Harvard referencing 3 哈佛大学参考文献格式指导 - (世界顶尖大学专用版)
References/Bibliography
Harvard Style
Based on Style manual for authors, editors and printers
/ revised by Snooks & Co. 2002
Quick guide - How to USE IT
?There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment.
NOTE ?Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with your
lecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the Academic
Department.
?The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”.
?Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it.
?Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically.
?If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography.
n FOR A BOOK
The details required in order are:
1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible
2. year of publication
3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised)
4. series title and individual volume if any
5. edition, if other than first
6. publisher
7. place of publication
8. page number(s) if applicable
? One author
Berkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York.
Explanation of above citation
? Two or more authors
Cengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn,
McGraw Hill, London.
Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the
21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.
? Editor(s)
Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.
Jackson, JA (ed.) 1997, Glossary of geology, 4th edn, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Va.
? Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisation
Institution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,
A.C.T.
? Series
Bhattacharjee, M 1998, Notes of infinite permutation groups, Lecture notes in mathematics
no.1698, Springer, New York.
? Edition
Zumdahl, SS 1997, Chemistry, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
? Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributed
Bernstein, D 1995, ‘Transportation planning’, in WF Chen (ed.), The civil engineering handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
? No author or editor
Kempe's engineer's year-book 1992, Morgan-Grampian, London.
n FOR A THESIS
The details required, in order, are:
1. author
2. year of submission
3. title
4. name of degree
5. name of institution issuing degree
6. location of institution
Exelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of gold and mineral liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
n FOR AN ARTICLE
The details required, in order, are:
1. name/s of author/s of the article
2. year of publication
3. title of article, in single quotation marks
4. title of periodical (underlined or italicised)
5. volume number
6. issue (or part) number
7. page number(s)
? Journal article
Huffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient’, Food Technology,
vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52.
Explanation of above citation
? Conference paper (published)
Bourassa, S 1999, ‘Effects of child care on young children’, Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the International Society for Child Psychology, International Society for Child Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 44-6. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)
? Conference paper (unpublished)
Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, ‘Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations of
effective rates of partner change’, paper presented to the scientific meeting of the Royal
Australian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)
? Newspaper article
Simpson, L 1997, ‘Tasmania’s railway goes private‘, Australian Financial Review, 13 October, p. 10. n FOR A NON-BOOK
The details required are the same as for a book, with the form of the item (eg videorecording, tape, computer file, etc.) indicated after the year.
Get the facts (and get them organised)
Williamstown, Vic.
Dr Brain thinking games
n FOR A STANDARD
The details required, in order, are:
1. corporate body issuing standard
2. year of publication
3. title of standard
4. number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body
5. publisher of standard
6. place of publication
International Organization for Standardization 1982, Steels - Classification - Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based on chemical composition, ISO 4948-1:1982,
International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
n FOR A PATENT
The details required, in order, are:
1. name/s of inventor/s
2. date of issue
3. title of patent
4. number of patent, including country of issue
Cookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.
n FOR A MAP
The details required, in order, are:
1. issuing body
2. date
3. title of map
4. series
5. publisher
6. place of publication
Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland 1996, Dotswood, Australia 1:100 000 Geological Series, Sheet 8158, Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland, Brisbane.
n FOR ELECTRONIC SOURCES
?This could include sources from full text compact disk products, electronic journals or other sources from the Internet.
?The basic form of the citations follow the principles listed for print sources (see above)
1. name/s of author/s
2. date of publication Note: If you cannot establish the date of publication, use n.d. (no
date).
3. title of publication
4. edition, if other than first
5. type of medium, if necessary
6. date item viewed
7. name or site address on internet (if applicable)
Weibel, S 1995, ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource description’, D-lib Magazine, viewed 7
January 1997,
ASTEC 1994, The networked nation, Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council,
Canberra, viewed 7 May 1997,
? If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of a citation.
Dr Brain thinking games 1998, CD-ROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc., Torrance, California.
n For Personal Communications
Information obtained by interview, telephone call, letter, email, etc. should be documented in the text. “Details of a personal communication do not need to be included in a reference list” i.e. You may not need to include personal communications in the list of references at the end of the essay.
