用法 Lesson 61 主语+系动词+表语 Lesson 63 each和every的区别 Lesson 64 禁令Don’t and Mustn’t Lesson 65 日期的表达反身代词 Lesson 67 一般过去时动词的过去式变化否定疑问句Lesson 69 用介词at,on和in的时间短语 Lesson 74 副词的用法副词的构成 Lesson 75 宾语从句 Lesson 79 Must与Need Lesson 83 现在完成时 Lesson 85 现在完成时的特殊结构 Lesson 89 for与since Lesson 91 一般将来时

英语语法词汇

英语语法专业术语表达 疑问代词 现在进行时 76. The Past Continuous Tense 1. Morphology 词法 41.Conjunctive Pronoun 连接代词 过 去进 行时 2. Notional Words 实义词 77. The Future Continuous Tense 3. Form Words 虚词 将来进行时 4. Parts of Speech 词类 44. Reciprocal Pronoun 相互代词 78. The Present Perfect Tense 42. Relative Pronouns 关系代词 43. Indefinite Pronouns 不定代词 5. The Noun 名词 45. The Subjective Case 主格 现在完成时 6. The Pronoun 代词 79. The Future Perfect Tense 46. The Objective Case 宾格 将 来完 成时 7. The Numeral 数词 80.The Present Perfect Continuous 8. The Verb 动词 现在完成进行时 9. The Adjective 形容词 49. Fractional Numerals 分数词 80. The Sequence of Tenses 10. The Adverb 副词 50.Notional Verbs 实意动词 时态的呼应 47. Cardinal Numerals 基数词 48. Ordinal Numerals 序数词 11. The Article 冠词 51. Link Verbs 连系动词 82. The Active Voice 主动语态 12. The Preposition 介词 52. Auxiliary Verbs 助动词 83. The Passive Voice 被动语态 13. The conjunction 连词 53. Modal Verbs 情态动词 84. The Indicative Mood 陈述语气 14. The Interjection 感叹词 54. Transitive Verbs 及物动词 85. The Imperative Mood 祈使语气 16. Word Building 构词法 86.The Subjunctive Mood 55. Intransitive Verbs 不及物动词 18. Derivation 派生 20. Prefix 前缀 21. Suffix 后缀 56. Regular Verbs 规则动词 57. Irregular Verbs 不规则动词 58. Person 人称 虚拟语气 87. Sentences of Real Condition 真实条件句 88. Sentences of Unreal Condition 22. Compound Words 合成词 59. Number 数 虚拟条件句 23. Classification of Nouns 89. Degrees of Comparison 60. Tense 时态

新概念英语第一册语法及专项练习

新概念英语第一册语法点归纳 新概念一共144课,其中单课为课文,双课为语法和练习。整本书是以单数课为正课,并附带有插图而双数课则是针对单数课所讲的内容有针对性地进行练习,从此出展现出整个新概念一教材区别于其他教材的独特之处。以下是对新概念一整本教材的理解和剖析,以供各位对整个课本的理解和把握上参考和借鉴。 首先根据课本中出现的时态来分析: 本册书的语法出现层次性和规律性是很强的,首先我们先来整本书中都出了哪些时态,这些时态的具体分布和讲解时我们大家需要注意的递进性。 Lesson 31—34 现在进行时 Lesson 37—40 第一次出现be going to 的将来时 Lesson 51—56 一般现在时 Lesson 67—76 为一般过去式 Lesson 83—90 为现在完成时 Lesson 91—96 为一般将来时(will) Lesson 117—118 过去进行时 Lesson 119—120 过去完成时 除去前面所有时态和句型所占据的76课我们一起来看一下以下的68课,每一课小的语言点,语法点都是在什么地方,应该用什么样的方式来讲解。 在这里告诉学员新概念一的每一个单课的重点都是出现双课的标题和课后的练习题里面。 Lesson1—2 语言点:与陌生人说话或引起别人的注意。Excuse me. Yes? Pardon? Thank you very much. 语法点:主系表结构this为主语,名词做表语1的一般疑问句以及它的肯定回答。Is this your handbag? Yes, it is. Lesson 5—6 语言点:如何介绍别人。This is Miss Sophie Dupont. Nice to meet you. 语法点:主语为第三人称单数的主系表结构。She is French. He is German. It’s a Volvo.(L6) a/an 的使用。

