商务文书翻译原文译文汇总(1-30)
1 Product: Seagull brand energy-saving battery
2 Model: DMC
3 Specification: 72V/200 Ah
4 Height: 47.5mm
5 Width: 115.5mm
6 Length: 215.5mm
7 Features of the products: Safe, environmental protection and easy to carry with
8 Using Instruction: Please charge no more than 6 hours each time and no less than 12 hours for the first charging.
9 Warning: Please don’t put the battery into the fire nor store it in the high temperature environment.
1 品牌：海鸥牌节能电池
2 型号：DMC
3 规格：72伏特/200 安
4 厚度：47.5毫米
5 宽度：115.5毫米
6 长度：215.5毫米
7 产品特色：安全环保、携带方便
8 使用说明：一次充电时间不超过6小时；首次充电至少12小时。
9 警告：严禁将电池放入火中，不要将电池储存在高温环境。
No.2
Lotus Slippers, BuyOne and Get One Free!
The Lotus slippers made by our company are reasonable in price and excellent in quality, which are extremely suitable for all ages. Our products have various colors as well as abundant types with different styles. The slippers are made of environmental protection materials which have neither pollution nor special smelling with exquisite workmanship. In order to show our appreciation for the new and old customers, we’ll hold promotion activities in October, during which you can buy one and get one for free. Welcome to select and purchase our products!
莲花牌拖鞋，买一送一！
我公司莲花牌系列拖鞋价格合理、品质一流，适合各种年龄层使用。颜色种类繁多、款式多样。使用环保布料，无污染，无特殊气味，做工精致。为感谢新老客户的厚爱，特举行十月促销活动，活动期间，买一送一，欢迎选购。
Beauty Brand Furniture Specification
Brand: Beauty
Manufacturer: Hunan Provincial Light Industrial Products Corporation Ltd. Model: DMZ
Height: 2m
Length: 2.5m
Width: 3m
Color: Gray
Usage: Office
Material: Environmental protection woods with water proof function Installation: Please operate according to the specification strictly; All the spare parts are contained in the sealed carton.
Quality assurance: One-month free of change, three-month free of maintenance Caution: Avoid long time sunlight
If you have any problem, please do not hesitate to call us at 400-123-455.
美丽牌家具产品说明
品牌：美丽
产家：湖南省轻工业品进出口公司
型号：DMZ
高度：2米
长度：2.5米
宽度：3米
颜色：灰色
用途：办公室
材料：环保木材，具备防水功能
安装: 请严格按照说明书指令操作；所有零部件都在密封的纸盒中。
质量保证：一个月免费更换，三个月保修。
注意事项：避免长时间日照。
如有任何问题，请随时致电400-123-455.
Plastic Food Container
Brand: Rubbermaid
Manufacturer: SKP
Product Dimensions: 8×16×10 inches
Weight： 1 pounds
Product Description: Square in shape and allow for easy of stacking; BPA free；Safe to use in refrigerator, freezer, microwave, and dishwasher；Ideal to store cookies, cupcakes and other baked goods. Perfect food storage choice for family outing and picnic party. With Rubbermaid's plastic food container, you'll find storage and organization a breeze!
塑料食品储藏盒
品牌名称：Rubbermaid
制造商：SKP
产品尺寸：8×16×10英寸
重量：1 磅
产品描述：方形，可叠放。不含BPA。可在冰箱、冻柜、微波炉、洗碗机中安全使用。适合储存曲奇杯，蛋糕和其它烘培食物。是全家出游，野餐聚会食物储存的完美选择。有了Rubbermaid塑料食品储藏盒，你会发现储存、组织如此简单（a breeze 不费吹灰之力）！
No.5
Directions:Translatethe following agenda into Chinese.
Morning Afternoon
Monday
（Dec. 2nd）9:00-11:00 a.m.
meet with Mr. Liu, manager of
Hunan Provincial Light
Industrial Products Corporation
Ltd. 2：00-4：00 p.m.
visit the plant
Tuesday
（Dec. 3rd）9：00-10：00 a.m.
do market research 2：00-4：00 p.m.
attend the annual meeting of
import & export department
Wednesday
（Dec. 4th）draw up the contract
Thursday
（Dec. 5th）9：00-12：00 a.m.
discuss the details of the
contract 2:30-3:00 p.m.
sign the contract with Hunan
Provincial Light Industrial
ProductsCorporationLtd.
Friday （Dec.
6th）8：00-12：00 a.m.
Visit the place of interest 2:00 p.m.
take flight CS2018 to go back to
NO.6
Tide Washing Powder
Product dimensions：5×5×5 inches
Weight：2.64 pounds
Product Description ：Does not irritate sensitive skin
Non-toxic and safe
For High Efficiency washing machines. When filling the washer with water, add the powder, then add the clothing. This helps ensure that the powder is dissolved and properly distributed in the wash water. This washing powder is concentrated formula so you can use 1/3 less than previous non-concentrated formula and get the same great Tide clean.