When interviewed on 15 June 1995, Dr Peter Jones explained that …
This was later verbally confirmed (P Jones 1995, pers. comm., 15 June).
n For Research Reports
There are variations on documents produced by government agencies.
The following example includes both the name of the sponsoring agency and the specific author.
Department of Veterans’ Affairs 2000, Payments to Vietnam veterans: a summary, report prepared by S Baslum, Department of Veteran Affairs, Canberra.
The following example requires the name of the sponsoring agency only.
Institution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,
A.C.T.
n REFERENCES IN THE TEXT OF YOUR ESSAY
? In an author-date, a textual citation generally requires only the name of the author(s) and the year of publication (and specific page(s) if necessary).
? This may appear at the end of a sentence, before the full stop.
? Alternatively, the author’s surname may be integrated into the text, followed by the year of publication in parentheses.
? The full reference must be listed at the end of your essay.
? If two or more works by different authors are cited at the same time, separate them with a semicolon.
? If two or more works by the same author are cited at the same time, do not repeat the author's name. Separate the years of publication by a comma.
? If there are more than two works by the same author, published in the same year, add the letters 'a', 'b', etc. to the year to distinguish the works. Also add these letters to the year in the list of
references at the end of the essay.
? If there are more than three authors, list only the first, followed by 'et al.'
? If you cannot establish the year of publication, use 'n.d.' (no date).
Examples
It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991).
It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991, p. 94).
Moir and Jessel (1991) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable.
Moir and Jessel (1991, pp. 93-4) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are
interchangeable.
The implications for land degradation have been much debated (Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995;
Thomson 1999).
Subsequent investigation confirmed these results (Watson & Clark 1996, 1998).
Public housing remains a neglected area (ACOSS 1997a, 1997b).
Other researchers have questioned these findings (Larson et al. 1987).
Recent advances have been made in this area (Bolton n.d.).
n BIBLIOGRAPHY / LIST OF REFERENCES
NOTE: ? A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.
? A bibliography includes sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to the subject, listed alphabetically
If you require further information, refer to:
For print sources Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev.
Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.
For electronic sources
Li, X & Crane, N 1993, Electronic style: a guide to writing electronic information,
Meckler, Westport.
Ask at the Information Desk in any Branch Library or check the
Library’s Web Page ~ https://www.360docs.net/doc/2b7671884.html,.au/useit/
Updated 19 May 2003
哈佛商学院英文参考文献格式
BOOK______________________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Doss 2003) REFERENCE Doss, G 2003, IS Project Management Handbook, Aspen Publishers, New York 2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Laudon & Laudon 2003) REFERENCE Laudon, KC & Laudon, JP 2003, Essentials of management information systems: managing the digital firm, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Coveney, Ganster, Hartlen & King 2003) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Coveney et al 2003) REFERENCE Coveney, M, Ganster, D, Hartlen, B & King, D 2003, The strategy gap: leveraging technology to execute winning strategies, Wiley, Hoboken, N. J. Corporate author IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(DFAT 2002) REFERENCE Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002, Connecting with Asia's tech future: ICT export opportunities, Economic Analytical Unit, Commonwealth Government, Canberra. Editor IN-TEXT ...(Shaw 2003) REFERENCE Shaw, MJ (ed) 2003, E-business management: integration of Web technologies with business models, Kluwer Academic, London. BOOK CHAPTER_____________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Howard 1998) REFERENCE Howard, S 1998, 'Verbal Protocol Analysis', in B Henderson-Sellers, A Simons and H Younessi (eds.), The Open Process Specification, Addison Wesley, Sydney, pp. 272- 274.2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Degen & Pedell 2004) REFERENCE Degen, H & Pedell, S 2004, 'The JIET Design Process for e-Business Applications', in D Diaper and N Stanton (eds.), The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (LEA), London, pp. 193-220. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Johnston, Mak & Kurnia 2001) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Johnston et al 2001) REFERENCE Johnston RB, Mak HC & Kurnia S 2001, 'The contribution of Internet Electronic Commerce to advanced supply chain reform - a case study', in S Barnes & B Hunt (eds.), E- Commerce and V-Business, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 232-249. JOURNAL ARTICLE__________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Hammer 1990) REFERENCE Hammer, M 1990, 'Reengineering Work: Don't Automate, Obliterate', Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 104-112. 2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Lamb & Kling 2003) REFERENCE Lamb, R & Kling, R 2003, 'Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information systems research', MIS Quarterly, vol. 27, issue 2, June, p. 197. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Lacity, Willcocks & Feeny 1995) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Lacity et al 1995) REFERENCE Lacity, MC, Willcocks, LP & Feeny, DF 1995, 'IT outsourcing: maximize flexibility and control', Harvard Business Review, vol. 73, issue 3, May, pp. 84-93. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES_ IN-TEXT ...(Karlof 2002) REFERENCE Karlof, B 2002, 'Benchmarking', in H Bidgoli (ed). Encyclopedia of information systems, Academic Press, New York, vol. 1, pp. 65-80.
