边境贸易及结算方式研究外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：Markus A. The research of border trade and the method of payment [J]. Atlantic Economic Journal, 2015, 12(5): 130-139.
原文
The research of border trade and the method of payment
Markus A
Abstract
Border trade for a country's economy, the importance of the level of financial development increasingly highlight, it also puts forward higher requirements on border trade settlement. After a long development and evolution, a country's border trade settlement in strengthening economic and trade cooperation with the house of spoils its neighbors, improve the level of border citizens' lives has played a huge role. At the same time, to promote the friendly relations with adjacent countries, stable region and consolidate the border security is of great significance.
Key words: Border trade; Method of payment; Spot trading
1 Introduction
Border trade is in the border areas and adjacent countries implement the specific way of a kind of special trade. International rules for border trade mainly based on GATT/WTO article 24, expressed as: border trade refers to the adjacent to the border residents and enterprises, within 15 km away from to each side of the border area is engaged in the trade activity. This is an exception of most-favored-nation treatment. This regulation provides a legal space develop border trade. Is, in fact, the border trade as a form of international trade and allow giving special preferential arrangements. I.e., a member country adjacent to the national special reductions in border trade or convenience is allowed, and the preferential or convenience as most-favored-nation treatment "exception" can not apply to other parties. According to the regional dependency theory, for the vast majority of countries in the world, the border region has the best location to adapt to the development of border trade. As long as the appropriate foreign began to put the policy, under the same economic investment, trade in border areas can get bigger compared to the inland central region's economic output. Border trade is one of the international trade, trade patterns
are unique to each other neighboring countries, with a border region economic development, maintain foreign good-neighborly and friendly relations, to strengthen the economic and technical exchanges, and batch of neighboring strengthen national unity and maintain the stable frontier of positive significance. At the same time, the resources sharing and let hair between neighboring countries, foreign trade market and channel opening also plays a decisive role.
2 The research status
Grossman is thinking that the traders in the international trade more preference to exporters currency as the currency of a country. McKinnon believes export enterprises are faced with under the condition of uncertain demand and the price of the difficult position of choosing, if there are differences between the exports of goods, so companies usually do not in their country's currency for the currency to decide the commodity price. Magee (1980) argue that the currency area is divided into two strengths or weaknesses can be for different rate of inflation in the currency of the country as the basis, if the rate of inflation low developed countries with higher inflation in developing countries in international trade, so both parties are usually in the developed country of the currency as the currency. Wright (1991, 1991) study of monetary search model, assuming that currencies and commodities inseparable, monetary equilibrium existence proved by two people, who can be generated by the endogenous currency, without support of legal tender can have a positive value. Rey/Yang (2001) argue that international trade can cost by choosing a suitable tool for currency was lower, his research on the international trade transaction costs between the two countries, why contact interpretation of the international trade successfully. Goldberg (2005) argue that the currency used in international trade dollars account for most of the one reason is that some countries have adopted the peg to the dollar exchange rate system, therefore, choose a dollar is equivalent to using local currencies. Bache and van (2005) argue that a high price elasticity of commodity, namely the commodity production increasing causes rapid increase of marginal cost, traders prefer to use in the trading currency as the currency of consumer preferences. Annette (2006) argues that the euro zone's harmonious and unified monetary policy is the euro
in the area between countries trade a lot as the cause of the currency. Goldberg (2009) think that after further research, if the main consideration to save transaction cost, transaction, the large scale traders more importers will lay particular stress on the country's currency as the currency, import and export business for many times the bargaining determines the choice of currency, as a result, most deals, chose the importers country's currency to pricing. Oleg (2009) argue that choose what kind of currency as priced goods, including commodity demand, cost, competitive price and exchange rate, the influence of such factors as these factors can be considered to influence the selection of what kind of currency transaction costs. These studies mainly focus on the choice of currency in international trade, etc., for the purpose of this article discussion of border trade settlement way has the certain theory reference value.
3 The border trade settlement way
3.1 International trade settlement way
International trade settlement way is to point to by a certain method for international trade settlement way, it is the main content in international trade settlement. Border trade settlement is one of the international settlements; it refers to the two countries, because of goods trade, capital transfer and the supply of labor service and other economic exchanges caused by the flow of currency cash flow between the two countries. That is to say, in the realization of border trade between the two countries currency payment, settlement of the border creditor-debtor relationship brought about by the economic ties between the two countries is the process of border trade settlement. At a certain method to realize the border trade settlement way is called the border trade settlement way.
