FAGACEAE(Flora of china)壳斗科
FAGACEAE
壳斗科 qiao dou ke
Huang Chengjiu (黄成就 Huang Ching-chieu)1, Zhang Yongtian (张永田 Chang Yong-tian)2; Bruce Bartholomew3 Trees or rarely shrubs, monoecions, evergreen or deciduous. Stipules usually early deciduous. Leaves alternate, sometimes false-whorled in Cyclobalanopsis. Inflorescences unisexual or androgynous with female cupules at the
base of an otherwise male inflorescence. Male inflorescences a pendulous head or erect or pendulous catkin, sometimes branched; flowers in dense cymules. Male flower: sepals 4–6(–9), scalelike, connate or distinct; petals absent; filaments filiform; anthers dorsifixed or versatile, opening by longitudinal slits; with or without a
rudimentary pistil. Female inflorescences of 1–7 or more flowers subtended individually or collectively by a cupule formed from numerous fused bracts, arranged individually or in small groups along an axis or at base of an androgynous inflorescence or on a separate axis. Female flower: perianth 1–7 or more; pistil 1; ovary inferior, 3–6(–
9)-loculed; style and carpels as many as locules; placentation axile; ovules 2 per locule.Fruit a nut. Seed usually solitary by abortion (but may be more than 1 in Castanea,Castanopsis,Fagus, and Formanodendron), without endosperm; embryo large.
Seven to 12 genera (depending on interpretation) and 900–1000 species: worldwide except for tropical and S Africa; seven genera and 294
species (163 endemic, at least three introduced) in China.
Many species are important timber trees. Nuts of Fagus,Castanea, and of most Castanopsis species are edible, and oil is extracted from nuts of Fagus. Nuts of most species of this family contain copious amounts of water soluble tannin. Members of the Fagaceae are the main element of
both broad-leaved evergreen and mixed mesophytic forests from 500–3200 m.
Huang Chengchiu, Chang Yongtian, Hsu Yongchun & Jen Hsienwei. 1998. Fagaceae. In: Chun Woonyong & Huang Chengchiu, eds. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 22: 1–332.
1a. Male inflorescences heads, pendulous; female flowers (1 or)2; germination epigeal ................................ 1. Fagus
1b. Male inflorescences elongated catkins, erect or pendulous; female flowers solitary or in spikes;
germination hypogeal (epigeal in Formanodendron).
2a. Male inflorescences erect; anthers ca. 0.3 mm; stigma punctiform or a minute terminal pore.
3a. Leaves deciduous; ovary 6(–9)-loculed ..................................................................................... 2. Castanea 3b. Leaves evergreen; ovary 3(–6)-loculed.
4a. Cupules solitary on rachis, mostly bilaterally symmetric with abaxial and adaxial sides
differing in shape and/or spines (± radially symmetric in C. calathiformis,C. cerebrina,C.
uraiana,
and C. sclerophylla) ........................................................................................................ 3. Castanopsis 4b. Cupules in cymes on rachis (often some cupules abort but still evident at base of developed cupules, except in L. fenzelianus, radially symmetric ...................................................... 4. Lithocarpus 2b. Male inflorescences pendulous; anthers 0.5–1 mm; stigma capitate or dilated.
5a. Cupules splitting into 3–5 valves; nuts angular, winged .............................................. 5. Formanodendron 5b. Cupules indehiscent; nuts circular in cross section, wingless.
6a. Bracts of cupule not united, arranged spirally ......................................................................6. Quercus
6b. Bracts of cupule united, arranged in concentric rings .............................................. 7. Cyclobalanopsis
1. FAGUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 997. 1753.
水青冈属 shui qing gang shu
Trees deciduous. Bark smooth. Winter buds elongated, reddish brown, apex acute. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked,
plicate in bud; secondary veins ± parallel. Male inflorescence in leaf axils toward base of branchlets, a lax pedunculate head; flowers many; perianth 4–7-lobed; stamens 8–16; rudimentary ovary pubescent. Female inflorescences in axils of leaves; flowers usually 2, subtended by a single (3-or)4-parted cupule and surrounded by numerous bracts; styles 3, recurved. Cupules woody, (3 or)4-valved; bracts leaflike or filiform to short, triangular.
Nuts (1 or)2(or 3), ovoid to 3-sided. Germination epigeal; cotyledons plicate.
Ten species: N temperate regions; four species (three endemic) in China.
The status of Fagus chienii W. C. Cheng (Contr. Biol. Lab. Chin. Assoc. Advancem. Sci., Sect. Bot. 10: 70. 1935) is uncertain. It is only known
from the type collection (Pingwu, Sichuan) and is similar to F. lucida, except for having longer recurved cupule bracts.
Important timber trees.
1a. Cupules covered with leaflike bracts; leaf blade secondary veins curving upward, fusing near margin 1. F. engleriana
1 Herbarium, Department of Taxonomy, South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People’s
Republic of China.
2 Herbarium, Laboratory of Phytotaxonomy, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, People’s Republic of China.
3 Botany Department, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118-4599, U.S.A.
1b. Cupules covered with filiform and recurved or short, triangular bracts; leaf blade secondary veins ending in teeth.
2a. Cupules 2–2.5 cm ................................................................................................................ 2. F. longipetiolata 2b. Cupules 0.7–1.5 cm.
3a. Cupules 0.7–1 cm; leaf blade abaxially with glandular dots and tufts of hairs in axil; cupule bracts linear, recurved ............................................................................................................. 3. F. hayatae 3b. Cupules 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade abaxially without glandular dots and tufts of hairs but with silky pubescence
on midvein; cupule bracts tuberculate, closely appressed .........................................................4. F. lucida
1. Fagus engleriana Seemen in Diels, Bot. Jahrb.Syst. 29: 285. 1900.
米心水青冈 mi xin shui qing gang
Fagus sylvatica Linnaeus var. chinensis Franchet. Trees to 25 m tall. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate, elliptic-ovate, or rarely oblong-ovate, 5–
9(–11) cm, abaxially glaucescent and glabrous except for long silky hairs along veins, base broadly cuneate to sometimes rounded or subcordate, margin sinuate, apex shortly acuminate; secondary veins 9–14 on each side
of midvein, curving upward, fusing near margin. Peduncle 2–7 cm. Cupule 1.5–1.8 cm; basal bracts greenish, leaflike, glabrous, veined; apical bracts brownish, filiform, hairy. Nuts slightly exserted, apex with 3 small wings. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Oct.
? Broad-leaved and mixed forest on mountain slopes; 1500–2500 m. Anhui, N Guangxi, S Guizhou, Henan, NW Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi,
E Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
2. Fagus longipetiolata Seemen, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23(Beibl.
57): 56. 1897.
水青冈 shui qing gang
Fagus bijiensis C. F. Wei & Y. T. Chang; F. brevipetio-lata Hu; F. clavata Y. T. Chang; F. longipes (Oliver) H. Léveillé; F. longipetiolata f. clavata (Y. T. Chang) Y. T. Chang; F. sylvatica Linnaeus var. bracteolis Oliver; F. sylvatica var. longipes Oliver; F. tientaiensis Liou. Trees to 25 m tall. Winter buds to 2 cm. Petiole 1–3.5 cm; leaf blade ovate to ovate-oblong,9–15 cm, abaxially finely densely pubescent and glaucescent, base broadly cuneate to nearly rounded, margin remotely serrate, apex acute to acuminate; secondary veins 9–15 on each side of midvein, ending in teeth. Peduncle 1–10 cm. Cupule 2–2.5 cm; bracts linear, re-curved, pubescent, apical ones to 7 mm but basally shorter. Nut as long or slightly shorter than cupule, with narrowed wings near apex. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Oct. Broad-leaved evergreen and mixed mesophytic forests on mountain slopes; 300–2400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].