中国学生哈佛大学毕业典礼演讲The Spider's Bite(中英对照)
The Spider’s Bite When I was in middle school, a poisonous spider bit my right hand. I ran to my mom for help—but instead of taking me to a doctor, my mom set my hand on fire.After wrapping my hand with several layers of cotton, then soaking it in wine, she put a chopstick into my mouth,and ignited the cotton. 在我上中学的时候，一只有毒蜘蛛咬伤了我的右手，我去找母亲帮忙，但是她没有找医生，却把我的手放在火上面。她用酒浸过的棉纱绕着我的手缠了好几层之后，在我的嘴里放了一根筷子，然后点燃了棉纱。 【语言点解析】 Poisonous表示有毒的；恶毒的；讨厌的。例句：A lot of poisonous waste water comes from that chemical factory. 那个化工厂排出大量有毒的废水。 Heat quickly penetrated the cotton and began to roast my hand. The searing pain made me want to scream, but the chopstick prevented it. All I could do was watch my hand burn - one minute, then two minutes –until mom put out the fire. 棉纱上的温度很快上来了，我的手也开始发烫。这股灼痛让我想要大叫，不过我嘴里含着的筷子让我叫不出来。我唯一能做的就是看着我的手骨，一分钟过去了，两分钟过去了，直到母亲熄灭火。 You see, the part of China I grew up in was a rural village, and at that time pre-industrial. When I was born, my village had no cars, no telephones, no electricity, not even running water. And we certainly didn’t have access to modern medical resources. 所以你看到，我是在中国的一个小山村里成长的，在那个时候，并不发达。在我出生的那个年代，我们村没车、没电话、也没电，甚至都没有自来水！且理所当然地，我没有接触现代医疗资源的办法。 There was no doctor my mother could bring me to see about my spider bite.For those who study biology, you may have grasped the science behind my mom’s cure: heat deactivates proteins, and a spider’s venom is simply a form of protein. It’s cool how that folk remedy actually incorporates basic biochemistry, isn’t it? 当我被蜘蛛咬伤时，并没有医生可以来治疗我。对于学生物学的人来说，你也许能找到我母亲治愈背后所包含的科学原理：热量能够让蛋白质失活，而蜘蛛的毒液都是蛋白质组成的。将这个土方子和生物化学基础联系起来很神奇，不是吗？ 【语言点解析】 Folk remedy表示偏方。例句：The active component, willow bark, was used as a folk remedy as long ago as the 5th century BC. 它来自早在公元前五世纪就被用于民间配方的柳树皮，是这种树皮的一种有效成分。 But I am a PhD student in biochemistry at Harvard, I now know that better, less painful and less risky treatments existed. So I can’t help but ask myself, why I didn’t receive one at the time? 不过我现在是一个在哈佛学习生物化学的博士生，我现在知道了一个更好的、不那么痛、危险系数更小的治疗方法。所以，我忍不住问我自己，为什么那个时候我不能接受更好的治疗吗？
哈佛大学全奖博士谈美国语言学专业申请
