2017考研英语:阅读理解命题技巧分析

2017考研英语:阅读理解命题技巧分析
2017考研英语:阅读理解命题技巧分析

2017考研英语:阅读理解命题技巧分析

试题质量的优劣关系到考试是否达到预期目的,因此命制试题是整个考试的中心环节。命题小组在命制试题时必须遵循既定的命题原则而且通常运用一些有规律可循的方法和手段去到达试题的测试目标。鉴于此,各位考生如能熟知考研试题的命题技巧,在解题时也会更加得心应手。

一、《大纲》对阅读理解A部分的评价目标

命题小组在设计试题时,一方面要在试题中考查考生是否能够读懂不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%,包括信函、书报和杂志上的文章),而且还考查考生是否能够读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献、技术说明、产品介绍等。根据所读材料,考生应该能够:(1)理解主旨要旨;(2)理解文中的具体信息;(3)理解文中的概念性含义;

(4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;(5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;(6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;(7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;(8)区分论点和论据。

二、命题的流程及方法

1)选材改编

在试题命制过程中,一般命题人在选好适当的文章之后,命题人要对原文进行以下几方面的改编:

第一、调整词数,将四篇文章的总词数控制在1600以内;

第二、删去文章标题。文章标题概括文章的主题,如果出现,文章大意就未睹先知。为了测试对文章主题和其他内容的理解,阅读理解原文的标题都要删去,让考生根据文章的内容去总结和把握;

第三、删减细节信息。出于把文章字数控制在要求的范围内的考虑,一些可有可无的细节、不影响文章总体结构的细节内容都要删除;

第四、替换超纲词汇。为了将超纲词汇控制在要求的范围内(全文的3%),也为了便于考生真正发挥阅读水平,有些超纲词汇被替换。如在2009年阅读理解的第一篇文章当中将超纲词汇mediocrity替换成了commonness;在第二篇文章当中将超纲词汇algorithms 替换成了programs;在第三篇文章当中将超纲词汇apex替换成了peak;在第四篇文章当中将超纲词汇aura替换成了atmosphere。

第五、合并拆分段落。为了使文章语言更加精炼,结构更加严谨,在删去部分内容后,为使上下文连贯,相邻段落被合并。为了使上下文更有层次,有时也会将统一的段落拆分。

经过以上几步改编,之后的文章不仅没有破坏原文的结构和内容,反而显得更加精炼:结构严谨,层次清晰,一篇成型的文章就完成了。

2)命制题干

在命制题干时,命题人遵循以下原则:

第一,题干应仅描述一个单一的问题,最好是一个问句或一个不完全的陈述句。题干和选项皆不宜过长,都要简洁、清楚,考点明确,尽量减少不必要的词语。在各选项中共同使用的文字或术语应该反映在题干上;

第二,题干和选项中不应含有与所考查内容无关的材料。尽量避免在题干中使用否定词。一旦在题干中出现了否定词,应该特别予以强调,如用黑体或者全大写;

第三,题干与正确选项应避免使用相同的修饰词语,以防给考生提供选择答案的线索。第四,题干与每一个选项的搭配都应该在逻辑上、形式上、语气上完整无缺。命制试题时不能只留心题干与正确选项的搭配和表述,而忽视与干扰项的搭配,使考生得到暗示。各选项必须互不包容,否则,他们间的逻辑关系就会暗示正确选项,而使该题失去其应有的效度。

3)备选项的命制

在设计选项时,命题人遵循以下原则:

第一,各选项的长度、难度和语言结构应该大致相同。因为如果在命制这类试题时,命题者为使正确项绝对正确,致使其长度或结构异于其他选项,那么这些有异选项往往会成为考生乱猜的对象;

第二,各干扰项要有迷惑性,才能起到适当的干扰作用。一方面干扰项不能错得太明显,否则形同虚设,反而使考生比较容易利用排除法找到正确答案;另一方面,大部分考生都选择某一干扰项也不理想;

第三,同一个题目的选项的排列应按同一原则、同一逻辑顺序、同一规律和方向进行。例如可以按照时间的先后、数值的大小等规律排列。各题应该大致按从易到难的顺序排列。因为考生在临场应试时有个逐渐适应的过程。这样的排列会使他们稳定情绪,顺利进入正常的心理状态。试卷中正确选项字母序号(如[A],[B],[C],[D])出现的次数应该大致相等,这样可避免某些考生因只猜某一选项而“幸运地”获取高分的可能性。

4)干扰项的特点

通过对历年考研真题的分析和研究,干扰项通常具有如下特点:

第一,看似合理,实则以偏概全、断章取义。要么利用在文章中没有提到的生活常识编造选项;要么把文章中的事实和细节当主旨,把片面的、次要的观点当成主要观点。因此考生一定要从文中找依据、找答案,“合理项”不一定就是正确选项。在主旨题和主要观点题中,应该排除细节干扰,把握文章的主题;

第二,偷梁换柱,张冠李戴。要么对原句中的细微处做了改动,要么截取原文中有的词语或类似的结构进行编造。要么在备选项中把因说成果、把别人的观点或作者反对的观点说成是作者的观点。因此考生要注意,过于相似的选项不一定正确,除非它的程度、范围等都与原文完全一致。考生要注意:“原词越多,对的可能性也就越小”;

第三,用常规含义代替偏用词义。在英语语言中,许多词或短语存在多义的现象,考生如果只掌握其常用的基本词义是不够的。在阅读实践中,更不能用已掌握的常用词义去代替偏用词义,从而导致对词或句意的误解或费解。命题者在命制词义句意题时,就通常把要考查的词或句意的常规含义作为干扰项以麻痹考生。因此,考生必须根据上下文推测其在特定语境下的含义;