3. Fagus hayatae Palibin in Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 286. 1911. 台湾水青冈 tai wan shui qing gang
Fagus hayatae var. zhejiangensis M. C. Liu & M. H. Wu ex Y. T. Chang & C. C. Huang; F. pashanica C. C. Yang.
Trees to 20 m tall. Winter buds to 1.5 cm. Leaf blade rhomboid-ovate, 3–7 cm, covered with silky pubescence when young, glabrescent except for glandular dots and tufts of hair on midvein and abaxially on axils of secondary veins, base broadly cuneate to nearly rounded, apex acute to shortly acuminate; veins blackish when dry; midvein flexuous toward apex; secondary veins 5–9 on each side of midvein, ending in teeth. Peduncle 0.5–2 cm, pilose. Cupule 7–10 mm; bracts linear, recurved, 1–3 mm, pilose. Nut as long as cupule, with very small wings near apex. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Oct.
? Mountain ridges and summits in deciduous forests; 1300–2300 m. Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, N Taiwan, Zhejiang.
Occurs in three disjunct areas; the plants from each area are slightly different and have been treated as taxonomically distinct.
4. Fagus lucida Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 191. 1916.
光叶水青冈 guang ye shui qing gang
Fagus lucida var. opienica Y. T. Chang; F. nayonica Y. T. Chang.
Trees to 25 m tall. Winter buds ca. 1.5 cm. Petiole 0.6–2 cm; leaf blade ovate to elliptic-ovate, 5–11 cm, lustrous green and glabrous except for silky pubescence abaxially on midvein, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin slightly sinuate, apex acute to shortly acuminate; secondary veins 8–12 on each side of midvein, ending
in minute teeth. Peduncle 0.5–1.5 cm, glabrous. Cupule 1–1.5 cm; bracts tuberculate, closely appressed, triangular mucronate, 1–2 mm, rarely apical ones slightly ascending. Nut slightly exserted, with minute or hardly evident wings near apex. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep–Oct.
? Mixed mesophytic forests on mountain slopes; 800–2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.
2. CASTANEA Miller, Gard. Dict., Abr. ed. 4, 1: [278]. 1754.
栗属 li shu
Trees or rarely shrubs, deciduous. Bark furrowed. Axillary buds of most apical leaves in false-terminal buds, usually enclosed by 2 outer scales, imbricate within. Leaves spirally arranged but twisted and appearing 2-ranked; secondary
veins ± parallel. Male inflorescences erect catkins; flowers in clusters of 1–3(–5) with each cluster subtended by a bract; perianth 6-parted; stamens 10–12(–20); rudimentary pistil pubescent. Female flowers borne on proximal part of androgynous inflorescences, rarely on a separate inflorescence, usually 3 and subtended by 1 symmetric cupule; ovary 6–9-loculed; styles 6–9; stigmas terminal, minutely punctiform. Cupules splitting into 2–4 valves; bracts spinelike. Nuts 1–3 per cupule. Germination hypogeal.
About 12 species: Asia, Europe, North America; four species (two endemic, one introduced) in China.
Most species are cultivated for edible nuts and durable wood.
1a. Nut 1 per cupule, usually longer than wide ........................................................................................... 4. C. henryi 1b. Nuts usually 2 or 3 per cupule, usually shorter than wide.
2a. Leaf blade abaxially often without scalelike glands but at least when young densely covered with tomentose
or stellate hairs ......................................................................................................................... 1. C. mollissima 2b. Leaf blade abaxially covered with scalelike glands.
3a. Leaf blade glabrous or abaxially sparsely pubescent along veins ........................................... 2. C. seguinii 3b. Leaf blade abaxially tomentose ............................................................................................... 3. C. crenata
1. Castanea mollissima Blume, Mus. Bot. 1: 286. 1850.
栗 li
Castanea bungeana Blume; C. duclouxii Dode; C. fargesii Dode; C. formosana (Hayata) Hayata; C. hupehensis Dode; C. mollissima var. pendula X. Y. Zhou & Z. D. Zhou; C. sativa Miller var. formosana Hayata;C. sativa var. mollissima (Blume) Pampanini; C. vulgaris Lamarck var. yunnanensis Franchet.
Trees to 20 m tall. Branchlets with short pubescence, often also with long spreading hairs. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 10–17 cm or rarely shorter, at least along veins abaxially tomentose to softly pubescent, adaxially scalelike glands sometimes absent, base rounded to truncate, margin coarsely serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Male inflorescences 10–20 cm. Cupule densely covered with pubescent spinelike bracts. Nuts usually 2 or 3 per cupule, 2–3 cm in diam. or rarely narrower. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Aug–Oct.
Cultivated or wild particularly on mountain slopes; near sea level to 2800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yun-nan, Zhejiang [Korea].
Extensively cultivated for its edible nuts. Most collections are im-possible to determine if they are cultivated, escaped, or native.
2. Castanea seguinii Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendrol. France 8: 152. 1908.
茅栗 mao li
Castanea davidii Dode.
Trees or shrubs small, rarely to 12 m tall. Stipules nar-rowly lanceolate, 0.7–1.5 cm, deciduous in fruit. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-obovate to elliptic-oblong, 6–14 cm, abaxially covered with yellowish brown or grayish, scalelike glands and sparsely hairy along veins when young, base rounded to sometimes subcordate but cuneate when young, margin coarsely serrate, apex acuminate. Male inflorescences 5–12 cm. Female flowers solitary or few per cupule. Cupule 3–5 cm in diam., covered with sparsely pilose spinelike bracts 6–10 mm. Nuts 2 or 3 or rarely more per cupule, 1.5–2 cm in diam. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Sep–Nov. ? Mixed mesophytic forests, thickets, and in orchards; 400–2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang. Cultivated for its edible nuts but not as extensively as Castanea mollissima.
3. Castanea crenata Siebold & Zuccarini, Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. K?nigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4: 22
4. 1846.
日本栗 ri ben li
Castanea japonica Blume; C. stricta Siebold & Zuccarini.
Trees or shrubs to 15 m tall. Petiole 0.5–2.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 8–19 cm, abaxially tomentose and covered with yellowish brown to yellowish gray scalelike glands, base broadly cuneate, rounded, or rarely subcordate, margin finely serrate, apex acuminate to acute; secondary veins ending on teeth and often reduced to long bristlelike points. Male inflorescences 7–20 cm. Female flowers 3 per cupule. Cupule 5–6 cm in diam., covered with spinelike bracts 1–1.5 cm. Nuts 2 or 3 or rarely more per cupule, 2–3 cm in diam., apex sparsely covered with appressed pubescence. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct.
Cultivated. Jiangxi (Lu Shan), Liaoning, Shandong (Qingdao Shi), Taiwan [native to Japan, S Korea].
Castanea crenata was introduced from Korea about 1910; var. dulcis Nakai has been reported from NE China, but probably only var. crenata is grown.