哈佛大学全奖博士深析美国语言学专业申请 《世界的语言》是美国语言学家肯尼思·卡兹纳教授的著作，经过林书 武先生翻译，1980年出版于北京出版社。2006年它出现在中国一名普通高一 学生的手中，它向这个学生呈现了一个全新的世界，这个世界神奇、美妙、足 具吸引力，很大程度上影响了这位少年之后的人生。多年之后，金东方美国留 学专家张伟用老师采访了他，我们得知这位少年的名字叫梅华龙，而当翻开他 的履历时，张老师不禁感叹，时光荏苒，当时的少年已经蜕变成一名努力钻研 的博士生。 梅华龙本科毕业于北京大学希伯来语和犹太文化专业，之后顺利拿到 哈佛大学硕士全奖，修读希伯来圣经专业，目前攻读哈佛大学古代近东研究博 士学位，同样是全奖。简历中我注意到梅同学修课学习过的语言超过十种，除 了英语、现代希伯来语、德语、法语、西班牙语等现代语言外，还有圣经希伯 来语、阿卡德语、苏美尔语、古希腊语等古代语言。接着往下我看到一系列奖 励与荣誉，这些荣誉象征着梅同学一路走来的执着与勤奋，喜欢上一个领域， 并不断追寻，梦想就这样一步步实现了。 回想起对语言学习感兴趣的原因，梅同学提到很重要的几点： 一是，他从小对“追本溯源”类型的知识比较感兴趣。比如古代历史、民族起源乃至姓氏文化。初中时接触了一点法语，了解到英文有许多法语借词，大概是这种对词源的兴趣引发了对其所属语言的最初好奇。 二是，他的中学是一所外国语学校(天津外国语大学附属外国语学校)，高一开始有比较浅显的二外学习，梅同学所在班分到的是德语，学习过程中他 发现德语其实没有那么难上手，这增强了他的信心。 三是，高一时他曾参与英文校报的编写，其中的小语种版块面临取消，对此梅同学深感遗憾，好强的他硬是读了些法、德、西语的报道，凑出了一版 迎接2006世界杯的特别报道。这之后他读了《世界的语言》这本书，这本书 开拓了他的思路，他又继续研读了一些汉语音韵学、历史比较语言学和普通语 言学的书籍文章。梅同学说，“这些小事的确激发并强化了我对语言的兴趣， 也整合了自己对语言、历史、文化、族群的整体爱好，这过程中主要是个人兴 趣影响，父母主动干预很少”。
哈佛_论文引用格式!
哈佛_论文引用格式! 1 A brief guide to the Harvard System The University of Greenwich as with all universities requires that students give credit to the authors of the evidence they use to support the arguments within their essays and other assignments. Most schools within the University require that students use the Harvard system of referencing citation. This is a guide to that system giving some useful examples to which you can refer when referencing yourself. Function A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used. It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work. The same set of rules and grammar colons and commas should be followed every time you cite a reference consistency. Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor normally the Harvard system. The components of the Harvard system The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source a book a journal article etc. there is an entry that includes the author?s family name and the year of the publication source that the information comes from. Note that
比尔·盖茨在哈佛大学毕业典礼上的演讲(中英文对照)
比尔·盖茨和夫人梅琳达·盖茨在斯坦福大学2014年毕业典礼上的演讲。整个演讲以“乐观”为主线，强调了他们对科技的乐观态度，以及对世界美好未来的乐观态度。盖茨夫妇轮流讲述了自己的亲身经历和故事，告诉学生应该站在他人的立场上，感同身受那些处境不及自己的人，尽自己所能去帮助那些需要帮助的人，让全世界所有人类同胞都有一样的美好未来。 Stanford University. （斯坦福大学） BILL GATES: Congratulations, class of 2014! 比尔·盖茨：2014届毕业生，祝贺你们顺利毕业 (Cheers).（欢呼） Melinda and I are excited to be here. It would be a thrill for anyone to be invited to speak at a Stanford commencement, but it's especially gratifying for us. Stanford is rapidly becoming the favorite university for members of our family, and it's long been a favorite university for Microsoft and our foundation. 我和梅琳达怀着激动的心情与你们欢聚在此共贺毕业。能受邀到斯坦福大学学位授予典礼上做演讲是一件让人激动的事，对我们而言，这尤为荣幸。斯坦福大学正日渐成为我们家庭成员最喜爱的大学。而长久以来，斯坦福也是微软以及比尔与梅琳达基金会最喜爱的一所大学。” Our formula has been to get the smartest, most creative people working on the most important problems. It turns out that a disproportionate number of those people are at Stanford. (Cheers). 