平头塔式起重机起重臂疲劳损伤寿命分析

平头塔式起重机起重臂疲劳损伤寿命分析The analysis of hoist boom fatigue life for ? at-top tower crane

胡健锋1,冯建军1,杨香凡1,杨华平2,凌斗1

HU Jian-feng, FENG Jian-jun, YANG Xiang-fan, YANG Hua-ping, LING Dou

(1.湘潭大学,湖南 湘潭 411105;2.江麓机电科技有限公司,湖南 湘潭 411100)

塔机在工程建设领域中应用广泛,由于其工

作环境的特殊性,塔机起重臂在频繁吊载下的工

作寿命得到许多研究者的关注。塔机起重臂作为

起重过程中受力情况比较复杂的一个部件,其频

繁吊载而引起的疲劳损伤对于起重臂的工作寿命

有很大的影响,其损伤累积达到一定的程度之后

将会使起重臂失效而引起安全事故。因此对起重

臂损伤寿命的分析具有重大的意义。

目前在疲劳损伤研究中主要有运用米勒损伤

准则、连续累积损伤、高周疲劳损伤等准则来研

究构件的损伤寿命,但其应用场合及反映出的精

度均不一样。目前对于塔机疲劳寿命研究而言,

大多采用传统的疲劳设计方法。因此以某平头塔

机为基础利用高周疲劳损伤及有限元模拟方法研

究塔机起重臂的损伤寿命有着非常重要的意义。

1高周疲劳损伤计算疲劳裂纹扩展寿命

在实际的工况中起重臂钢结构受起重量不确

定等因素的影响导致应力幅不能恒定,从而使得

应力损伤累积在起重臂的疲劳设计中起到了更加

重要的作用。而焊接裂纹尖端的累积损伤加速了

裂纹的扩展,因此对于起重臂疲劳设计而言,考

虑其裂纹尖端的损伤累积是必要的。

从连续损伤力学的角度可以立足于Pairs公式

来描述裂纹扩展过程。损伤力学认为裂纹的扩展

实际上是裂纹尖端在高梯度应力和应变作用下不

断损伤的过程,主要体现于裂纹尖端塑性区和损

伤区的演化和运动。Li和Chan[1、2]从基于连续损

伤力学的角度研究了含初始缺陷的钢桥梁构件的

疲劳裂纹扩展并得到了与Pairs公式形式一致的裂

纹扩展方程

对于公式(1)d L/d N中的N为初始裂纹到损

伤区L位置的循环次数,而我们求裂纹的扩展寿

命其实就是在求初始裂纹到临界裂纹处的循环次

数,因此我们将其应用在起重臂钢结构疲劳寿命

的计算中,将公式(1)进行变换并积分可以得到

针对于含有初始焊接裂纹的焊接构件的疲劳扩展

寿命

(2)

其中β、B、r c为和材料损伤特性相关的材料

常数[3、4、5],D0、D f 是材料损伤的初、终值,α不

是材料常数,其具体参数的确定如表1。由表1可

知,其α是随着应力幅的变化而变化的。

(1)

π

其中

本文是以某平头塔机设计寿命已知来推导初始裂纹的长度,因此取塔机的设计寿命Ν*=2.5×105。由已知条件可以得到

C B =3.75×10-14α

在此条件下计算得α0≈3.1mm ,当沿用设计寿命为Ν*=2.5×105,其应力幅选取为极限条件下的应力幅,其应力幅大小通过实际工况载荷谱统计分析得出。因此利用高周疲劳损伤准则来计算弦杆与腹杆焊接处时,其初始裂纹不得超过3.1mm。

由系数C B 可知,当裂纹长度α≈4.5mm 时,C B =C ,即此时用高周疲劳损伤准则计算疲劳寿命与用Pairs公式计算疲劳裂纹扩展寿命基本保持一致。

从上面公式可以看出采用连续损伤理论导出的含有初始焊接裂纹的钢构件疲劳裂纹扩展率及疲劳扩展寿命与Pairs疲劳裂纹扩展公式形式相同,且比Pairs公式更加符合实际应用。