4. Castanea henryi (Skan) Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 196. 1916.
锥栗 zhui li
Castanopsis henryi Skan in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 523. 1899; Castanea sativa Miller var. acuminatissima Seemen; C. vilmoriniana Dode. Trees to 30 m tall. Petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-ovate, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 10–23 cm, abaxially covered with yellowish brown scalelike glands and sparsely pilose along veins when young, glabrescent, base rounded to broadly cuneate but
narrowly cuneate when young, margin with bristlelike teeth 2–4 mm, apex long acuminate. Male inflores-cences 5–16 cm. Female flowers 1(–3) per cupule. Cupules on a short spike, 2.5–3.5 cm in diam. including bracts, covered with slightly pubescent spinelike bracts. Nut 1 per cupule, globose-ovoid, 1.5–2 cm, longer than wide. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Sep–Oct. ? Mixed mesophytic forests on mountain slopes; 100–1800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Castanea henryi var. omeiensis W. P. Fang (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 307. 1964) has stellate tomentose hairs on the young leaf blades and 1–3 nuts per cupule, and is probably not a variety of C. henryi but rather a hybrid between C. henryi and C. mollissima.
3. CASTANOPSIS (D. Don) Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 11: 142, 185. 1841, nom. cons.
锥属 zhui shu
Quercus Linnaeus [unranked] Castanopsis D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 56. 1825; Limlia Masamune & Tomiya; Pasaniopsis Kudo; Shiia Makino.
Trees evergreen. Winter buds ovoid to ellipsoid, with decussate scales. Stipules extrapetiolar. Leaves alternate, distichous, or for a few species spirally arranged. Inflorescences usually unisexual, erect, spicate or paniculate. Male flowers in fascicles of 3–7, rarely solitary and scattered; perianth 5- or 6(–8)-lobed; stamens (8 or)9–12; rudimentary pistil very small, densely covered with curved woolly hairs. Female flowers solitary or in clusters of 3–5(–7) per cupule; staminodes when present opposite perianth lobes; ovary 3-loculed; styles (2 or)3(or 4); stigmas punctiform
or shallow terminal pores. Cupules solitary on rachis, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, rarely indehiscent, completely
or partially enclosing nut; bracts sparsely to densely covering outside of cupule, spinelike or rarely scalelike or tubercles (cupule measurement always includes bracts). Nuts 1–3 per cupule, maturing after 2nd year or rarely in 1st year; abortive ovule apical. Germination hypogeal; cotyledons slightly convex, rarely cerebriform rugose.
About 120 species: tropical and subtropical Asia; 58 species (30 endemic) in China.
Most species are used for timber, and the nuts of many are edible.
1a. Cupules each with 2 or 3(–7) female flowers at anthesis (occasionally on a given inflorescence a cupule can be found with only 1 flower); mature cupules with (1 or)2 or 3 nuts.
2a. Cupule bracts 1–2 cm; leaf blade midvein adaxially slightly raised.
3a. First-year branchlets and leaf blades densely pilose; leaf blade secondary veins 16–22 on each side of
midvein ..................................................................................................................................... 49. C. tessellata 3b. First-year branchlets and leaf blades with scalelike trichomes; leaf blade secondary veins 10–17 on each
side of midvein.
4a. Leaf blade margin serrate; secondary veins 10–13 on each side of midvein ...................... 47. C. xichouensis 4b. Leaf blade margin entire; secondary veins 14–17 on each side of midvein ................................ 48. C. rockii
2b. Cupule bracts less than 1 cm (to 1.5 cm in C. lamontii); leaf blade midvein adaxially impressed or flat.
5a. First-year branchlets and leaf blades abaxially at least adjacent to midvein pilose or villous.
6a. Leaf blade 16–30 × 5–8 cm; secondary veins 16–22 on each side of midvein .............. 50. C. kweichowensis 6b. Leaf blade 10–18 × 2–5 cm; secondary veins 13–17 ......................................................51. C. ceratacantha 5b. First-year branchlets and leaf blades glabrous or apex of young branchlets and midvein of young leaf
blades abaxially with sparse coarse hairs.
7a. Nuts glabrous or with sparse short hairs only around scar when young ....................................... 52. C. fabri 7b. Nuts covered with appressed hairs.
8a. Leaf blade apex mucronate or caudate.
9a. Leaf blade apex mucronate; cupule bracts transversely united to discontinuous cristate rings 55. C. crassifolia 9b. Leaf blade apex caudate and bent; cupule bracts in bundles ................................................ 56. C. chunii
8b. Leaf blade apex acute to acuminate.
10a. Petiole 1.5–3 cm .............................................................................................................. 54. C. lamontii
10b. Petiole 0.8–1.5 cm.
11a. First-year leaf blades glabrous ................................................................................ 57. C. orthacantha
11b. First-year leaf blades abaxially covered with reddish brown to yellowish brown slightly
loose waxy scalelike trichomes.
12a. Leaf blade secondary veins 13–19 on each side of midvein .......................................... 53. C. wattii
12b. Leaf blade secondary veins 9–13 on each side of midvein ................................ 58. C. platyacantha
1b. Cupules each with 1 female flower at anthesis (on a given inflorescence occasionally a cupule can be found with up to 3 flowers); mature cupules with 1(–3) nut.
13a. Cupule bracts scalelike or only bract base transversely adnate to rib rings; nuts maturing and falling in 1st year but empty cupules persisting on rachis; shoot leaves spirally arranged (distichous in C.
uraiana).
14a. Cotyledons cerebriform rugose; young leaf blades glaucous, covered with brown to reddish brown waxy scalelike trichomes.
15a. Base of cupules shortly stipitate; branchlets pubescent ........................................................ 3. C. cerebrina 15b. Base of cupules sessile; branchlets glabrous.
16a. Cupules cupular, enclosing 1/2–2/3 of nut; nut 0.3–0.6 cm in diam. ........................... 1. C. calathiformis 16b. Cupules ellipsoid to ovoid, completely or almost completely enclosing nut; nut 1.1–1.6 cm in diam. ........................................................................................................................................... 2. C. fissa 14b. Cotyledons plano-convex; young leaf blades not glaucous, without or only abaxially with ± adherent waxy scalelike trichomes.
17a. Cupules globose to subglobose, completely or almost completely enclosing nut; nut scar 7–9 mm in
diam. ................................................................................................................................. 6. C. sclerophylla 17b. Cupules shallowly cupular, rarely enclosing more than 1/4–1/3 of nut; nut scar 4–6 mm in diam.
18a. Leaf blade base inaequilateral; fruit maturing on previous year’s branches ......................... 4. C. uraiana 18b. Leaf blade base attenuate; fruit maturing on current year’s branches ............................ 5. C. longzhouica 13b. Cupule bracts spiny or rarely tubercular; nuts maturing and falling in 2nd year, cupules falling with nut; shoot leaves usually distichous.
19a. Cupule outside wall completely covered by spinelike bracts.
20a. Leaf blade margin serrate.
21a. First-year branchlets, petioles, and leaf blades abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
22a. Leaf blade margin shallowly serrate from middle to apex; secondary veins usually not
reaching margin; petiole rarely longer than 1 cm ................................................................ 8. C. hystrix 22b. Leaf blade margin serrate from near base to apex; secondary veins reaching margin; petiole 1–3 cm.