我们一直致力于让最聪颖有创造力的人攻克最为重要的问题。结果证明，一大部分这样的人才都来自于斯坦福校园。（欢呼） Right now, we have more than 30 foundation research projects underway here. When we want to learn more about the immune system to help cure the worst diseases, we work with Stanford. When we want to understand the changing landscape of higher education in the United States, so that more low-income students get college degrees, we work with Stanford. This is where genius lives. 如今，我们在这里进行着30多个研究项目。当我们想要通过对免疫系统的研究来寻找治愈世界上最可怕疾病的方法，我们需要斯坦福。当我们需要通过对美国高等教育的研究来帮助低收入学生上大学时，我们亦需要斯坦福。这便是人才的摇篮。 There's a flexibility of mind here, an openness to change, an eagerness for what's new. This is where people come to discover the future, and have fun doing it. 在这里，有着灵活的思维，对于改变的开放态度以及对新鲜事物的渴求。在这里，人们善于发现新事物，并乐享这份经历。
哈佛大学录取条件(中文完整版)
哈佛大学研究生博士生录取条件 一、基本资料 哈佛大学全校共设有13所学院。其中:本科生院2所，即哈佛学院与拉德克利夫学院；研究生院11所，即文理学院、商业管理学院、肯尼迪管理学院、设计学院、教育学院、法学院、神学院、医学院、牙医学院、公共卫生学院及大学扩展部等。 文理学院分为生物化学与分子生物学系、生物科学部、应用科学部、地质学系、化学系以及计算机技术研究中心等。 医学院分为细胞与进化生物学系、微生物与分子遗传学系、神经生物学系、生物化学系、生物学与生物物理学系、药物学系、免疫学委员会、与MIT合建的健康科学部等。 公共卫生学院的微生物学系。 设计学院的建筑系和设计专业等。 教育学院分为计划、管理和社会政策专业，教学、课程和学术环境专业，阅读、咨询心理专业和人的发展等。 二、硬性条件 （一）哈佛商业管理学院博士生项目(Harvard Business School-Doctor Program) Doctor Program（即博士课程）分两种，一种叫DBA(Doctor of Business Administration即工商管理博士),
另一种是PHD Program（即哲学博士学位） 材料要求： 1、完整的在线申请 2、简历 3、Statement of Purpose（即意向声明） 4、所有大学期间的课程的官方成绩单，要求在线上传(DBA：工商管理学博士的申请人可以自己汇报成绩，无需官方成绩单) 5、GMAT或者GRE成绩(成绩的有效期有规定，具体可查询官网) 6、TOEFL成绩不低于100分 7、三封推荐信--至少一封来自学术方面，只接受在线提交，不接受纸质版。 8、105美金的申请费(只接受信用卡支付) （二）哈佛文理学院研究生院 材料要求： 1、TOEFL成绩不低于80，只接受iBT（新托福）考试成绩 2、三封推荐信，至少一封来自以前就读的全日制大学的教师 3、GRE成绩单，部分专业也要求GRE subject（即单项成绩单）
比尔盖茨在哈佛大学毕业典礼上的演讲稿
比尔盖茨在哈佛大学毕业典礼上的演讲稿（英） 2011-06-19 00:47:16 标签：比尔盖茨休闲演讲比尔盖茨哈佛演讲生活 From:https://www.360docs.net/doc/2b7671884.html,/fllw/089262235563199.html President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates: I've been waiting more than 30 years to say this: Dad, I always told you I'd come back and get my degree. I want to thank Harvard for this timely honor. I'll be changing my job next year ... and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume. I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees. For my part, I'm just happy that the Crimson has called me Harvard's most successful dropout. I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class ... I did the best of everyone who failed.