汰渍洗衣粉
产品尺寸：5×5×5英寸
重量：2.64磅
产品说明：不会刺激敏感皮肤无毒，安全
供高效洗衣机使用。在往洗衣机里注水时，投入洗衣粉，然后再添加衣物。这有助于洗衣粉溶解，均匀分布在水中。本洗衣粉是超浓缩配方（配方
formula），因此相比于之前的非浓缩配方可以少用1/3的量，但获得同等的
汰渍清洁效果。
No.7
Happiness Coffeemaker
The Happiness Coffeemaker introduces an evolutionary new look in coffeemakers. Its bright red makes it a brilliant new addition to any kitchen. Fully programmable from start to finish, with adjustable Keep Warm temperature control, 1-4 cup setting, adjustable auto shutoff from 0 to 4 hours and a self clean indicator it's the ideal coffeemaker for today's demanding consumer. It is simple and easy to use. Happiness coffeemaker, your best choice!
幸福牌咖啡壶
幸福牌咖啡壶演变了一个新颖的咖啡壶形象。它明亮的红是任何厨房新增的亮点。从开始到结束全程序化，并有可调节的保温温度控制。1到4杯的容量设置，从零到四小时的自动控制关闭，以及自动清洗提示，幸福牌咖啡壶是今天要求较高顾客的理想咖啡壶。简单易操作，幸福咖啡壶，您最好的选择！
No.8
JobWanted
In order to open up overseas markets, our company needs qualified international trade salespersons. The candidates should be familiar with business knowledge, business negotiation skills, and good abilities of listening, speaking, reading, writing, and translating. Good communication ability and tremendous working enthusiasm are also the ideal qualities for our candidates. Those who have working experience may receive preference. For more details please call at 12345678.
Hunan Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Import and Export Group Corp. Ltd.
招聘启示
公司为开拓海外市场，特招聘外贸业务员数名。应聘者需通晓商务知识，熟悉商务谈判技巧；并有较好的听、说、读、写、译能力良好的沟通能里和巨大的工作热情；有工作经验者优先。如需了解更多细节请拨打12345678与我们联系。
湖南省粮油食品进出口集团有限公司
No.9
Characteristics of the Product
1. Rich in vitamins, microelements, amino acids(氨基酸), fish powder, growth promoting agent, acidulant(酸化剂), environment-protection preventive medicine additive etc.
2. Good in palatability(适口性). Because of this, pigs like to eat and sleep well after eating it. The fur of the pigs will be shiny and the skin will be rosy after 3-7 days’feeding.
3. High in survival rate, easy to raise, uneasy to fall ill, rapid in growth, well-proportioned in body.
产品特点
1. 富含多种维生素、微量元素、氨基酸、鱼粉、促生长剂、酸化剂、环保型预防性药物添加剂等。
2. 产品适口性好，猪采食早、肯吃、喜睡、连喂3—7天后皮毛光亮红润。
3. 成活率高、易饲养、不易生病、生长迅速、体态匀称。
No.10
This health-care food contains Vitamin C, Orange juice powder, Starch（淀粉）, etc.
It's a healthy food that can supply vitamin C.
Ingredients: Vitamin C, Orange juice powder, Dextrin, Starch, etc.
Function: Supply Vitamin C.
Active ingredient and content: Vitamin C: 100mg per pill.
Direction for Use: The average dose if1 pill3 times daily, orally.
Attentions: This product cannot replace medicines. Please do not take more than recommended amount or with other nutrients supplement of the same type.
本品是以维生素C、橘子果汁粉、淀粉等为主要原料制成的保健食，具有补充维生素C的保健功能。
【主要原料】维生素C、橘子果汁粉、淀粉等
【保健功能】补充维生素C
【功效成分及含量】每片含：维生素C100mg
【用法】平均日剂量为每日3次、每次1片。口服。
【注意事项】本品不能代替药物；不宜超过推荐量或与同类营养素补充剂同时食用。No.11
No.12
Location of the Generator Room
●Install it on the ground or onthe roof.
●If the installment is restricted, install the main engine and
the pumps(泵组)in the basement。Install the cooling tower
on the ground or on the roof.
●If installed in the basement, don’t choose metal generator
room. The main engine and pumps should be in the same
generator room to reduce the use of pipe.
机房选址
安装在地面或屋顶。
如受条件限制，可以将主机及泵组安装在地下室，冷却
塔安装在地面或安装在屋顶。
安装在地下室时不选择金属机房，主机及泵组应放于同一机房以减少管道。
No.13
Innovair Air-Conditioner Starts Wonderful Life
Innovative technology, superior quality.
Fast cooling, low noise.
Scientific design, excellent appearance.
The forerunner of the age of air conditioner, the leader of the age of air conditioner. Taking Innovair Air-conditioner to home, you can enjoy coolness for a whole summer. Taking Innovair Air-conditioner to home, you can enjoy comfort for good. Innovair Air-conditioner, makes a better life.
Innovair Air-conditioner, splendid life will be in your hands.
Innovair空调，开启美好生活
创新科技，优良品质。
快速制冷，极低噪音。
设计科学，外观精致。
空调时代的开创者，空调时代的领先人。
将Innovair空调带回家，可以清凉一夏季;
将Innovair空调带回家，能够享受一辈子。
Innovair空调，原来生活可以更美好。
No.14
Features of product
Luxury wide door series. No door handle, open it by pulling of the door edge. High cooling efficiency and better energy saving.
Safety information
Pull out the mains plug when you repair or clean the machine.
Transportation and placement
Do not move the appliance by holding a door or door handle.
You should lift it from the bottom.
Connecting the appliance
The rated voltage of the appliance is 220V alternating current and the rated frequency is 50Hz.