23a. Leaf blade usually narrower than 5 cm; young leaf blades abaxially covered with
sometimes early glabrescent brownish powdery waxy scalelike trichomes; cupules 2.5–4
cm in diam. ............................................................................................................... 17. C. choboensis 23b. Leaf blade 5–10 cm wide; young leaf blades abaxially thinly covered with reddish brown to yellowish brown waxy scalelike trichomes; cupules 6–8 cm in diam. ......................... 13. C. tibetana 21b. First-year branchlets, petioles, and leaf blades abaxially puberulent.
24a. Transverse section of cupule bracts triangular or trapeziform .......................................... 16. C. clarkei 24b. Transverse section of cupule bracts circular.
25a. Leaf blade secondary veins 15–25 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins abaxially
conspicuous; petiole usually less than 1 cm .................................................................... 14. C. indica 25b. Leaf blade secondary veins 10–15 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins abaxially very slender and evident to inconspicuous; petiole 1–1.8 cm ......................................... 15. C. hainanensis 20b. Leaf blade margin entire or rarely a few leaves shallowly serrate toward leaf blade apex.
26a. Branches and leaf blades glabrous or leaves abaxially with membranous scalelike trichomes.
27a. Cupules 6–8 cm in diam., wall ca. 3 mm thick; bracts 2–3 cm; nuts oblate, puberulent, scar covering
1/3 of nut ....................................................................................................................... 7. C. kawakamii 27b. Cupules 2–3 cm in diam., wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts 0.4–1 cm; nuts broadly conical,
glabrous, scar covering only basal part of nut ...................................................................... 34. C. eyrei 26b. Branches and leaf blades hairy (at least on 1st-year branchlets and abaxial midvein) or leaf blades abaxially covered with waxy scalelike trichomes.
28a. Leaf blade base cordate, shallowly auriculate, or rarely rounded; petiole 1–3(–5) mm ...... 12. C. fordii 28b. Leaf blade base not cordate or auriculate but may be rounded; petiole (4–)8–20 mm.
29a. Leaf blade 4–10 cm.
30a. Infructescences ca. 15 cm; cupules 2.5–4 cm in diam., bracts 0.6–1 cm ....................... 8. C. hystrix
30b. Infructescences 4–8 cm; cupules 5–6 cm in diam., bracts 1–2 cm ............................. 9. C. concinna 29b. Leaf blade 10–25 cm.
31a. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade 15–25 cm, midvein adaxially usually impressed, secondary
veins
12–16 on each side of midvein; nuts oblate, 1.5–2 cm in diam., scar covering ca. 1/3 of
nut
............................................................................................................................. 10. C. mekongensis 31b. Petiole 0.8–1 cm; leaf blade 10–15 cm, midvein adaxially raised, secondary veins 9–12
on
each side of midvein; nuts broadly conical, 2–3.5 cm in diam., scar covering only basal
part
of nut ................................................................................................................ 11. C. globigemmata
19b. Cupule outside wall visible (if spinelike bracts completely cover wall then spines transversely adnate
to cristate rings)
32a. Scar covering basal 2/3 or more of nut.
33a. Rachis of infructescences covered with pale grayish brown, feltlike, short hairs, glabrescent;
cupule
bracts 2–6 mm ............................................................................................................ 19. C. argyrophylla 33b. Rachis of infructescences glabrous or very shortly and sparsely mealy puberulent; cupule
bracts
7–12 mm ..................................................................................................................... 20. C. tcheponensis
32b. Scar at base or covering only basal 1/3 of nut.
34a. Mature nuts with appressed hairs.
35a. Rachis of infructescences 5–8 mm thick and leaf blade margin entire.
36a. Cupules 2–2.5 cm in diam.; petiole 0.3–0.6 cm; leaf blade margin subconvolute 23. C. damingshanensis
36b. Cupules 2.5–4.5 cm in diam.; petiole 1–3 cm; leaf blade margin not subconvolute.
37a. Leaf blade 26–45 cm, young leaf blades abaxially with slender stellate hairs along
midvein;
secondary veins 16–20 or more on each side of midvein; petiole 2–3 cm ............ 21. C. megaphylla 37b. Leaf blade 8–15 cm, young leaf blades abaxially covered with yellowish brown tightly
adnate
layers of waxy scalelike trichomes; secondary veins 10–13 on each side of midvein;
petiole
1–2 cm ................................................................................................................... 22. C. nigrescens 35b. Rachis of infructescences less than 5 mm thick but if 5 mm thick then leaf blade margin with short
and sharp serrations.
38a. Petiole 2.5–3.5 cm; young leaf blades abaxially sometimes with slender stellate hairs 24. C. jianfenglingensis 38b. Petiole rarely to 2.5 cm; young leaf blades abaxially without stellate hairs.
39a. Leaf blade secondary veins and midvein adaxially slightly raised; cupules 3–3.5 cm
in diam. ....................................................................................................... 25. C. remotidenticulata 39b. Leaf blade secondary veins and sometimes midvein adaxially impressed; cupules 1.5–3
cm in diam.
40a. Leaf blade margin mostly entire.
41a. Leaf blade lanceolate, 1.5–4 cm wide, apex caudate to sometimes shortly acute,
secondary
veins 9–13 on each side of midvein; nuts densely pilose ................................ 26. C. tonkinensis 41b. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic, ovate, or oblong, 4–6 cm wide, apex acuminate, secondary
veins
13–17 on each side of midvein; nuts puberulent ...................................................... 28. C. boisii 40b. Leaf blade margin serrate but some leaves on same plant may be entire.
42a. First-year leaf blades concolorous or adaxially darker green and abaxially greenish 29. C. densispinosa
42b. First-year leaf blades not concolorous.
43a. Cupules ca. 3 cm in diam.; leaf blade midvein adaxially usually slightly raised at
base ...................................................................................................................32. C. oblonga 43b. Cupules 1.5–2 cm in diam.; leaf blade midvein adaxially impressed.
44a. Petiole usually shorter than 1 cm; leaf blade abaxially covered with slightly
adherent
waxy scalelike trichomes .........................................................................30. C. ledongensis 44b. Petiole ca. 1.5 cm; leaf blade abaxially covered with early glabrescent waxy
scalelike trichomes ..................................................................................31. C. subuliformis
34b. Mature nuts glabrous or glabrescent, or sparsely covered with appressed hairs only near apex, or rarely puberulent.
45a. Cupules 0.7–2(–2.2) cm in diam.; bracts 1–6 mm.
46a. Leaf blade margin predominantly entire but sometimes shallowly serrate at apex.
47a. First-year leaf blades abaxially greenish; cupules 0.7–1.1 cm in diam.; leaf blade
secondary veins
7–10 on each side of midvein ....................................................................................... 40. C. fleuryi 47b. First-year leaf blades abaxially red-brown; cupules 1.2–2.2 cm in diam.; leaf blade
secondary veins 11–18 on each side of midvein.
48a. Petiole shorter than 1 cm; leaf blade secondary veins 14–18 on each side of midvein;
leaf blades abaxially and infructescence rachises densely covered with early glabrescent
powdery waxy scalelike trichomes ............................................................... 41. C. rufotomentosa 48b. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade secondary veins 11–14 on each side of midvein; leaf blades abaxially and infructescence rachises pubescent, covered with slightly adherent waxy
scalelike trichomes .............................................................................................. 42. C. tribuloides 46b. Leaf blade margin predominantly serrate but sometimes entire.