(完整版)哈佛分析框架外文文献及翻译
经营分析与估值 克雷沙·G.帕利普保罗·M.希利 摘自书籍“Business Analysis and Valuation”第五版第一章节 1.简介 本章的目的是勾勒出一个全面的财务报表分析框架。因为财务报表提供给公共企业经济活动最广泛使用的数据，投资者和其他利益相关者依靠财务报告评估计划企业和管理绩效率。 各种各样的问题可以通过财务状况及经营分析解决，如下面的示例所示： 一位证券分析师可能会对问：“我的公司有多好？这家公司是否符合我的期望？如果没有，为什么不呢？鉴于我对公司当前和未来业绩的评估，该公司的股票价值是多少？” 一位信贷员可能需要问：“这家公司贷款给这家公司有什么贷款？公司管理其流动性如何？公司的经营风险是什么？公司的融资和股利政策所产生的附加风险是什么？“ 一位管理顾问可能会问：“公司经营的行业结构是什么？该策略通过在工业各个企业追求的是什么？不同企业在行业中的相对表现是什么？” 公司经理可能会问：“我的公司是正确的估值的投资者吗？是我们在通信程序中有足够的投资者来促进这一过程？” 财务报表分析是一项有价值的活动，当管理者在一个公司的战略和各种体制因素完成后，他们不可能完全披露这些信息。在这一设置中，外部分析师试图通过分析财务报表数据来创建“中端信息”，从而获得有价值的关于该公司目前业绩和未来前景的展望。 了解财务报表分析所做的贡献，这是很重要的理解在资本市场的运作，财务报告的作用，形成财务报表制度的力量。因此，我们首先简要说明这些力量，然后我们讨论的步骤，分析师必须执行，以提取信息的财务报表，并提供有价值的预测。 2.从经营活动到财务报表 企业管理者负责从公司的环境中获取物理和财务资源，并利用它们为公司的投资者创造价值。当公司在资本成本的超额投资时，就创造了价值。管理者制定经营战略，实现这一目标，并通过业务活动实施。企业的经营活动受其经济环境和经营战略的影响。经济环境包括企业的产业、投入和产出的市场，以及公司经营的规章制度。公司的业务战略决定企业如何定位自己的环境中获得竞争优势。 2.1会计制度特点1：权责发生制会计 企业财务报告的基本特征之一是权责发生制，它们是以权责发生制而不是现金会计制备的。不像现金会计，权责发生制会计与经济交流活动和实际收付现金相关的成本和效益的记录之间的区别。净收益是应计制会计下的主要周期性业绩指标。计算净收入，生态影响的经济交易记录的基础上的预期，并不一定是
Harvard referencing 3 哈佛大学参考文献格式指导 - (世界顶尖大学专用版)
References/Bibliography Harvard Style Based on Style manual for authors, editors and printers / revised by Snooks & Co. 2002 Quick guide - How to USE IT ?There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment. NOTE ?Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with your lecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the Academic Department. ?The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”. ?Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it. ?Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically. ?If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography. n FOR A BOOK The details required in order are: 1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible 2. year of publication 3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised) 4. series title and individual volume if any 5. edition, if other than first 6. publisher 7. place of publication 8. page number(s) if applicable ? One author Berkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York. Explanation of above citation ? Two or more authors Cengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn, McGraw Hill, London. Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the 21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.