产品特点
豪华宽门系列。无门把手，门边开门；制冷效率更高、更节能。
安全注意事项
维修或清洁冰箱时，必须拔下电源插头。
搬运和放置
不可抓着门或门把手来搬运冰箱。应从底部抬起冰箱。
电器联接
冰箱的额定电压为交流220V ，额定频率为50Hz。
No.15
Equipped with a dual air flow system and fresh air device, this air conditioner ensures comfortable temperatures in all seasons. Supplying fresh air with a ventilator, the air conditioner can filter dust and absorbs humidity. It creates an ideal environment for living and working. Besides, with compactor designed and made in China, the air conditioner is compact in structure, elegant in design, efficient, reliable, low in sound and easy to operate.
本型号空调装有高低两档风量和新风装置，因此可供冬暖夏凉之用。通过通风装置不断补充新鲜空气，过滤空气中的尘埃和吸收湿气，可提供一个较好的工作和生活环境。由于该机采用国内自行设计制造的压缩机，整机结构紧凑、外型美观、效率高、噪音低、使用方便。
No.16
Your cellphone is a product of superior design and craftsmanship and should be treated with care. To obtain the best performance, please read the following
instructions
carefully.
·Keep the cellphone dry.
·Do not use or store the cellphone industy, dirty areas.
·Do not attempt to open the cellphone other than as instructed in this guide.
·Do not drop, knock, or shake the device.
·Use chargers indoors.
您的手机为设计优越、做工精良之产品，应妥善维护、保养。请仔细阅读以下说明，以便发挥最佳性能。
·请保持手机干燥。
·请勿在有灰尘、肮脏的地方使用或放置手机。
·请按本手册说明打开手机，切勿尝试其他方法。
·请勿摔打或晃动手机。
·请在室内充电。
No.17
Job Wanted
Marketing Assistant
Responsibility:
1 Responsible for the local management of marketing and sales activities according to the instruction from the head office.
2 Collect related information to the head office.
3 Provide assistance to the marketing manager for routine work
4 Responsible for file management and client receiving
Requirements:
1 College diploma and above
2 Good English and computer skills
3 Related working experience in the international organization
4 Patient, careful, supportive.
5 Has strong team wok spirit.
If you have interest, please send your resume via e-mail.
招聘启事
营销助理
职责：
1 按照总部指令，负责本地营销管理和销售活动
2 为总部收集相关信息
3 为营销经理提供日常事务协助
4 负责文件管理和客户接待
要求：
1大专文凭及以上学历
2良好的英语和计算机技能
3 国际机构相关工作经验
4 耐心、仔细、协作
With reference to your letter of August 18th, we are glad to know that the cargo was delivered promptly.
We regret, however, that case No. 24 did not contain the goods you ordered. We have made investigation on the matter and found that we did make a mistake in loading. We have arranged for the correct goods to be dispatched to you at once. The relevant documents will be mailed to you once they are ready.
We apologize for causing you a good dealof inconvenience.
从贵公司8月18日来信获悉货物及时抵达，甚慰。
很抱歉第24 号箱未提供所订购货物。经调查，发现确是装载时出了纰漏。所缺货物已安排即时发运。有关文件也将在装运准备后立即寄送给贵方。给贵公司带来诸多不便，本公司深感歉疚。
No.19
MH&W International Corp. Meeting of the Board of Directors
Date: December 11, 2013
Time: 9:00 a.m.-11:00 a.m.
Location: Conference Room, 7 th Floor MIT Building.
Agenda
1. Financial report—Mr. Lee (Vice President of Finance)
Report on last year’s performance.
2. Business plan—Mr. Blake (Vice President of Marketing)
Analysis of business plan for 2014, including income, budget, and new clients.
3. New business—Mr. Smith (CEO)
Discussion of future cooperation with Sany Group.
4. Travel policy—Mr. Smith (CEO)
Discussion of what and how employees are paid when travel for business purposes. MH&W 国际公司董事会会议
日期：2013年12 月11日
时间：上午九时至上午十一时
地点：MIT大厦7楼会议室
4 议程：
1. 财务报告—李先生（财务副总裁）
去年的业绩报告
2. 商业计划—布莱克（市场副总裁）
2014年的商业计划分析：收入、预算、新客户
3. 新业务—史密斯先生（行政总裁）
讨论未来与三一集团的合作
4. 旅费政策—史密斯先生（行政总裁）
讨论有关职员出差旅费项目及支付方法。
Dear Sirs,
Enclosed is our new price list which will come into effect from the end of this month. You will see that we have increased our prices on most models as we are paying 10% more for our raw materials than we were paying last year. As you know, we take great pride in our reputation for high-quality products. We will not compromise that reputation because of rising costs. We hope you will understand our position and look forward to your orders.
Yours faithfully,
Lin Xiong
Sales Manager
敬启者：
现谨附上本公司新价格表，新价格将于本月底生效。我们的大部分货品已调升价格, 此次调整原因是原材料价格升幅上涨10%。我公司以产品质量优良的声誉而自豪。今为确保产品质量，唯有稍为调整价格。上述情况，还望考虑。愿能与贵公司保持紧密合作。
销售经理
林雄谨上No.21
Product Description
Product Name: Drilling Rig (钻机)
Brand Name: Sany
Model Number: HYDX-6
1.HYDX-6 Drilling Rig is developed on the basis of the advanced techniques in the
world.
2.HYDX-6 is reasonable in design, excellent in performance, easy for operation and
convenient for maintenance.
3.The engine of the machine is professionally designed to reduce noise and other
contamination.