49a. First-year leaf blades abaxially with a thin greenish layer of adnate scalelike trichomes when young, concolorous with age ................................................................. 43. C. wenchangensis 49b. First-year leaf blades abaxially covered with reddish brown to yellowish brown waxy scalelike trichomes, remaining distinctly different in color from adaxial surface with age.
50a. Leaf blade apex acute to rounded; midvein adaxially slightly raised; leaf blade widest usually from middle to apex ................................................................................... 44. C. delavayi 50b. Leaf blade apex acuminate to caudate; midvein adaxially impressed when dry (flat
when fresh); leaf blade widest from base to middle.
51a. Petiole base not pillow-shaped; mature cupules rarely splitting; nut scar 8–9 mm in
diam. ................................................................................................................ 45. C. echinocarpa 51b. Petiole base pillow-shaped; mature cupules splitting at apex; nut scar ca. 5 mm in diam.
46. C. carlesii
45b. Cupules 2–3.5 cm in diam.; bracts 4–15 mm.
52a. Leaf blade midvein adaxially raised at least from base to middle of blade.
53a. Petiole 1.5–2 cm; rachis of infructescences pubescent; mature cupules and bracts
glabrescent ............................................................................................................... 33. C. chinensis 53b. Petiole 0.7–1.2 cm; rachis of infructescences glabrous; mature cupules and bracts
pubescent.
54a. Bracts usually not in bundles; nuts broadly conical ..................................................... 34. C. eyrei
54b. Bracts usually in bundles; nuts subglobose but apex pointed ...................................... 35. C. ferox 52b. Leaf blade midvein adaxially flat to impressed.
55a. Leaf blade margin predominantly serrate.
56a. Cupule splitting irregularly ...................................................................................... 36. C. fargesii
56b. Cupule splitting regularly.
57a. Leaf blade 4–8 cm wide; bud scales and 1st-year branchlets covered with reddish
brown
slightly loose waxy scalelike trichomes; petiole 1–2.5 cm; cupules 2.5–3.5 cm in diam.
.............................................................................................................................. 38. C. jucunda 57b. Leaf blade 1.5–3.5 cm wide; bud scales and 1st-year branchlets glabrous or covered
with
early glabrescent waxy scalelike trichomes; petiole 0.3–0.7 cm; cupules 2–2.2 cm in
diam. ................................................................................................................ 39. C. hupehensis 55b. Leaf blade margin predominantly entire.
58a. Leaf blade apex caudate ......................................................................................... 27. C. amabilis
58b. Leaf blade apex acute to acuminate.
59a. Petiole 2–2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to obovate-elliptic; cupule bracts 0.4–0.8 cm 37. C. ouonbiensis
59b. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade oblong, obovate-oblong, lanceolate, or rarely ovate; cupule bracts 0.8–1.5 cm.
60a. Young shoots tufted puberulent; leaf blade abaxially stellate cespitose along midvein;
cupule bracts 1.3–1.5 cm; nuts ellipsoid .......................................................18. C. longispina 60b. Young shoots from middle to apex with scalelike trichomes; leaf blade abaxially with a
thick and mealy layer of scalelike trichomes; cupule bracts 0.8–1 cm; nuts conical to
subglobose .......................................................................................................... 36. C. fargesii
1. Castanopsis calathiformis (Skan) Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 204. 1916.
瘰丝锥 bao si zhui
Quercus calathiformis Skan in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 508. 1899; Lithocarpus calathiformis (Skan) A. Camus; Pasania calathiformis (Skan) Hickel & A. Camus; Synaedrys calathiformis (Skan) Koidzumi.
Trees 5–10(–20) m tall. First-year branchlets black, dark black-brown, or dusky when dry, glabrous. Leaves spirally arranged, yellowish brown to gray; petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade oblong to obovate-elliptic, very variable in size, often 15–25 × 5–9 cm, thickly papery, covered with brown-red slightly adnate small lamellate waxy scalelike trichomes when young, base cuneate, margin from base to middle undulate and crenate, apex acute, acuminate, or rounded; midvein adaxially raised; secondary veins 20–28 on each side of midvein or rarely fewer. Female inflorescences usually borne more toward apex of branches and if axillary then solitary, 8–16 cm. Infructescences 10–20 cm. Cupules yellowish brown to dark grayish brown when dry, cupular, 0.8–1.2 cm in diam., wall ca. 1 cm thick; bracts scalelike, triangular, annular or sometimes imbricate when young, thickened with age, adnate, arranged in 4–7 rib rings, waxy. Nut ovoid to ellipsoid, 1–1.5 cm × 3–6 mm, apically brown-red tomentose; scar basal, 3–6 mm in diam. Fl. Mar–May, fr. Oct–Dec.
Mixed and broad-leaved evergreen forests; 700–2200 m. SE Xizang, S Yunnan [Laos, Myanmar, N Thailand, N Vietnam].
Castanopsis calathiformis,C. cerebrina,C. fissa,C. longzhouica,C. sclerophylla, and C. uraiana form a group of related species with 1 flower per cupule, and cupule bracts reduced to scales. The first two species are also united by having plicate cotyledons, and the latter three by having flat-convex cotyledons.
2. Castanopsis fissa (Champion ex Bentham) Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 20
3. 1916.
黧蒴锥 li shuo zhui
Quercus fissa Champion ex Bentham, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6: 114. 1854; Castanopsis fissoides Chun & C. C. Huang ex Luong; C. tunkinensis (Drake) Barnett (1944), not C. tonkinensis Seemen (1897); Lithocarpus fissus (Champion ex Bentham) A. Camus; Pasania fissa (Champion ex Bentham) Oersted; Q. tunkinensis Drake; Shiia fissa (Champion ex Bentham) Kudo; Synaedrys fissa (Champion ex Bentham) Koidzumi. Trees; bud scales, shoot apexes, and young leaf blades abaxially yellowish brown puberulent and covered with rust-colored, small, lamellate, slightly adnate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Branchlets red-purple, prominently angular. Leaves spirally arranged, yellowish brown to gray; petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade oblong to obovate-elliptic, very variable in sizes, often 15–25 × 5–9 cm, thickly papery, base cuneate, margin from base to middle undulate and crenate, apex acute, acuminate, or rounded; midvein raised adaxially; secondary veins 20–28 on each side of midvein or rarely fewer. Infructescence 8–18 cm; rachis glabrous. Cupule 1–1.5 cm in diameter, irregularly 2- or 3(or 4)-valved with valves often curled, covered with dark reddish brown mealy waxy scalelike trichomes, apex slightly cuspidate, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; bracts scalelike, triangular to squarish, imbricate when young but mostly united and in ring ribs with age. Nut globose to elliptic, 1.3–1.8 × 1.1–1.6 cm, apically brown-red tomentose; scar basal,
4–7 mm in diam. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Oct–Dec.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1600 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, S Guizhou, Hainan, S Hunan, S Jiangxi, SE Yunnan [N Thailand, N Vietnam].
Cupule shape of this species ranges from ellipsoid to ovoid and correlates with the distribution. Ellipsoid cupules occur in Fujian, E Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Hunan, while ovoid cupules occur in more western regions such as SE Yunnan and neighboring regions, including W Hainan and NE Vietnam.
3. Castanopsis cerebrina (Hickel & A. Camus) Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 183. 194
4.
毛叶杯锥 mao ye bei zhui
Pasania cerebrina Hickel & A. Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 10, 3: 408. 1921; Lithocarpus cerebrinus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus.