3.2 Barter clearing and currency settlement
Border trade settlement mode can be divided into barter settlement and currency settlement. Which currency settlement according to whether there is a third party (usually refers to a bank) intervention can be divided into cash settlement and settlement within the banking system. Barter settlement is involved in the deal between the buyer and the seller's trade form for goods trade and at the end of each
year according to the agreement by the parties negotiated settlement currency or other ways to implement trade settlement. In the process of barter and settlement way without the participation of the third party, also does not involve cash receipts and payment between buyers and sellers. Barter originated from an ancient exchange pattern, namely through exchange surplus products in bazaar, and help to get their respective products, do not need money to participate in this process. Cash settlement is common in frontier trade, its characteristic is to clinch a deal amount is small, currency for settlement often carry. The banking system in the method of payment mainly includes remittance, collection and L/C settlement, etc.
3.3 Remittance and settlement and mail transfer and settlement
In border trade settlement, remittance and settlement way usually operated according to the following process: first, before the transaction, both parties sign a contract, the contract to determine the settlement time, etc. Secondly, in accordance with the provisions of the contract time by border trade importers will be payment of the transactions to the medium of commercial Banks directly remit to exporters, so this way is also referred to as "the buyer direct payments’, t, and belong to the remittance and settlement. So-called telegraphic transfer is the remitting bank should be the remitter application, dispatched telex, telex of remittance solution of the recipient countries pay a certain sum to the remitter a way of remittance. Telegraphic transfer inn has the advantage of the rapid, and therefore the most popular with the payee, but at the same time as Banks cannot receive tie up like mail transfer the benefits of customer capital, so the bank fees is higher.
3.4 Collection and settlement of accounts and the L/C settlement
Collection is refers to the creditor (shall) according to the invoice amount by bank draft issued to the debtor (imports) payment of a payment method. Collection and settlement in the use of border trade normally need mediation, the border areas of commercial Banks, therefore is known as the bank collection. The whole process of bank collection is: trade exporters export shipment first, after get the shipping documents, will be subject to the amount on the invoice to let out of the order, payment for trade importers. Then, together with the shipping documents turned over
to the exporter of the collection to the Banks, entrusted collection in import agent or business line, namely, the collecting bank, importers will trade to recover. Collection includes two kinds of concrete forms, respectively, documentary collection and light collection, classification is based on the draft is not consistent, both use the former need freight attached to low according to in the operation, while the latter is not required. L/C settlement mode is also known as the bank of the l/c settlement mode, refers to the importer's application by the bank, opened to utilizing the rules and a certain amount of a certain period of time the promise of payment vouchers, is to use credit, bank credit enhancement customers - exporters to secure transaction smoothly. This way is with the development of border trade and the evolution of the method of payment, in the case of Banks as settlement agents have gradually. Due to the emergence of this settlement way, import and export trade in the two sides trust low situation improved, at the same time allows traders to financing from the bank is more convenient, speed up the turnover of funds, so as to promote the trade volume, for the development of border trade field has played a great role in promoting.
4 Conclusions
The settlement problem in border trade, the author of this paper makes a deep research. In reviewing the development process and status quo of border trade settlement way, on the basis of listed the problems existing in current border trade settlement and analysis to the reasons, finally expounds the improvement of the current situation and problem solving. At present, is relatively single way of settlement has been adapted to the development of border trade need not. At first, and matching the historical condition at that time, mainly is for barter trade settlement. With the development of economy and the progress of the society, barter trade settlement way gradually cannot meet the needs of border trade settlement. Trade development the present situations of the diversified requirements are put forward for the method of payment, the border trade settlement way has already developed into a new, diversified era. At present, the border trade settlement, there are a lot of problems. Such as the methods of payment is the development of the imbalance, instability of border trade policy, and cancel after verification, import and export
foreign exchange regulation does not reach the designated position, etc. In order to promote the rapid and healthy development of border trade settlement, the positive and effective measures should be taken to solve the problem of its existence. First of all, to maintain the stability of border trade policy, new policies should be wary. At the same time, strengthen communication and cooperation with the adjacent to the national authorities, promote cultural exchanges between the two countries, and create a good environment for the border trade together. Second, further optimize the border trade settlement system, the development of local currency settlement, open local currency settlement channels. In addition, to strengthen the regulation of foreign exchange, clarify the responsibilities of different regulatory bodies and avoid bloated lead to low efficiency and so on. Finally, the answer to the question of the uneven development of border trade settlement to specific issue concrete analysis, points the quantitative different development strategy, to promote the balanced development of border trade.