4.The advanced technique helps the machine reduce its consumption of energy to
the minimum extent.
产品说明书
产品名称：钻机
品牌名称：三一
型号：HYDX-6
1. HYDX-6钻机是采用世界先进技术研制而成。
2．HYDX-6钻机设计合理，性能优良，操作容易，维修方便。
3. HYDX-6钻机的发动机设计专业，以便减少噪音和污染。
4. 这种先进技术能将能源的消耗减少到最小程度。
No.22
Dear Sirs,
Thank you for your letter of 10 October. We are surprised to hear that you consider our price too high. Much as we would like to do business with you, we regret to say that we cannot entertain your counter offer.
If you could improve your offer, please let us know. Since supplies of this product are limited at the moment, we would ask you to act quickly.
We assure you that any further enquiries from you will receive our prompt attention.
Yours faithfully,
Lin Xiong
Sales Manager 敬启者：
多谢10月10日来函。得悉贵公司认为我方报价太高，颇感意外。虽欲与贵公司达成交易，无奈未能接受贵公司还价，实属遗憾。
若蒙修改还盘条款，还请赐知。现时该产品供应有限，尚请从速采取行动。
欢迎随时询价，以效微劳。
销售经理
林雄谨上No.23
A Junior Secretary Wanted
Sany Group is a Chinese multinational heavy machinery manufacturing company. The company is looking for a junior secretary in Sales & Marketing Department.
Duties:
1)Assist Manager for daily office work.
2)Provide assistance in preparing trading documents.
3)Coordinate with clients ( China and Overseas).
Requirements:
1)Bachelor’s degree in marketing, internati onal trade or relevant discipline.
2)Experienced in international trading.
3)Excellent command of written and spoken Mandarin and English.
4)Good team spirit, mature, stable character, positive attitude.
Contact Information:
HR Manager: sunny chen Email: sunny.y.chen@https://www.360docs.net/doc/2d11733488.html,
招聘初级秘书
三一集团是国内一家跨国重型机械制造企业。现正招聘市场营销部初级秘书。
职责：
1）协助经理处理日常办公工作。
2）协助准备各项贸易文件。
3）协调国内外客户。
要求：
1）具有市场营销、国际贸易或其他相关专业的学士学位。
2）具有国际贸易工作经验。
3）具备优秀的普通话和英语写作能力及口头表达能力。
4）具备良好的团队合作精神，性格成熟稳重，态度积极。
联系方式：
人力资源部经理：陈经理（sunny）
电子邮件：sunny.y.chen@https://www.360docs.net/doc/2d11733488.html,
No.24
Dear Sirs,
We are pleased to receive your letter of 5 July and enclose our catalogue and price list. Also by separate post we are sending you the samples of our products. Our catalogue contains items and their specifications of our supplies. Through comparing our prices with those of other suppliers, you will appreciate the moderate prices of ours. If the order is large enough, we would allow special discount for you.
Thanks again and we are looking forward to establishing business relationship with you.
Zhang
Manager of Import and Export Department
Sany Group
敬启者：
很高兴收到贵公司7月5日来函。现寄上产品目录与价目表。同时另封寄去样品，请查收。
所寄产品目录包括本公司产品的品名、规格。与其他厂商的价格比较，我方的报价定会使贵方满意。
如贵方订单够大，我方将给您优惠。
再次感谢，盼与贵方建立贸易关系。
进出口部
张经理
三一集团
$147.49 Pebble Series Fireworks
Dynamic offers the Pebble series fireworks on its website, Model No.201BR, with a $20 Dynamic Gift Card for $147.49 with free shipping.
Scroll down to “Special Offers and Product Promotions” and click “Add Both to Cart.”This product is your best choice for Christmas, New Year, Weddings, Parties, Halloween, Easter, Promotions, Religion Events, Sports Events, Other celebrations, etc.
Visit the official website of Dynamic, create your own account, you will get an extra 10% off for you first purchase.
Free shipping via coupon code HOLIDAY when you checkout.
Pebble系列烟花，购满147.49美元，享促销优惠
Dynamic网站送优惠，购型号No.201BR Pebble系列烟花满147.49美元送价值20美元的礼品卡，并免费送货。
登录网站，向下滚动到“特价和促销”，点击“添加两者到购物车”。
本产品是您的最佳选择，可用于圣诞节、新年、婚礼、聚会、万圣节、复活节、产品促销、宗、体育等各项庆祝活动及其他庆典等。
登录官方网站，创建帐户，第一次购买将获10%的折扣。
结账时输入优惠卷代码“HOLIDAY”享受免费送货。
No.26
Safety guide for a fireworks party:
Always purchase from a reputable dealer
Only light fireworks on a smooth, flat surface away from flammable materials Check for risk and prepare your firing areas.
Keep an eye on the weather-especially wind direction and wind speed.
Do not handle fireworks if under the influence of alcohol or medication.
The firer should have a minimum of ear, eye and skin protection.
Maintain the safety distances throughout your display.
If a firework doesn’t light, or doesn’t work after the fuse burns all the way down, it’s called a dud. Wait at least 20 minutes after lighting the fuse and then place the dud into the bucket of water.
