2019年英语高考一轮复习语法知识 It用法

一、概述

小小的it在英语中却扮演着非常重要的角色,它使语言更加生动流畅。

本章将it法分为指代性用法和非指代性用法,对于指代性用法从人称代词和指示代词两方面进行了详尽阐述,将非指代性用法的it分为“虚义”it、“先行”it和“分裂句引导词”it分别予以阐述。

将it用法看作一种分析问题的方法,在具体的语言环境中要能准确判断it的相应用法。

二、分类及用法

总的来说,根据it在运用中是否具有指代性,可将it用法分为两大类:一、指代性it,二、非指代性it。

1、指代性it包括:人称代词it、指示代词it。

(1)人称代词

代词it一般指物不指人。如:

You shouldn’t hunt the deer and kill it.

The cupboard is used to put files on and it is made of steel.

但it可指代不知性别的婴儿和小孩。如:

What is it? A boy or girl?

His sister gives birth to baby, it is very lovely.

it表示鄙视、轻蔑的含义时,也可指人。如:

What a bad and mean man it is.

在电话用语中要用人称代词it。如:

Who is it speaking? (而不说who are you speaking?)

(2)指示代词

①it作为指示代词可以指人,尤其指不知名的人。如:

—Who is knocking at the door?

—It is Tom.

②it可用于指代名词(或名词短语)和整个句子,既可指代前面已提到的事物或事情,也可指代后面出现的事物或事情。如:

I put my pen in the drawer but now I can’t find it.(it指代pen)

—Whose is the car?

—It is Mrs. Brown’s.(it指代the car)

You have saved my life; I will remember it forever.(it指代第一个分句)

Here it is, the walkman you just bought.(it指代walkman)

It is worthy and meaningful —I’ve paid a visit to the famous mountain.(it指代后一句I’ve paid a visit to the famous mountain.)

There is no any doubt about it, the earth goes around the sun.(it指代后一句the earth goes around the sun)

③it也可以指复数名词。如:

—Who is playing cards upstairs?

—It may be the workers.

下面补充说明一点,关于which指代一个句子和it指代一个句子的区别。

which作为关系代词,用在定语从句中,尤其是非限制性定语从句中,常常用以指代which前的整

个句子,也就是说which用以指代整个句子,必须依赖定语从句才能实现。而it作为指示代词,既可指前面提到的句子也可指后面提到的句子,it指代的是前一个或后一个单独的分句,所以it前后都是完整的分句,所以it前常出现分号或and、but等并列连词,而which前常出现逗号作为非限制性定语从句的标志,不能出现分号或and、but等并列连词,否则定语从句便不存在了。如:

He was admitted to a key university, which made his family very happy.(正)

He was admitted to a key university, it made his family very happy.(误)

因为两分句之间是逗号,而每个句中都有相应的谓语动词was admitted和made,在一个句中只能出现一个谓语动词,所以第二个是错的,而第一句作为一个定语从句,作为一种主从复合句,主句和从句都必须是完整的句子,所以各有其相应的谓语动词was admitted和made是完全合理的,所以第一句是正确的。

He was admitted to a key university; it made his family very happy.(正)

He was admitted to a key university; which made his family very happy.(误)

He was admitted to a key university and it made his family very happy.(正)

He was admitted to a key university and which made his family very happy.(误)

分号和and作为并列句的标志,它们前后应是独立完整的句子,所以便失去了定语从句的语言环境,which便没有任何的指代功能。因此第一句是正确的,而第二句是错误的。

2、非指代性it包括:“虚义”it、“先行”it和“分裂句引导词”it。

(1)“虚义”it

“虚义”it是一种非指代性it,以示区别于人称代词it,用以指代天气、时间、距离、自然现象、环境

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