Trees; young branchlets and leaf blades reddish brown, densely puberulent with simple and stellate hairs and covered with slightly loose, small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Branchlets red-purple, prominently angular. Leaves spirally arranged, yellowish brown to gray; petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade oblong to obovate-elliptic, often 15–25 × 5–9 cm, thickly papery, base cuneate, margin from base to middle undulate and crenate, apex acute, acuminate, or rounded; midvein adaxially raised; secondary veins 20–28 on each side of midvein or rarely fewer. Rachis of female inflorescences sparsely puberulent and covered with
waxy scalelike trichomes. Cupule cupular, 1.8–2.2 × 1.5–2.5 cm, base stipitate, stipe 5–8 mm, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; bracts mound-shaped, arranged in disconnected rings, sparsely puberulent, covered with waxy scalelike trichomes. Nut narrowly conical, 2–2.5 × 1.4–2.2 cm, tomentulose, apex sometimes 3-angled; scar 0.8–1.2 cm in diam. Fl. Apr, fr. Oct.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 200–700 m. SE Yunnan [N Thailand, N Vietnam].
4. Castanopsis uraiana (Hayata) Kanehira & Hatusima, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 29: 15
5. 1939.
淋漓锥 lin li zhui
Quercus uraiana Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 299. 1911; Limlia uraiana (Hayata) Masamune & Tomiya; Lithocarpus uraiana (Hayata) Hayata; Pasania uraiana (Hayata) Schottky; Q. paohangii Chun & Tsiang; Q. randaiensis Hayata; Shiia uraiana (Hayata) Kanehira & Hatusima; Synaedrys uraiana (Hayata) Koidzumi.
Trees. Young shoots often sparsely puberulent and with small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes or glabrous, sparsely lenticellate. Leaves distichous; petiole 0.7–1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, ovate, lanceolate, or sometimes obovate, 7–13 × 2–3 cm, papery, abaxially covered with brown to reddish brown, tight, waxy scalelike trichomes when young but grayish brown to nearly concolorous with age, base attenuate and in-aequilateral, margin apically sparsely serrate or entire, apex slightly pointed, acute, or caudate and often bent
to 1 side; midvein adaxially flat to slightly impressed or from middle to apex slightly raised; secondary veins 7–12 on each side of midvein, very slender, evident. Infructescences 5–10 cm; rachis ca. 2 mm thick, sparsely gray lenticellate. Cupule shallowly cupular, 5–6 × 7–12 mm, enclosing 1/4–1/3 of nut, wall less than 1 mm thick; bracts reduced to scales, triangular to ovate, adnate, imbricate, dusky puberulent. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly conical, 0.7–1.5 cm; scar basal, 5–6 mm in diam. Fl. Mar–May, fr. Sep–Oct of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 400–1500 m. Fujian, E to N Guangdong, NE Guangxi, S Hunan, S Jiangxi, Taiwan.
5. Castanopsis longzhouica C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 5: 18
6. 1985.
龙州锥 long zhou zhui
Trees; branchlets, leaf blades, and infructescences gla-brous. Young shoots grayish, sparsely lenticellate; lenticels grayish, slightly raised. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or sometimes obovate, 8–10 cm, firmly papery, slightly brittle, concolorous, abaxially with a thin layer of closely adherent grayish waxy scalelike trichomes, base attenuate, margin from middle to apex dentate to crenate, apex acute and slightly pointed; midvein abaxially prominently raised; secondary veins 9–12 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescences 1–2 cm; flowers few, solitary along rachis. Infructescences almost as long as rachis, sparsely lenticellate; lenticels grayish. Cupule shallowly cupular, 5–6 mm, covering base or no more than basal
1/4 of nut; bracts imbricate, adnate, broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic, gray puberulent, margin slightly membranous. Nut broadly conical, 1–1.5 cm in diam.; scar basal, ca. 4 mm in diam. Fl. Feb–Mar, fr. Aug–Sep. ? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 400–600 m. Guangxi (Longzhou Xian).
6. Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindley & Paxton) Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 638. 1912.
苦槠 ku zhu
Quercus sclerophylla Lindley & Paxton, Paxt. Fl. Gard. 1: 59. 1850; Lithocarpus chinensis (Abel) A. Camus; Q. chinensis Abel (1818), not Castanopsis chinensis Hance (1868); Q. cuspidata Thunberg var. sinensis A. de Candolle; Synaedrys sclerophylla (Lindley & Paxton) Koidzumi.
Trees; branches and leaf blades glabrous. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly angulate. Petiole 1.5–2.5 cm; leaf blade oblong, ovate-elliptic, or obovate-elliptic, 7–15 cm, leathery, adaxially silver-gray with age, base rounded to broadly cuneate and usually inaequilateral, margin from middle to apex serrulate or rarely entire, apex acuminate, cuspidate, or shortly caudate; midvein slightly impressed from base to middle and slightly raised from middle to apex; secondary veins 10–15 on each side of midvein, prominent to very slender, evident. Rachis of inflorescences glabrous. Female inflorescence ca. 15 cm. Infructescences 8–15 cm. Cupule globose to subglobose, 1.2–1.5 cm in diam., completely or almost completely enclosing nut, irregu-larly valved, outside yellowish brown puberulent, wall to 1 mm thick; bracts scalelike, 3- or 4-angled, sometimes only base connate, in annular umbones. Nut 1(–3) per cupule, subglobose, 1–1.4 cm in diam., tomentulose, apex mucronulate; scar basal, 7–9 mm in diam. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Oct–Nov.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 200–1000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, NE Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, E Sichuan, Zhejiang.
The nuts are used for food.
Castanopsis ×kuchugouzhui C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang (Guihaia 16: 301. 1996) is a hybrid between C. sclerophylla and C. tibetana with a population on Yuelu Shan in Changsha Shi, Hunan. The bracts apically and along the sides of the cupule are 5–8 mm and spinelike, like those of C. tibetana, but among them, as well as the basal bracts, are small, triangular to multiangular, and lamellate bracts like those of
C. sclerophylla.
7. Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 300. 1911.
吊皮锥 diao pi zhui
Castanopsis greenii Chun; C. oerstedii Hickel & A. Camus.
Trees. Branches glabrous; young shoots dark reddish brown, glabrous, sparsely lenticellate; lenticels dark gray. Petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate,
6–12 × 2–5 cm, dark reddish brown when young and remaining so abaxially, leathery with age, base broadly cuneate to rounded and inaequilateral, margin entire or rarely 1–3-toothed near apex, apex caudate; midvein adaxially slightly raised from base to middle but flat to slightly impressed from middle to apex; secondary veins 9–12 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins reticulate, conspicuous. Female inflorescences 5–10 cm; rachis glabrous. Cupule globose, 6–8 cm in diam., splitting into 4(or 5) segments when mature, inside densely dusky tomentulose, wall ca. 3 mm thick; bracts spinelike, connected to radial branched bundles in mid-dle part of cupule or slightly basally, 2–3 cm, sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous. Nut 1 per cupule, oblate, 1.2–1.5 × 1.7–2 cm, densely orangish brown puberulent; scar covering ca. 1/3(–1/2) of nut. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr.
Aug–Oct of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1000 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, SE Guangxi, S Jiangxi, C Taiwan [Vietnam].