烟火晚会安全指南
选择有信誉的经销商购买烟火。
远离易燃易爆物品，仅限在平整的平地燃放烟火。
检查是否有潜在危险，并准备好燃放区域。
仔细观察天气——尤其是风向和风速。
如果受到酒精或药物影响，不要燃放烟火。
燃放者至少要保护好耳、眼睛和皮肤。
烟火燃放过程中，要保持安全距离。
如果烟花没有点燃，或者导火线完全燃完后也没燃放，则称为哑弹。待导火线点燃后至少等待20分钟后，将哑弹放入装了水的水桶中。
9 square meters(3X3m) standard booths, including:
1.Basic booth, with 1 electric socket of 3 amperes (maximum 500 W)
2.Three-sides walls 3m long X 3m wide x 2.5m high (white)
3.Brand Sign (3.5m high, including Chinese and English name of company and the
booth number)
4.Including: 1 square table, 2 chairs, three shooting lights, booth carpet. Notices:
1.All standard booths should be design and installed by our pavilion or the
organizer.
2.All standard booths are only for rental purposes.
3.Any decoration of standard booth are not more than 2.5 meters, or beyond the
prescribed range, including lintel and signs.
9平米（3X3米）标准展位，包括：
1．基本展位，3安倍的电源插座1个（最大500W）。
2．3面墙：3米长X3米宽X2.5米高（白色）
3．品牌商标（3.5米高，包括公司中英文名称和展位号）
4．包括1张正方形桌子，2把椅子，三只射灯以及展位地毯。
注意事宜：
1.所有标准展位应该由我们展馆或主办方设计和安装。
2.所有标准展位仅用于租赁。
3.标准展位的任何装饰都不超过2.5米，或不超出规定的范围，包括门楣和标志。No.28
FIREWORKS ASSORTMENTS
Assortments are packages of fireworks that come in all sizes, prices, and types. They can range from $10 to $300 in price. Because all the fireworks come together in one box, they are much cheaper-for example, a $ 50 assortment might contain fireworks that would cost $80 if bought separately. If you’re new to consumer fireworks that not quite sure what to get，or you’re planning to do your own display, an assortment will provide you with a nice variety of items that will save you time and money that you’d otherwise spend getting individual fireworks.
烟花套盒
烟花套盒是由不同尺寸、价格和类型的烟花组合而成的烟花包。价格从10美元到300美元不等。因为所有的烟花打包到一个盒子，总体价格要更便宜。比如，单独购买一个烟花套盒只需50美元，如果分开购买，将花费80美元。如果你对购买烟花不太了解，不太确信买什么烟花，或者计划个人的烟花表演。烟花套盒能为你提供各种各样不错的烟花品种。不然，你又得花费时间和金钱去挑选单个的烟花。
WHEELS Fireworks
Wheels are fireworks that are designed to be attached to some sort of vertical support立式支座, usually by a nail. When lit, they spin around their center emitting showers of sparks, crackle噼啪声、爆裂声, and whistles口哨声、汽笛声. They spin at incredible speeds, looking like a circle of blazing炽热的，发光的fire floating in midair. Most wheels are powered by several engines (called drivers) which fire in sequence.
Unlike most rocket propellants(推进剂) (which are designed to lift the rocket up into the air and not give color), the propellant used in wheel drivers burns to produce rich colors, sparks, crackle, etc.
Because the wheel spins so fast, it appears that there are “rings” of fire. When each driver is exhausted, the fire is transferred by another fuse to the next driver, which starts up again and continues the process (usually with a different effect). This usually happens so fast that the wheel doesn’t have time to stop spinning.
旋转烟花
旋转烟花常常是用钉子将烟花固定在某种立式支座上。点燃烟花后，烟花围绕中心旋转并发出阵阵火花，劈啪声和口哨声。它们以惊人的速度旋转，看起来就像是一圈炽热的火光漂浮在半空中。大多数旋转都是由几个引擎（称为驱动程序）依次发射推动的。
与大多数火箭推进剂（主要是将火箭发送到空中，不显示颜色）不同，用于旋转驱动程序的推进剂燃烧后则呈现五彩斑斓、火花飞舞的美丽图案。由于旋转速度很快，好似一轮“火环”在飞舞。每一个驱动程序燃烧完后，燃烧物又由导火线传送到下一个驱动程序。驱动程序又重新启动并继续重复这个过程（通常具有不同的效果）。这一过程通常发生得太快，旋转完全没有时间停下来。
No.30
User guide:
Immersion or spray after dilution.
Safety guide:
This product should be prevented from splashing into the eyes, take relevant protection measures in case of long time contact.
Do not swallow so as to avoid physiological harm.
Precautions: Spray again in case of big rain within an hour; do not use in windy days. Preservation conditions: should be kept in a cool and dry place.
Shelf life: two years.