第四,过度引申。备选项虽然是从原文中推理引申出来的,但是却超出了文章允许的范围。考生切勿过度发挥,一切以原文为本。

三、命题的常用手段

命题专家在命制阅读理解试题时,总是会使尽浑身解数以各种方式迷惑考生,为他们选择正确的答案设置各种障碍。以下四大原则就是考研命题专家们最常用的一些方式和手段:

1.语言简化

“语言简化”是命题专家使用语言时所必须遵守的一条重要原则。一般来说,一道题的四个答案不仅长度差不多,语言的用词水平和语法难度也都差不多。此外,答案的文字

难度一般低于文章本身,这也是对考生非常有利的一点,有时候甚至可以通过答案来帮助理解原文。

2.关键词替换

关键词替换是阅读理解题目中出现最频繁的命题原则,一般都会在正确答案中用原文某个关键词的同义词或者近义词进行替代。或者从更广的意义上来说,有时候命题者会以和原文意思相同但是遣词造句不同的方式来设计正确答案,即用不同的话把原文的某个句子重述一边,而错误答案反而往往会看上去和原文差不多,这个时候考生需要仔细阅读加以区别。

【例题】This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, receives a new form of expression.

Futurists claim that we must___.(2000年第61题)

A. increase the production of literature

B. use poetry to relieve modern stress

C. develop new modes of expression

D. avoid using adjectives and verbs

【正确答案】C

3.正话反说

即选择用否定的方式(如双重否定,或者一个否定形式加上另一个否定词如never,none 等)来表述文中用肯定方式所表述的本内容,两者的意思是相同的。

【例题】How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. (1999年第68题)

The author asserts that scientists ________.

[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought

[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things

[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals

[D] should be confident about their research findings

【正确答案】B

4.反话正说

顾名思义,即文中用否定方式来表述一定的内容,而选项中用肯定的方式把同样的意思在表述一遍。

【例题】Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.(2000年第54题)

The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________.

[A] turning of the business cycle [B] restructuring of industry

[C] improved business management [D] success in education

【正确答案】A

综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧,技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路,预祝所有考生2017考研有个好成绩。

凯程教育:

凯程考研成立于2005年,国内首家全日制集训机构考研,一直从事高端全日制辅导,由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成,为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。

凯程考研的宗旨:让学习成为一种习惯;

凯程考研的价值观口号:凯旋归来,前程万里;

信念:让每个学员都有好最好的归宿;

使命:完善全新的教育模式,做中国最专业的考研辅导机构;

激情:永不言弃,乐观向上;

敬业:以专业的态度做非凡的事业;

服务:以学员的前途为已任,为学员提供高效、专业的服务,团队合作,为学员服务,为学员引路。

如何选择考研辅导班:

在考研准备的过程中,会遇到不少困难,尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说,通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足,可以大大提高复习效率,节省复习时间,大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班,或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。

师资力量:师资力量是考察辅导班的首要因素,考生可以针对辅导名师的辅导年限、辅导经验、历年辅导效果、学员评价等因素进行综合评价,询问往届学长然后选择。判断师资力量关键在于综合实力,因为任何一门课程,都不是由一、两个教师包到底的,是一批教师配合的结果。还要深入了解教师的学术背景、资料著述成就、辅导成就等。凯程考研名师云集,李海洋、张鑫教授、方浩教授、卢营教授、孙浩教授等一大批名师在凯程授课。而有的机构只是很普通的老师授课,对知识点把握和命题方向,欠缺火候。

对该专业有辅导历史:必须对该专业深刻理解,才能深入辅导学员考取该校。在考研辅导班中,从来见过如此辉煌的成绩:凯程教育拿下2015五道口金融学院状元,考取五道口15人,清华经管金融硕士10人,人大金融硕士15个,中财和贸大金融硕士合计20人,北师大教育学7人,会计硕士保录班考取30人,翻译硕士接近20人,中传状元王园璐、郑家威都是来自凯程,法学方面,凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元,更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。在凯程官方网站的光荣榜,成功学员经验谈视频特别多,都是凯程战绩的最好证明。对于如此高的成绩,凯程集训营班主任邢老师说,凯程如此优异的成绩,是与我们凯程严格的管理,全方位的辅导是分不开的,很多学生本科都不是名校,某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校,还有很多是工作了多年才回来考的,大多数是跨专业考研,他们的难度大,竞争激烈,没有严格的训练和同学们的刻苦学习,是很难达到优异的成绩。最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。

建校历史:机构成立的历史也是一个参考因素,历史越久,积累的人脉资源更多。例如,凯程教育已经成立10年(2005年),一直以来专注于考研,成功率一直遥遥领先,同学们有兴趣可以联系一下他们在线老师或者电话。

有没有实体学校校区:有些机构比较小,就是一个在写字楼里上课,自习,这种环境是不太

好的,一个优秀的机构必须是在教学环境,大学校园这样环境。凯程有自己的学习校区,有吃住学一体化教学环境,独立卫浴、空调、暖气齐全,这也是一个考研机构实力的体现。此外,最好还要看一下他们的营业执照。

2017年高考英语生态环保类阅读理解.

话题七:生态环保类 (一 The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world's supply of water. With 97% of the world's water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture. Although the idea of a water shortage(短缺 seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of the world's agricultural industries experience constant water shortages. Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution(重新分配 are very high. Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself, but there is also an environmental cost to be considered. Where valleys(山谷 are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements. This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation (灌溉 . In Texas, farmers' overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA, a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys, but much of the water use has been poorly managed. Saudi Arabia's attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves. Because there is no rainfall in these areas, such reserves can only decrease, and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry. 1. From the first two paragraphs we learn that________.

考研英语阅读满分实用技巧

考研英语阅读满分实用技巧

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最新2017高考英语阅读(完整版)

最新2017高考英语阅读(完整版)

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