译文
边境贸易及结算方式研究
Markus A
摘要
边境贸易对于一国经济、金融发展水平的重要性愈加突显，这也对边境贸易结算提出了更高的要求。经过漫长的发展与演进，一国的边境贸易结算在增强与赃邻国家经济贸易合作、提高边境公民生活水平方面发挥了巨大的作用。同时，对于促进与毗邻国家的友好关系，稳定地区局势和巩固边境地区安全等方面均具有重要意义。
关键词：边境贸易；结算方式；现汇贸易
1 引言
边境贸易是在特定的边境地区与毗邻国家实施的一种特殊贸易方式。国际规则对边境贸易的规定主要以GATT/WTO 第24 条为依据，表述为：边境贸易是指毗邻两国边境地区的居民和企业，在距边境线两边各15公里以内地带从事的贸易活动。该条是最惠国待遇的一个例外。这一规定为开展边境贸易提供了法律
空间。实际上是将边境贸易作为国际贸易中的一种形式并允许给予特殊优惠安排。即：一个成员国在边境贸易中给予毗邻国家特殊优惠或便利是允许的，而且这种优惠或便利作为最惠国待遇“例外”可以不适用于其他缔约方。根据地域依赖理论，对于世界上绝大多数国家而言，其边境地区均具有适应边境贸易发展的最佳区位。只要采取适当的对外幵放政策，在同等的经济投入下，边境地区的贸易往来能够收获相对于内陆中心地区而言比较大的经济产出。边境贸易是国际贸易的一种，是相互接壤国家所独有的贸易形式，具有促进边境地区经济发展，维护对外睦邻友好关系，加强和批邻国家的经济技术交流，增强民族团结、维护边疆稳定的积极意义。同时，对于接壤国家之间资源的共享和幵发，外贸市场和通道的开辟等方面也具有举足轻重的作用。
2 研究现状
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译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1717537221.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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外文翻译--企业品牌战略研究
外文译文二： 企业品牌战略研究 Kapferer,J.H Strategic Brand Mnanagement [J]. Kogan Page,London [J]. Marketing Science,2010(2):52-61. 在经济全球化的今天，如何适应国际化潮流，建立强势品牌，提高竞争能力，已经成为国内企业面临的迫切问题。本文在分析我国企业营销品牌战略发展状况的基础上，从品牌战略的内涵与其功能意义入手，探讨了品牌战略在企业营销中的作用。企业需要综合运用多种竞争手段提高品意，搞好品牌定位，塑造良好品牌形象。 一、日系品牌全线崩溃 2006年11月22日上午，NEC宣布将推出2G及2.5G手机市场，这意味着继夏普、松下、东芝、三菱、三洋之后又一家日本手机厂商退出中国市场，日系手机除京瓷外几乎全部退出中国2G手机市场的争夺。 如果我们总结今天的中国家电市场与十年前有什么不同的话，我想，最大的不同就是，日系企业在中国的繁荣已经渐行渐远。 对于日系手机败退，乃至日系家电走到中国市场的低谷，主要原因有以下几点：一是企业制度呆板，决策困难，反应速度慢，与另市场现实格格不入，难以适应快速变化的中国市场;二是市场营销能力弱，产品规划能力不强，很难根椐自己对市场的判断与预测推出迎合消费需求的产品，一直处于跟风的被动局面，无法满足中国市场的需要;三是未能把握住产业转型最佳时机，是日系家电企业失去市场主导地位的重要原因。 日系企业在中国市场上走到边缘是否引起我们民族企业的深思？欲走国际化路线的企业又 是否从“日系企业”的背后吸取教训？ 二、我国企业实施品牌战略的现状分析处 1、众多昔日名牌“昙花一现” 中外企业在市场上的品牌大战，使刚刚成长起来的民族品牌受到极大的冲击。上世纪80年代稍有知名度的品牌，不是被抢注商标，就是被收购、挤垮，即使残留下来的也是惨淡经营，真正发展起来的极为有限。这里典型的案例，上世纪80年代至90年代初期，曾在空调界创下奇迹的华宝空调，在1998年被科龙收购，其后的品牌形象就一再下滑。