Reports of Castanopsis borneensis King from Taiwan are referable to C. kawakamii. Castanopsis concinna,C. fordii, C. globigemmata,C. hainanensis,C. hystrix,C. indica,C. kawakamii,C. mekongensis, and C. tibetana form a group of related species with cupules splitting regularly into 4 parts, bract with varying length that are basally connate into fascicles, and a scar that occupies the basal 1/4 to 1/3 of the nut.
8. Castanopsis hystrix J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex A. de Candolle, J. Bot. 182. 1863.
红锥 hong zhui
Castanea bodinieri H. Léveillé & Vaniot; Castanopsis bodinieri (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) Koidzumi; C. brunnea (H. Léveillé) A. Camus; C. lohfauensis Hu; C. tapuensis Hu; Quercus brunnea H. Léveillé.
Trees. Young shoots purple-brown, slender, sparsely to densely puberulent and with yellowish brown small lamellate waxy scalelike trichomes. Petiole ca. 1 cm or rarely longer; leaf blade lanceolate to obovate-elliptic,
4–9 × 1.5–4 cm or rarely smaller or larger, papery to thinly leathery, pubescent when young but early glabrescent, at least adaxially along midvein with very lax and thick or tight and thin, reddish brown to yel-lowish brown, small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes, base sharply acute to rounded and inaequilateral, apex mucronate to caudate; midvein adaxially impressed; secondary veins 9–15 on each side of midvein, very slender, evident. Female inflorescence solitary in leaf axil. Infructescence ca. 15 cm. Cupule globose, 2.5–4 cm in diam., splitting into 4 segments, wall ca. 2.5 mm thick; bracts spinelike, completely covering cupule, 6–10 mm, sparsely puberulent, base of some connate into bundles. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly conical, 1–1.5 × 0.8–1.3 cm, glabrous; scar basal. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Aug–Nov of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; near sea level to 1600 m. SE Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, SW Hunan, SE Xizang
(Mêdog Xian), S Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, NE India, Laos, Myan-mar, Nepal, Sikkim, Vietnam].
9. Castanopsis concinna (Champion ex Bentham) A. de Can-dolle in Hance, J. Bot. 1: 182. 1863.
华南锥 hua nan zhui
Castanea concinna Champion ex Bentham, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6: 115. 1854; Castanopsis oblongifolia W. C. Cheng & C. S. Chao.
Trees; young shoots and rachis of inflorescences yellowish brown to reddish brown puberulent and with early glabrescent, very thick, small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Petiole ca. 4–12 mm; leaf blade elliptic, oblong-orbicular, or sometimes oblanceolate,
5–10 × 1.5–3.5(–5) cm, leathery, brittle, margin and midvein pilose when young, base shortly attenuate to broadly cuneate and usually symmetric but sometimes slightly asymmetric, margin entire or apically sparsely serrulate, apex mucronate to acuminate; midvein adaxially prominently impressed; secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescences 5–10 cm. Infructescences 4–8 cm; rachis 4–6 mm thick. Cupule globose, 5–6 cm in diam., splitting into 4 regular segments, wall 2–4 mm thick; bracts spinelike, entirely covering cupule, 1–2 cm, puberulent, base connate into bundles. Nut 1 per cupule, ± conical, ca. 1 × 1.4 cm, densely pubescent; scar covering ca. 1/3 but no more than 1/2 of nut. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep–Oct of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 500 m. S Guangdong, S Guangxi.
10.Castanopsis mekongensis A.Camus,Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 653. 1938 [1939].
湄公锥 mei gong zhui
Castanopsis fohaiensis Hu; C. lantsangensis Hu; C. wangii Hu & W. C. Cheng.
Trees; young shoots, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and rachis of inflorescences densely pubescent. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, broadly elliptic, or sometimes ovate, 15–25 × 5–8 cm, thickly papery to leathery, abaxially grayish, adaxially dark black-brown when young, grayish brown to yellowish gray when dry, puberulent on midvein, base rounded to acute and symmetric or inaequilateral, margin entire, apex acuminate; midvein and secondary veins adaxially usually impressed; secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein. Infructescence ca. 10 cm or rarely longer. Cupule globose, 5–6 cm in diam., wall ca. 2 mm thick; bracts spinelike, entirely covering cupule, 1–1.5 cm, sparsely pubescent, base connate into bundles. Nut 1 per cupule, oblate, 1.3–1.6 × 1.5–2 cm, densely pubescent; scar covering ca. 1/3 of nut. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Aug–Oct of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 600–2000 m. S to SE Yunnan [Laos].
11. Castanopsis globigemmata Chun & C. C. Huang in C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 16: 300. 1996.
圆芽锥 yuan ya zhui
Trees. Branchlet black-brown when dry, densely lenticellate; lenticels slightly raised. Petiole 8–10 mm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, 10–15 × 3.5–5 cm, nearly leathery, pilose and with tight brown, waxy scalelike trichomes, abaxially when young and on both sides along midvein, base broadly cuneate to acute and inaequilateral, margin entire or with 1–3 shallow teeth from middle to apex, apex long acuminate to caudate; midvein at least from base to middle adaxially raised; secondary veins 9–12 on each side of midvein. Rachis of inflorescences sparsely puberulent and with brown, stellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Infructescences 5–7 cm; cupules clustered from middle to apex of rachis. Cupule globose, 6–7 cm in diam., splitting into 4 regular segments when mature, wall 3–4 mm thick; bracts spinelike, entirely covering cupule, 1–1.5 cm, base connate into bundles. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly conical, 2–3.5 cm in diam., densely pubescent; scar basal. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Oct–Nov of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1400 m. SE Yunnan (Pingbian Miaozu Zizhixian).
12. Castanopsis fordii Hance, J. Bot. 22: 230. 1884.
毛锥 mao zhui
Trees; bud scales, young shoots, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and rachis of inflorescences densely covered with brown to reddish brown, slightly rough long tomentum. Petiole 1–3(–5) mm, usually tapering toward apex; leaf blade oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate-oblong, 9–18 × 3–7 cm, leathery, abaxially reddish brown when young but grayish brown to grayish with age, base cordate, shallowly auriculate, or rarely rounded, margin entire and revolute, apex acute, mucronate, or rarely rounded; midvein adaxially prominently impressed; secondary veins 14–18 on each side of midvein or fewer. Infructescences dense, 6–12 cm. Cupule 5–6 cm in diam., splitting into 4(or 5) regular segments, wall 3–4 mm thick; bracts spinelike, entirely covering cupule, 1–2 cm, pubescent, base connate into many bundles. Nut 1 per cupule, ± conical, 1.2–1.5 × 1.5–2 cm, densely pubescent; scar covering ca. 1/3 of nut. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Sep–Oct of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1200 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, SE Guangxi, S Hunan, S Jiangxi, S Zhejiang.
13. Castanopsis tibetana Hance, J. Bot. 13: 367. 1875.
钩锥 gou zhui Castanopsis chengfengensis Hu; Quercus franchetiana H. Léveillé ex A. Camus.