哈佛校长2016年毕业典礼演讲
哈佛校长2016年毕业典礼演讲 Greetings, alumni, graduates, families, and friends. It is such a pleasure to see you all he re and offercongratulations on this day of celebration. I am in the unenviable role of war m-up act for one ofthe greatest storytellers of our - or any other - time. Nevertheless, m y assignment is to offer a fewreflections on this magnificent institution at this moment in its history. And what a moment it is! From comments of astonished pundits on television, in print, and online, to conversations withbewildered friends and colleagues, the question seems unavoidable and mesmerizin g: What is goingon? What is happening to the world? The tumultuous state of American politics, spotlighted in thiscontentious presidential contest; the political challenges around the globe from Brazil to Brexit; theMiddle East in flames; a refugee crisis in Europe; terr orists exploiting new media to perform chillingacts of brutality and murder; climate-relate d famine in Africa and fires in Canada. It is as if we arebeing visited by the horsemen of t he apocalypse with war, famine, natural disaster and, yes, evenpestilence - as Zika sprea ds, aided by political controversy and paralysis. As extraordinary as these times may seem to us, Harvard reminds us we have been here before. Itis in some ways reassuring at this 365th Commencement to recall all that Harv ard has enduredover centuries. A number of these festival rites took place under clouds of war; others in times offinancial crisis and despair; still others in face of epidemics - fro m smallpox in the 17th century tothe devastating flu of 1918 to the H1N1 virus just a fe w years ago. Harvard has not just survivedthese challenges, but has helped to confront t hem. We sing in our alma mater about "Calm risingthrough change and through storm." What does that mean for today's crises? Where douniversities fit in this threatening mix? What can we do? What should we do? What must we do? We are gathered today in Tercentenary Theatre, with Widener Library and Memorial Chu rchstanding before and behind us, enduring symbols of Harvard's larger identity and pur poses,testaments to what universities do and believe at a time when we have never nee ded them more.And much is at stake, for us and for the world. We look at Widener Library and see a great edifice, a backdrop of giant columns where p hotos aretaken and 27 steps are worn down ever so slightly by the feet of a century of st udents andscholars. We also see a repository of learning, with 57 miles of shelving at the heart of a librarysystem of some 17 million books, a monument to reason and knowledg e, to the collection andpreservation of the widest possible range of beliefs, and experienc es, and facts that fuel free inquiryand our constantly evolving understanding. A vehicle fo r Veritas - for exploring the path to truthwherever it may lead. A tribute to the belief that knowledge matters, that facts matter - in thepresent moment, as a basis for the informe