市场营销_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_顾客满意策略与顾客满意
顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 原文来源：《Marketing Customer Satisfaction 》自20世纪八十年代末以来, 顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额, 获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝随着时代的变迁, 社会物质财富的极大充裕, 顾客中的主体———消费者的需求也先后跨越了物质缺乏的时代、追求数量的时代、追求品质的时代, 到了20世纪八十年代末进入了情感消费时代。在我国, 随着经济的高速发展,我们也已迅速跨越了物质缺乏时代、追求数量的时代乃至追求品质的时代, 到今天也逐步迈进情感消费时代。在情感消费时代, 各企业的同类产品早已达到同时、同质、同能、同价, 消费者追求的已不再是质量、功能和价格, 而是舒适、便利、安全、安心、速度、跃动、环保、清洁、愉快、有趣等,消费者日益关注的是产品能否为自己的生活带来活力、充实、舒适、美感和精神文化品位, 以及超越消费者期望值的售前、售中、售后服务和咨询。也就是说, 今天人们所追求的是具有“心的满足感和充实感”的商品, 是高附加值的商品和服务,追求价值观和意识多元化、个性化和无形的满足感的时代已经来临。 与消费者价值追求变化相适应的企业间的竞争, 也由产品竞争、价格竞争、技术竞争、广告竞争、品牌竞争发展到现今的形象竞争、信誉竞争、文化竞争和服务竞争, 即顾客满意竞争。这种竞争是企业在广角度、宽领域的时空范围内展开的高层次、体现综合实力的竞争。它包括组织创新力、技术创新力、管理创新力、产业预见力、产品研发力、员工向心力、服务顾客力、顾客亲和力、同行认同力、社会贡献力、公关传播沟通力、企业文化推动力、环境适应力等等。这些综合形象力和如何合成综合持久的竞争力, 这就是CSft略所要解决的问题。CS寸代,企业不再以“自己为中心”,而是以“顾客为中心”；“顾客为尊”、“顾客满意”不再是流于形式的口号, 而是以实实在在的行动为基础的企业经营的一门新哲学。企业不再以质量达标, 自己满意为经营理念, 而是以顾客满意, 赢得顾客高忠诚度为经营理念。企业经营策略的焦点不再以争取或保持市场占有率为主, 而是以争取顾客满意为经营理念。因此, 营销策略的重心不再放在竞争对手身上而是放在顾客身上, 放在顾客现实的、潜在的需求上。当企业提供的产品和服务达到了顾客事先的期望值, 顾客就基本满意；如果远远超越顾客的期望值, 且远远高于其他同行, 顾客才真正满意；如果企业能不断地或长久地令顾客满意, 顾客就会忠诚。忠诚的顾客不仅会经常性地重复购买, 还会购买企业其它相关的产品或服务；忠诚的顾客不仅会积极向别人推荐他所买的产品, 而且对企业竞争者的促销活动具有免疫能力一个不满意的顾客会将不满意告诉16-20个人, 而每一个被告知者会再传播给12-15个人。这样, 一个不满意者会影响到二、三百人。在互联网普及的今天, 其影响则更大。据美国汽车业的调查, 一个满意者会引发8笔潜在的生意, 其中至少有一笔会成交。而另一项调查表明, 企业每增加5%的忠诚顾客, 利润就会增长25%-95%。一个企业的80%的利润来自20%的忠诚顾客；而获取一个新顾客的成本是维持一个老顾客成本的6倍。所以,美国著名学者唐?佩 珀斯指出: 决定一个企业成功与否的关键不是市场份额, 而是在于顾客份额。 于是, 企业纷纷通过广泛细致的市场调研、与消费者直接接触、顾客信息反馈等方式来了解顾客在各方面的现实需求和潜在需求。依靠对企业满意忠诚的销售、服务人员, 定期、定量地对顾客满意度进行综合测定, 以便准确地把握企业经营中与“顾客满意” 目标的差距及其重点领域, 从而进一步改善企业的经营活动。依靠高亲和力的企业文化、高效率的人文管理和全员共同努力, 不断地向顾客提供高附加值的产品, 高水准的亲情般的服