《新概念英语语法》第一册知识点总结

《新概念英语语法》第一册: 第一册重点语法知识点都包含: 时态:一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,一般将来时,过去将来时。 词性:动词现在分词、动词的过去式和过去分词。形容词、副词的比较级与最高级。助动词、情态动词、半情态动词的使用。动词不定式。反身代词、不定代词。特殊疑问词。 句式:简单句、并列句、复合句(定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句)。 语态:被动语态。 结构:There be结构。 语序:倒装。

(请记住以下特殊疑问句的特殊疑问词) 1、Why (有关原因) 2、What (有关事物) 3、Which (有关事物) 4、Who (有关人物) 5、Whose (有关人物) 6、Where (有关地点) 7、When (有关时间) 8、How (有关方法或状态) (英语中无论时间、地点还是人或事都遵循着从小到大的规则。也遵循着先出现地点后出现时间的规则。) 第一部份:词法(请记注以下词性概念,具体的用法参考我们所学过的课文) 一、动词:(表示动作或状态等。) 1、记住以下常见系动词

2、记住以下常见助动词 二、冠词(用在名词前帮助说明其词义) 三、名词(表示人或事物的名称) 四、代词(用来代替名词或数词等,包含反身代词) 五、形容词(用来修饰名词或代词) 六、副词(用来修饰动词、形容词、或副词) 七、介词(用在名词、代词等前面,表示与别的词的关系) 八、数词(表示数目或顺序) 九、连词(用来加接词与词或句与句) 十、感叹词(表示说话时的感情或口气) 第二部分:词法规则 一、可数名词的复数规则变化 1、一般情况下未尾加“s”。 2、以x,ss,sh,ch,x结尾的名词加“es”。 3、以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的词加“s”。 4、以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变“y”为“i”在加“es”。 5、以元音字母+y结尾的词,直接加“s”。 6、以f,fe结尾的名词一般变“f”或“fe”为“v”在加“es”。(以f或fe结尾的部分 名词可直接加“s”) 7、以o结尾的名词一般加“s”。(部分以辅音字母+o结尾的加“es”) 二、规则动词的过去式与过去分词变化与动词现在分词的变化 1、一般动词过去式在未尾加“ed”。 2、结尾是e的动词加“d”。 3、未尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加“ed”。 4、结尾是辅音字母+y的动词,先变“y”为“i”在加“ed”。 5、动词的现在分词一般情况下在原形后加“ing”。 6、如果以e结尾的动词则去“e”在加“ing”来构成现在分词。 7、如果动词只有一个元音字母,而后面跟了一个辅音字母时,则需双写辅音字母再加“ing” 来构成动词的现在分词。 三、形容词与副词的比较级、最高级(比较级在未尾加“er”而最高级在未尾加“est”)它 们都遵循着以下规则 1、一般情况下单音节的形容词或副词则在原形未尾加“er”。 2、如果以e结尾的形容词或副词则加“r”。 3、有些以y结尾的双音节词,如果y前面是一个辅音字母则变“y”为“i”在加“er”。