2020年哈佛大学申请材料及注意事项
2020年哈佛大学申请材料及注意事项 哈佛大学申请过程 学校期待能在你的申请书中了解你。 先从提交一份带有以下材料的完整申请书开始： ·申请书和补充材料 ·75美元（折合人民币约504元）申请费用或者费用减免 ·中学报告（包括成绩单）以及期中学校报告 ·ACT/SAT（有无写作皆可） ·两门SAT科目考试（建议参加，家庭困难学生例外） ·可选择：大学预修考试、IB或其他考试成绩 PS：IB即是国际文凭组织IBO （InternationalBaccalaureateOrganisation）为全球学生开设的高中课程，同时也是大学预科课程，学制两年，授课语言为英语，主要目的是让学生接受国际教育，为将来在世界著名大学深造打下基础。 ⑵申请书 学校接受CommonApplication、UniversalCollegeApplication 和CoalitionApplication。招生委员会会平等对待每一份申请。尽快完成并提交你的材料以确保学校能够及时充分地考虑你的申请。如果你使用CommonApplication的话，你一定要在支持材料（中学报告、老师报告等）可以寄送给学校之前提交申请书。直到你提交完所有申请材料，你的申请才会转交给哈佛大学招生办公室。UniversalCollegeApplication不要求同样的过程。 ⑶学校收到申请时
在接收申请后的两周内，学校就会发送一份接收确认信给你。如果两周后你没有收到确认信，请尽快联系学校。选择已提交申请（“YourSubmittedApplication”）板块，选择下拉菜单的确认申请接收（“ConfirmReceiptofApplication”），或者直接打电话到617-495-1551。 请注意：学校直到九月末才会开始查看申请，所以申请确认信最早也是九月中旬发送。 ⑷申请费用或费用减免 ·你可以通过CommonApplication，CoalitionApplication，orUniversalCollegeApplication的网站使用信用卡在线支付申请费用 ·你也可以将支票或邮政汇票寄到马萨诸塞州02138剑桥布拉特尔大街86号哈佛大学招生办，请将申请人名字写在单子上。 ·费用减免：不要因为申请费用而没能申请学校。本着学校的荣誉准则精神，如果这一费用对你和你的家庭来说是一种负担，也可以减免这笔费用。你和你的咨询顾问可以用一份官方表格，你或你的咨询顾问写一封简单的邮件请求学校减免费用。这一详细信息可在哈佛大学官网常见问题（FrequentlyAskedQuestions）中找到。 ⑸学校补充材料 使用CommonApplication完成哈佛问题。如果你正在使用的是UniversalCollegeApplication，那就在完成补充材料之后，在线提交或者邮寄给招生办公室。 ⑹学校报告和期中学校报告（包括成绩单） 学校报告必须由你的学校顾问或者学校其他导师完成。请求他们尽快完成并把学校报告寄送到哈佛办公室。你的学校也必须提交一份官方高中成绩单，最好是通过Parchment/DocufideorScrip-safeInternational在线提交。
哈佛参考文献注释体系与学术规范
哈佛参考文献注释体系与学术规范 ――－Harvard System简介 Harvard System and Academic Discipline: A Brief Introduction of Harvard System 孙亚玲傅淳 Abstract：Academic discipline is a serious issue. It covers a broad category. This paper, however, focuses mainly on introduction of Harvard System. And to do this, the authors intend to set forth the importance of referencing objectively, precisely, formally, and faithfully when doing academic research. Additionally, because we are now doing more and more academic exchanges with the out world, especially, we need to publish our research papers in foreign academic periodicals, it is necessary for us to know some foreign disciplines. Otherwise, our papers will be devaluated and refused because of not correspond to their academic discipline. 摘要：学术规范是一个严肃的问题。学术规范的领域非常广泛，本文仅以介绍哈佛参考文献注释体系为开端阐述学术研究中客观、准确、规范、如实地呈现参考文献的重要性。另外，由于我们和外界越来越多地学术交流，特别是要将我们的研究成果介绍到国外，在国外的学术刊物上发表，我们就有必要了解国外的一些规范，否则，就可能会因为不合他们的规范而使我们的高质量研究成果被拒之门外。 关键词：参考文献哈佛注释体系学术规范 Keyword: reference Harvard System Academic discipline 一、为什么要有参考文献？ 在撰写学术研究的成果时，我们在文中都要提及他人的研究成果，这一过程叫做参考或引用。对于一篇学术论文来说，无疑论文的内容是最主要的，但从科研的规律来看，任何研究都是在前人研究的基础上进行的，所以，学术论文引用、参考、借鉴他人的科研成果，都是很正常的，而且是必需的。它表明作者对与本课题有关的国内外研究现状的了解程度，从中能够发现该课题目前的研究解决了什么问题？没解决什么问题？哪些问题是急需要解决的？哪些问题虽然重要但目前仍解决不了的？可能的前景是什么？等等。它也能说明作者是站在一个什么样的高度，以什么为起点进行研究的。如果没有一定的阅读量，就不能反映作者对本领域的研究动态的把握。因而，如实地呈现参考文献不仅表明作者对他人劳动的尊重与承认、对他人研究成果的实事求是的科学态度，也展示作者的阅读量的大小。如果论文中直接或间接地引用了他人的学术观点、数据、材料、结论等，而作者又没能如实地交待出处，则被认为是不道德的甚至会因此而被指控为“剽窃罪”。在国外，许多大学和学术团体，无论是学生提交的作业还是研究人员提交的研究报告、论文或专著对此都有明确的要求，否则将不予通过，甚至做严肃处理。[1] 因此，参考文献要求正确、准确地使用，不能把别人的成果据为己有，更不能随意更改。对于引用的文章内容，要忠实原文，不可断章取义、为我所用；不能前后矛盾、牵强附会；无论引用的是原文或者只是阐述了别人的观点，也无论所引用的材料是否已经公开出版，都要明白无误地表明出处。