用户指南：
稀释后浸泡或喷洒。
安全指南：
本品应防止溅入眼睛。长时间接触时应采取相应保护措施。
不要吞咽，以免造成生理伤害。
注意事项：
一小时内，如遇大雨，则再喷一次。不要在大风天使用。
贮藏条件：
贮存于阴凉、干燥的地方。
保质期：两年
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
新编剑桥商务英语(中级)课文翻译[精品文档]
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商务翻译实践文本1.doc
“No innovation can replace direct discussions” From Fortune, July 26, 2004 That’s what Samsung CEO Jong-Yong Yun, whose company prizes technology, says about understanding local markets. Going global has always been a tricky business. For many people, the emergence of a global economy has meant unprecedented wealth and unparalleled access to goods and services. A cosmetics brand born in Tennessee can become wildly popular in Shanghai. For those in business, however, globalization has brought unrelenting change and fierce competition. To find out how the best companies manage in a world that’s getting smaller and more complicated, we asked two CEOs of Fortune Global 500 companies how they’ve stayed on the top of the game. Whether based in Europe, the US, or Asia, they’ve successfully managed global businesses in everything from refrigerators to fragrances. Here’s what they had to say. Lindsay Owen-Jones L’Oreal CEO since 1988 ON WHAT MAKES A GLOBAL BRAND: Ultimately it is a question of imagination and intuition in equal parts. It is intuition (when one asks) what do these brands have that just might seduce the world? But also in terms of imagination, what could they become to seduce the world? It took imagination to think that a nice, homey, very basic, user-friendly, popular, and cheap but really not sophisticated make-up line called Maybelline made in Memphis could become the hottest thing for young women in Shanghai. That is why this business is always looking for candidates who not only have basic business disciplines but also an ability to dream. We call them, in French, poets et paysans. ON RESEARCHING MARKETS: We try to do a major market visit every month. Since the beginning of the year we’ve been to the US, Japan, R ussia, Germany, and Brazil. Typically, the first day we will spend just visiting stores. That is an opportunity not just to look at the stores but to look at what women are wearing and what they’ve got in their shopping carts. You look at them buying all kinds of other things, not just our products. I usually like to have a quick look at the clothes department if it is a department store. Or perhaps cereal or instant coffee if I’m in a supermarket. ON BEAUTY: Understanding what women want anywhere, including your home country, is a major challenge, especially in something as personal as beauty. People do not talk honestly of their aspirations. You knock on the door and say, “Do you have a secret aspiration to be a chic French woman?”-they would laugh you out of the door. The key words I would use are observation, cultural understanding, empathy, and intuition. These are probably more important than the traditional scientific marketing-research approaches. I think we are helped by our European heritage. Cultural diversity is an everyday factor of differences. Our success in the US has been heightened by our understanding and awareness of ethnic differences. Every new country you are successful in gives you an added dimension of understanding how the world is different. ON SETTING AN EXAMPLE: When you have spent a day tramping from morning to evening, and from store to store, eating sandwiches in a minibus as you go from one place to another, you are sending an unwritten message to teams everywhere in the world that the CEO is doing the same thing he expects them to do- which is for all of us to avoid (living) in some sort of ivory tower and to listen to our customers.
ASP外文翻译原文
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很全-很详细的商务英语论文题目
