能源科学概论-核能源

1933 1935

1938

1898

(Neutron) (Proton) 1840

n

H H H 1

4

2

3

1

21

n

Xe Sr n U 1

13654

90

38

1

23592

10

239

235

2.

6LiD 238U 6Li 3H

3H D 2H

14MeV 238U

2.5MeV

He

n

Li3

4

1

6

17.58MeV

n

He

H

H4

2

3

).

1.

238 235

, -238 -235

( ) -235

238

238 235 -235 238

C.B.Moore

45

).

).

H2

70

).

).

Chooz

Obrigheim

1

).

).

- I

II

-

-

1BWR-4

2BWR-4

1BWR-6

2BWR-6

1PWR

2PWR

2500-2700

Ample supply

High net energy yield Very high air pollution emissions High land disruption from surface mining High land use Low cost (with huge subsidies)

Ample supply of uranium Low net energy yield

Low air pollution (mostly from fuel reprocessing)

Low CO 2emissions (mostly from fuel reprocessing)

Much lower land disruption from surface mining Moderate land use

High cost (with huge subsidies)

Coal Trade-Offs

Coal vs. Nuclear

Nuclear

Electricity from Nuclear Power Plant

14%

Waste

heat

Waste heat

14%

17%

Waste heat 54%

Waste heat Waste heat Window transmission (90%)

1.2×10-11 /( )[ /( )] 3.52×10-11 )[ 10.6×10-10

0.25

:

0.05

0.001 1 -

). -

1986 26 23 ,

,8

,

20

,320

( ).

Decommissioning of reactor

Reactor

Fuel assemblies

Enrichment UF 6

Conversion of O 8to UF 6

Fuel fabrication

(conversion of enriched UF 6 to UO 2 and fabrication of fuel assemblies)Uranium 235 as UF 6 Plutonium-239as PuO 2

Low level radiation with long half-life

Spent fuel reprocessing

T emporary storage of spent fuel assemblies underwater or in dry casks

Geologic disposal of moderate and high-level radioactive wastes

Open fuel cycle today “Closed” end fuel cycle

1940 94 239

239

— 1 239 100 100

1 20 —239

1

-

108K

Glowing Plasma inside the

Tokamak Fusion Test

Reactor

2005 6 28