由式(3)得出在不同初始裂纹的条件下,其裂纹的扩展寿命与应力幅的关系曲线图如图1所示。

由图1可以看出初始裂纹越短,其疲劳裂纹扩展寿命趋于无限,也就是说在整个构件中不再以疲劳寿命来确定其破坏的准则。并且当裂纹为3.1mm的时候,应力幅为310MPa时,其疲劳裂纹扩展寿命满足其设计寿命。

2 起重臂弦杆与腹杆焊接处裂纹数值模拟

运用ABAQUS数值模拟平台,简化某平头塔机起重臂弦杆与腹杆的工作载荷,对其裂纹的扩展进行了有限元数值模拟。在数值模拟中,其裂纹的扩展路径因为受其裂纹尖端最大主应力的影响而不是在节点处扩展,在其单元中的扩展路径如图2、图3、图4所示。

由图2、图3、图4可知其裂纹的扩展随着其初始裂纹的增大,其最大应力增大。但其裂纹的张开角及扩展路径基本一致。通过数值方法的处理得到裂纹尖端应力分布如图5所示。

由图5可知,在裂纹扩展前期应力逐渐增大,直到其应力大小达到破坏准则的极限应力,其裂

纹进行扩展,而当裂纹尖端扩展过以后,其应力会逐渐减少,但随后一段时间内,其应力又会在一定范围内增大,这可能就是在裂纹面上残余应力引起的结果。

在裂纹扩展面上的节点随着裂纹不断的扩展,其应力的变化曲线如图6所示。

图1 高周疲劳损伤下的不同初始裂纹下的扩展寿命

图5 裂纹尖端应力分布曲线

β+3(α+1)/B (β+3)r c D 0D f αι

2.796

2.014E-14

0.53

0.1

-0.14?σ+96

π

由图6所示,当裂纹扩展未经过该节点或节点

附近时,其节点应力不断地增大,而当裂纹扩展

后,其应力急剧下降。这样使得其他截面将会承

受更大的载荷,对于塔机而言,显然是一个不利

的因素,这也从另外一个方面解释了裂纹的扩展

影响塔机的安全性能。

3理论分析与数值模拟结果对比

在图2应力云图中其初始裂纹α0=2mm,最

终形成的裂纹αc≈8mm,而其裂纹尖端的应力

幅Sα≈220MPa,最后计算得到其模拟扩展寿命

Ν*≈9×104,这与高周疲劳损伤理论的扩展寿命

有误差,因为存在应力幅及最终的裂纹扩展长

度,因此数值模拟出来的扩展寿命只能符合理论

上的某个点,这时可以通过修改建模过程中的初

始裂纹的长度求得最后的扩展寿命,通过对比数

值模拟的扩展寿命与理论计算的扩展寿命,误差

比较小并在其允许的范围内。

因此综合理论分析及其数值模拟的结果得出

其曲线对比见图7。从图7可知,数值模拟的裂纹

扩展寿命介于高周疲劳损伤准则及Pairs公式之

间,且其趋势一致,这样可以确定数值模拟的结

果可以用来判定塔机的疲劳寿命,为塔机起重臂

的疲劳设计提供数值计算方法。

4结论

本文以平头塔机为基础对塔机起重臂进行了

疲劳损伤寿命分析并用数值模拟的方法进行了对

比,得出以下结论:

1)塔机起重臂在高周疲劳损伤下,其初始裂

纹的长度不能超过3.1mm,否则将达不到其设计

寿命。

2) 高周疲劳损伤下的寿命相比于Pairs公式

中的疲劳寿命而言,更加保守,更利于塔机的疲

劳设计。

3)由于本文是以某一平头塔机为基础进行疲

劳寿命研究,但研究中的应力幅大小具有一定普

遍性,因此可以推广到所有中小型平头塔机疲劳

寿命的计算分析中。

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[中图分类号]TH212;TH213.3

[文献标识码]B

[文章编号]1001-1366(2012)02-0054-03

[收稿日期]2011-10-27

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