商务英语论文题目 1、论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响 2、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 3、商务函电翻译的用词技巧 4、商标名称的翻译与策略 5、汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧 6、商务谈判中的语言艺术 7、商务谈判的文化障碍 8、商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用 9、商务英语函电翻译技巧 10、商务谈判中英语的重要性 11、浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法 12、礼仪在商务谈判中的作用 13、浅谈涉外合同英语特色 14、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策 15、商务谈判的艺术性 16、跨文化的商务谈判 17、商务英语交往中的礼貌原则 18、如何翻译好日常商务文书 19、商务英语信函的语体分析 20、浅谈商务信函的文体特征 21、英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 22、商务英语汉英翻译中从句的运用技巧 23、论跨文化因素对商业广告英语翻译的影响 24、跨文化商务交际中的语言和非语言因素 25、浅谈英语告示语的语言特色与翻译 26、商务英语阅读研究 27、商务英语写作问题研究 28、商务英语考试技巧研究 29、商务英语听力策略研究 30、英语口语或语法在商务领域中的应用 31、商务函电交流研究 32、商务英语学习方法 33、跨文化交际与中西文化冲突 34、国际商务中的跨文化交际问题 35、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突 36、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素 37、国际商务谈判中的“文化壁垒” 38、广告英语的分类及分析 39、虚拟语气与商务英语表达 40、跨文化交际在商务英语学习中的运用 41、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养 42、商务英语在国际营销中的作用
43、术语在国际商务中的重要性 44、商务谈判语言技巧 45、浅析跨文化交际中的商务礼仪 46、例析论网络环境下商务英语的拓展学习模式 47、浅析商务英语汇商务英语中俚语的风格及翻译 48、商务英语教学中英语知识与商务知识的关系 49、商务英语中以谓语动词为中心的基本句型的翻译 50、商务英语的语言特色探讨 51、反译法在商务英语中的应用 52、奈达“等值”理论于商务英语翻译中的理解和应用 53、商务英语中的平行结构及其翻译方法 54、语用原则在商务英语应用中的度范畴 55、商务英语语篇文体特征分析 56、商务英语常用单词的多义现象例析 57、商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译 58、商务英语翻译中的跨文化因素 59、商务英语中书面语言的文体特征及语用分析 60、社会文化迁移对中国式英语的影响 61、英语写作中常见中式英语分析 62、汉译英中遇到新词语的译法问题 63、美国英语习语与文化 64、中美日常交际中的文化差异 65、中西方文化差异及语言体现 商务英语论文题目|商务英语毕业论文题目参考 一、英语论文基本格式 1、毕业论文结构包括：主标题、论文摘要、正文（一般不少于5000字）、注释、参考书目，注释统一用尾注。 2、板式：毕业论文一律用计算机打印。（使用A4规格打印，每页30行） 二、阅读类参考题目以下参考题目对应的范文请到VIP留学生论文网下载，如需原创论文需与在线辅导老师沟通。 1、持续性交际法对商务英语学习者口语和写作能力提高的研究分析 2、商务英语文体学分析 3、语篇功能对等视角的商务英语翻译 4、高职商务英语专业实践课程开发 5、关联理论在商务英语阅读教学中的应用 6、成人商务英语教学中学生自主学习能力的培养 7、功能对等理论视角下的商务英语翻译 8、中职商务英语教学中跨文化交际意识的培养 9、论商务英语翻译中的文化转向 10、职前学生商务英语词汇教学法探索 11、商务英语中模糊语言的应用及其语用分析 12、从目的论角度看国际商务英语翻译的质量评估 13、高职院校商务英语精读教学中的任务型教学法 14、词典类型对翻译与习得商务英语新词作用的实证研究
土木外文翻译原文和译文
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and
商务文本翻译尺度的探讨
[收稿日期]2003206217 [作者简介]彭 萍(19-),女,北京外国语大学讲师,北京大学英语系博士研究生,研究方向:翻译学与中西文化比较。 A pp lied P hy sics A :M aterials S cience &P rocessing ,V o lum e 77,N um ber 1 June 2003. A pp lied P hy sics B :L asers and Op tics ,V o lum e 76,N um ber 4 A p ril 2003.E ng ineering w ith Co m p u ters ,V o lum e 18,N um ber 4 N ovem ber 27,2002. B asic R esearch in Card iology ,V o lum e 98,N um ber 3 M ay 2003. A Co m par ison between Ch i nese and Fore ign Sc ien tif ic and Techn ica l Per iod ica ls ——V o ice D istribu ti on and F ron t 2W eigh t Sen tence’s U se F requency H E R u i 2qing (Fo reign L anguages Co llege ,Zhanjiang O cean U niversity ,Zhanjiang ,Guangdong 524088,Ch ina ) [Abstract ]T he statistics of vo ice distributi on and front 2w eigh t sentence’s use frequency from English abstracts in Ch inese and fo reign scientific and technical peri odicals indicate that Ch inese autho rs use passive vo ice and front 2w eigh t sentence mo re fre 2quently than fo reign autho rs ,particularly tho se from English 2speak ing countries .T h is is because quite m any dom estic au 2tho rs equate scientific and technical docum ents in English w ith English abstracts in scientific and technical peri odicals ,un 2aw are of the latter’s uniqueness in structure ;blindly believe that the effectiveness of passive vo ice is universal ;m istake do 2m estic standard fo r internati onal standard ;do no t stick to the standard abstract structure .T he info r m ati on structure theo ry and the statistics p rove that front 2w eigh t sentence is undesirable . [Key words ]scientific and technical peri odicals ;English abstracts ;vo ice distributi on ;front 2w eigh t sentence ;info r m ati on structure 上海科技翻译 S hang hai J ou rnal of T ranslators f or S cience and T echnology 2004N o .1 商务文本翻译尺度的探讨 彭 萍 (北京外国语大学国际商学院,北京100089) [摘要]本文认为,对商务文本的翻译来说,中外翻译史上的翻译标准大多数显得笼统,根据商务文本本身的特点、翻译 的目的和译文的读者层,作者认为商务文本翻译的具体尺度应该是意思准确,术语规范,语气贴切。 [关键词]商务文本;翻译尺度[中图分类号]H 315.9 [文献标识码]B [文章编号]100026141(2004)0120019204 在讨论商务文本的翻译尺度之前,我们首先来回顾一下国内外对翻译标准的探讨,看这些标准是否能真正指导商务翻译实践。 对翻译标准问题的探讨历来是中外翻译界的热点问题。在我国,翻译标准一直是翻译理论界讨论的焦点问题。比如支谦的“循本旨,不加文饰”,道安的“尽从实录,不令有损言游字”,玄奘的“既须求真,又须喻俗”,这些有关翻译的观点都是他们在翻译佛经过程中的一些主张。后来又出现了严复的“信”、“达”、“雅”之说,傅雷的“神似”说,钱钟书的“化境”说,而这些标准是针对文学翻译而言的。在西方,泰特勒(T ytler )认为翻译应该保存原作的思想、风格 和手法以及原作的通顺,现代的翻译标准有奈达的 “动态对等”(dynam ic equ ivalence )和后来的“功能对等” (functi onal equ ivalence )和苏联费道罗夫的“等值论”。①这些标准,实际上仍然离不开“忠实”二字。 如果用以上这些标准来指导商务文本的翻译,似乎显得过于笼统。笔者认为翻译的问题应该具体问题具体分析,因为具体的翻译受到翻译的性质、翻译的目的以及不同读者群的制约。②所以我们不妨具体来考察一下商务文本的翻译尺度问题。 就翻译的功能而言,具体表现在模拟信息、揭示思维模式、满足人们的审美娱乐感、丰富译入语及缩 ? 91?
毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
商务英语翻译课程教学大纲
商务英语翻译课程教学大纲 课程编码：课程性质：专业方向课 课时： 36（20+16）学分：2 开课学期：第5学期先修课程：基础英语 适用专业：商务英语专业 课程简介： 《商务英语翻译》课程是为培养“英语+专业”的应用型涉外人才而设置，从英汉两种语言在表达上的差异入手，旨在通过向学生传授基本的翻译理论和技巧，并结合大量的实践训练，培养学生的翻译能力，从而提高其英语综合运用能力，并使学生能够胜任国际贸易中出现的各类实用文体以及简单的文字翻译工作。 一、课程教学目标 本课程以培养学生的翻译能力为目标，旨在使商务英语专业学生掌握和运用一些基本的翻译理论；能够在一些参考书的辅助下，熟练翻译名片、商标、标识、公司简介、产品说明、广告等商务英语方面的资料；能够掌握常见的组织机构的翻译方式；能够运用所学翻译技巧熟练翻译各类公关文稿；能够正确翻译商务信函和单证材料；能够正确熟练翻译各种常见商务报告，译文达意，格式恰当；能够辨识一些商务文本存在的翻译问题和错误。在大量实例训练中锻炼学生在商务语境下有效进行英汉、汉英互译、正确传达信息、顺畅开展交流的能力。 二、课程重点、难点 该课程教学重点是英语商务文本汉译的基本知识、理论和方法，难点是专业外贸知识及专业术语；跨文化交际理论与实践 三、整体课时分配
四、课程内容安排 （一）Unit1 Business Cards 主要内容：英汉名片的互译、设计和正确运用中英文商务名片、商务英语翻译中遵循正确的翻译原则 教学要求：帮助学生初步了解商务名片的互译特点与原则 其它教学环节：案例教学 （二）Unit 2 Signs 主要内容：商务环境中的常见中英文标识、中英文标识的语言特点及其常见翻译技巧 教学要求：帮助学生了解商务环境中的常见中英文标识，掌握常见翻译技巧 重点、难点：商务环境中的直译法和意译法 其它教学环节：情景教学 （三）Unit 3 Trademarks 主要内容：识别中英文商标、商标的翻译、转译法 教学要求：帮助学生了解中英文商标的翻译 重点、难点：商标翻译中的转译法 其它教学环节：案例教学 （四）Unit 4 Organizations 主要内容：识别组织机构名称、外来词翻译法 教学要求：帮助学生了解商务环境下常见的组织机构名称与外来词翻译 重点、难点：织机构名称 其它教学环节：交互教学 （五）Unit 5 Company Introductions 主要内容：公司简介翻译 教学要求：帮助学生掌握被动语态、名词从句、定语从句、状语从句和长句的拆合、转译。 重点、难点：长句的拆译，各类从句的转译 其它教学环节：案例教学 （六）Unit 6 Product Descriptions & Advertisement 主要内容：产品介绍的翻译和广告 教学要求：帮助学生掌握运用反译法进行英汉互译 重点、难点：反译法 其它教学环节：案例教学 （七）Unit 7 Business Contracts 主要内容：商务合同的翻译 教学要求：帮助学生掌握商务合同常见术语和句式、正确翻译常见合同文本、长句的处理 重点、难点：商务合同常见术语和句式 其它教学环节：案例教学 五、教材与学习资源 1. 教材： 谢金领.《世纪商务英语翻译教程》.大连理工大学出版社，2009. 2. 主要参考资料： 张新红等.《商务英语翻译》.高等教育出版社，2004.
【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文
文献出处：Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.
英文翻译与英文原文.陈--
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
商务英语翻译课程标准
《商务英语翻译》课程标准 适用专业：商务英语专业课程编码：TA0B28 开设时间：第5学期课时数：72学时 ? 一、课程概述 本课程旨在传授翻译理论知识及实用的翻译方法和技巧，培养学生独立完成英汉翻译任务。课程是翻译理论为基础，结合实际的典型翻译例文向学生传递实用的翻译技巧，与此同时培养学生的举一反三的能力，最后通过实际的翻译任务锻炼学生的实际翻译能力。 课程设计从商务英语教学的实际需要入手，结合基本的翻译理论、方法以及实际外贸业务对英汉翻译的专业知识需要，在比较全面的介绍英汉翻译知识的同时也为学生补充了大量实际有用的专业翻译方法和技巧，使学生不仅对英汉互译有进一步的学习，同时也可以将所学翻译技巧充分运用于实际工作，从而真正做到学有所用。 坚持以高职教育培养目标为依据，遵循“结合理论联系实际，以应知、应会”的原则，以培养锻炼职业技能为重点。注重培养学生的翻译理论灵活运用能力和翻译实践能力。把实践和创新素质的培养贯穿于教学中，采用翻译任务独立完成等方式注重发展学生独立思维和专业应用能力。培养学生在翻译过程中分析、解决实际问题的能力。 ?
二、课程培养目标 1.方法能力目标 （1）熟悉英语翻译的理论知识。 （2）掌握翻译的标准和原则。 （3）熟悉各种商务文体翻译的过程。 （4）了解译者的工作原则和职业操守。 2.社会能力目标 （1）能够处理对外贸易企业的日常涉外文件翻译。 （2）能够对外贸企业各种函电进行专业翻译。 （3）能够做到对外贸易工作过程中的陪同口译。 3.专业能力目标 （1）熟练掌握词义的选择和引申、词类转译法、增词法、省词法、被动结构的译法和正反、反正的译法。 （2）掌握各种名词性从句的译法、长句的译法和直译、意译法。 （3）能够熟悉掌握商业名片的翻译、标识的翻译、公司介绍的翻译、产品说明书的翻译、商业广告的翻译、商务函电的翻译、外贸单证的翻译等各种实用商务文体的英汉互译。 （4）熟悉各种实用文体的翻译技巧和典型句型，能够在词典的帮助下独立翻译各种基本实用商务文体。
外文翻译原文
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/2d11733488.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-