词汇与语法概述

词汇与语法分析 1.词汇和语法结构的考查重点 首先我们来看一看四级考试中,语法和结构部分究竟考了些什么,重点和容易出错的问题在哪里? ①语义问题,包括多义词、同义词、近义词、反义词等。英语中不少单词是多义词,而有的学生只知道它们最常见的一个或者两个意思,却不知道其它含义和在特定上下文中的引伸意义,这些都是在考试中容易考到的部分,也是容易出错的部分。英语和汉语属于两个完全不同的语系,词语的含义不能完全对等,受汉语语意的干扰也是容易出错的原因之一。 ②搭配问题,包括名词与形容词的搭配,动词与名词的搭配,动词、名词或形容词与介词的搭配,动词与副词的搭配等。这些搭配纷繁复杂,千变万化,是产生词汇和语法错误的主要原因。 ③语法结构问题,主要是时态、语态、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、从句(包括连接词和关系代词或关系副词)等方面的问题。特别是,在特定的语境中应该选用何种时态或何种句子结构,往往是容易出错的关键。 其次再看一看该部分在整个考试中的地位和时间分配。 该部分共30题,一般40%考察短语和词汇,60%考察语法,每一题0.5分,共15分,时间是20分钟。从整体上看,占分比例不大,不象阅读理解那样占分多,而且每一题分值高(每题,2分),但显然这15分我们也不能轻易放弃。现在的关键问题是:绝大部分学生在这一部分不是花的时间少了,而是多了。我们知道这一部分的考察主要靠的是知识和语感,不是说多琢磨一会儿就能答对,有时甚至恰恰相反。所以每一题d0秒的时间显然可以压缩,根据经验大约可以到30秒一题(当然这里不是要你去计算每一题做题时间),这样节省下来的时间可以用到分值更高的阅读理解中去。 2.语法结构与词汇应试策略 大纲要求 最新《大学英语教学大纲》对四级语法的要求是:“巩固和加深基本语法知识,提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。”《大纲》对四级词汇的要求是:“领会式掌握4200单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为2500),以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条(中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内),并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。” 四级语法结构与词汇考查内容 四级考试对语法词汇的考查与《大纲》要求是十分一致的。综观近年来的四级考试题,我们不难发现四级考试语法词汇部分是这样体现《大纲》的。 1.语法考题的涉及面宽 近年考题曾经考到:几乎所有词类,三种动词的非谓语形式,名词从句,形容词从句,副词从句,独立主格,一致,倒装,强调等基本语法知识。 2.语法考试的重点突出 语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目,这些项目还反复出现如:虚拟语气,状语从句,定语从句,独立主格,情态动词。 3.具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法,不常用的情况· 1)虚拟语气的考点为:would rather +that从句+一般过去时:It is vital/necessary/important/urgent/imperative n.命令, 诫命, 需要, 规则, 祈使语气adj.命令的, 强制的, 紧急的, 必要的, 势在必行的, [语法]祈使的/desirable/advisable/natural/essential +that+动词原形;It is time/about time/high time+ that+一般过去时:proposal/suggestion +that+动词原形;lest +that +should+动词原形水only + that +would+动词原形。 2)状语从句的考点为:非if引导的条件状语从句,此类句子多用at times,provided,so

英语语法词汇句型必背佳句

高中必背句型句句经典(一线优秀教师总结) 1.With the development of economy, more and more families bought private cars, thus leading to much heavier traffic problems and more serious air pollution. 2.What is the most important is that we do not mind what others say so long as we are confident in what we have done. 3.It’s a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on is first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. 4.We believe we are confident and capable of overcoming the current difficulties and challenges we are faced with. In a word, all we need to do now is plan carefully and act in ways that reflect the reality to assure that we can make full use of our talent and skills. 5.You can take a horse to the water but you can’t make him drink. 强扭的瓜不甜 When everybody is somebody, then nobody is anybody.人人都伟大,世间无豪杰。 6.I love waking up in the morning and not knowing what’s going to happen, or who I’m going to meet, where I’m going to wind up. 泰坦尼克号 7.Your future depends on your dreams. So go to sleep. 加菲猫 8.Teachers are the basis of education and that the best students receive instruction from the best teachers. I t’s of great importance to train and nurture teachers, especially those from impoverished and remote rural areas. 9.what I want to stress is that a harmonious family plays a very important role in our life, therefore, it is up to every family member to contribute to the building of such a family. First of all, parents should be a role model for their children and pay more attention to their own words and behaviour. Being children of the family, we should respect and understand our parents, and share their burdens. Only in this way will our family be always harmonious. 10.In my opinion, it’s high time that our government should take measures to ban farmers from cutting down trees. Besides, various activities should be organized to make it clear that everyone is responsible for the environment. Only in this way can we have a blue day. 11.A recent survey found that walking like a happy person on purpose can lift one’s spirits, according to media report on Wednesday. Walking in a happy style makes people feel happy, while adopting the gait of a depressed person can bring on sadness. 12.when it comes to the current public transport, though it is improving, there still remains something to be done. In the first place, the government should add to the investment in the construction of transport. Additionally, it is better for the festival time to be lengthened. Last but not least, more people should be encouraged to ride home instead of driving a private car. 13.According to the information given above, there is nothing ambiguous about the serious situation and who is at fault. 14.It just can't be denied that it is the fast development that is to blame, but maybe the government should undertake the responsibility. 15.Current situation of pollution is considerably serious. Ranking among top pollution sources are vehicles, coal burning, airborne dust and so on. Reasons behind it go as follows. First of all, economic development are promoted at the expense of environment. Secondly, citizens are not aware of the significance of being careful with protecting the environment.

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