Trees. Young shoots black to black-brown when dry, glabrous. Petiole 1.5–3 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, ovate, oblong, or obovate-elliptic, 15–30 × 5–10(–13) cm, leathery, dark purple-brown when young, abaxially thinly covered with reddish brown to yellowish brown, waxy scalelike trichomes, base rounded to shortly cuneate and symmetric or sometimes inaequilateral, margin serrate except basally entire, apex acuminate, mucronate, or caudate; midvein adaxially impressed; secondary veins 15–18 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescences 5–25 cm; rachis 4–6 mm thick. Cupule globose, 6–8 cm in diam., splitting into 4(or 5) regular segments, wall 3–4 mm thick; bracts spinelike, entirely covering cupule, 1.5–2.5 cm, subglabrous to sparsely puberulent, base usually connate into bundles. Nut 1 per cupule, ± conical, 1.5–1.8 × 2–2.8 cm, hairy; scar covering ca. 1/4 of nut. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Oct of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1500 m. S Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, SW Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, SE Yunnan, S Zhejiang.
14. Castanopsis indica (Roxburgh ex Lindley) A. de Candolle in Hance, J. Bot. 1: 182. 1863.
印度锥 yin du zhui
Castanea indica Roxburgh ex Lindley in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 5. 1830; Castanopsis macrostachya Hu; C. sinensis A. Chevalier; C. subacuminata Hayata; Quercus indica (Roxburgh ex Lindley) Drake.
Trees; young shoots, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and rachis of inflorescences yellowish brown puberulent. Petiole 5–10(–15) mm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, elliptic, or sometimes obovate-elliptic, 9–20 × (4–)6–10 cm, thickly papery, abaxially puberulent or glabrescent, base cuneate to rounded and usually inaequilateral, margin serrate except basally entire, apex mucronate to acuminate; midvein adaxially impressed; secondary veins 15–25 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescence ca. 40 cm. Infructescences dense, 10–27 cm. Cupule globose, 3.5–4 cm in diam., usually splitting into 4 segments when mature, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, entirely covering cupule, to 1.5 cm, straight or bent, base connate into bundles. Nut 1(or 2) per cupule, broadly conical, 1–1.4 cm in diam., densely hairy; scar covering ca. 1/4 of nut. Fl. Mar–May, fr. Sep–Nov of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1500 m. S Guangdong, S Guangxi, S Hainan, Taiwan, SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian), S Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, NE India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].
15. Castanopsis hainanensis Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 21: 340. 1922.
海南锥 hai nan zhui
Trees; branchlets, petioles, young leaf blades abaxially, rachis of inflorescences, and perianth covered with reddish brown, dusky, or grayish brown, very short, felted puberulence. Petiole 1–1.8 cm; leaf blade obovate, obovate-elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or broadly ovate, 5–12(–17) × 2.5–5(–6) cm, thickly papery to nearly leathery, abaxially often grayish with age, base acute to broadly cuneate, margin serrate except basally entire, apex rounded to mucronate; midvein adaxially impressed but often slightly raised on sprouted branch leaves; secondary veins 10–15(–18) on each side of midvein. Infructescences 10–17 cm; rachis 5–6 mm thick. Cupule 4–5 cm in diam., wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, congested, entirely covering cupule, to 1.5 cm, basally connate. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly conical, 1.2–1.5 × 1.6–2 cm, densely pubescent; scar exceeding base of nut. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Aug–Oct of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 400 m. Hainan.
Could be recognized as an insular subspecies of Castanopsis indica. The status of C. undulatifolia G. A. Fu (Guihaia 14: 301. 1994) is uncertain, but it may be conspecific with C. hainanensis.
16. Castanopsis clarkei King ex J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 5: 623. 1888.
棱刺锥 leng ci zhui
Trees; young shoots and rachis of inflorescences densely puberulent. Winter bud scales velutinous. Petiole 1.5–3 cm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 10–20 × 5–9 cm, thickly papery to nearly leathery, base acute and inaequilateral, margin serrate except basally entire, apex mucronate; midvein abaxially conspicuously raised, adaxially slightly impressed; secondary veins 14–20. Female inflorescences ca. 20 cm. Infructescence rachis 4–5 mm thick. Cupule subglobose, 3.5–4(–5) cm in diam., wall ca. 1.5 mm thick; bracts spinelike, congested, entirely covering cupule, 1–1.5 cm, 3- or 4-angled in cross section, free or base connate into bundles, nearly glabrous. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly conical, 1.4–1.6 cm, apex cuspidate; scar basal. Fl.
Mar–May, fr. Oct–Dec of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 500–800 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian), S Yunnan [NE India, NE Myanmar].
17. Castanopsis choboensis Hickel & A. Camus, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 4: 122. 1928.
窄叶锥 zhai ye zhui
Trees. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 8–15 × 3–5 cm or rarely larger, thickly papery, base acute to cuneate and often oblique, margin serrate-dentate, apex mucronate to caudate; midvein slightly impressed; secondary veins 16–20 on each side of midvein, adaxially shallowly furrowed and impressed or slightly raised. Inflorescence rachis sparsely and shortly hairy. Infructescences 8–18 cm. Cupule wall 1–2 mm thick; bracts spinelike, congested, entirely covering cupule, free or base connate into bundles. Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm, pubescent; scar basal, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Oct–Dec
of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests on limestone; below 1000 m. W Guangxi, S Guizhou, SE Yunnan [NE Vietnam].
Very similar, if not identical, to Castanopsis indica.
18. Castanopsis longispina (King ex J. D. Hooker) C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 12: 1. 1992.
长刺锥 chang ci zhui
Castanopsis tribuloides Smith var. longispina King ex J.
D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 5: 623. 1888; C. ferox Spach var. longispina (King ex J. D. Hooker) A. Camus. Trees. Young shoots purple-brown, slightly angulate, tufted puberulent, glabrescent. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong to obovate-oblong, 14–24 × 5–8 cm, 1st-year leaf blades papery and abaxially covered with very small stellate cespitose hairs along midvein, base acute to rounded, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate; secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein, adaxially ± impressed. Infructescence rachis 4–5 mm thick. Cupule wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, congested, almost completely covering cupule, 1.3–1.5 cm, stiff, free or a few in bundles, puberulent. Nut ellipsoid, 2–3 × ca. 1 cm, glabrescent; scar ca. 8 mm in diam.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 800–900 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian) [Bangladesh, NE India, Myanmar, Sikkim].
In India, the species grows at elevations from 200–1200 m.
19. Castanopsis argyrophylla King ex J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 5: 622. 1888.
银叶锥 yin ye zhui
Trees; branches and leaf blades glabrous. Shoots blackish brown when dry. Petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, ovate, lanceolate, or sometimes obovate, 10–20 × 4–7 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially often grayish, adaxially yellow-green when dry, base cuneate to rounded, margin entire, apex mucronate to acuminate; midvein adaxially raised; secondary veins 10–13 on each side of midvein. Infructescences 10–25 cm; rachis covered with pale grayish brown, feltlike, short hairs, glabrescent. Cupule globose, 2.5–3.5 cm in diam., puberulent when young, outside glabrescent, wall 1–1.5 mm thick; bracts spinelike, arranged in discontinuous rings or spirals, 2–6 mm, free or base slightly connate. Nut 1(–3) per cupule, subglobose, 1.5–1.8 cm in diam., densely puberulent. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Oct–Dec of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1000–1500 m. S Yunnan [NE India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
20. Castanopsis tcheponensis Hickel & A.Camus, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 4: 123. 1928.
薄叶锥 bao ye zhui
Trees; branches and leaf blades glabrous. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 10–15 × 4–6 cm, papery, yellow-green when dry; midvein and secondary veins adaxially slightly raised; secondary veins 9–13 on each side of midvein. Rachis of inflorescences glabrous or very shortly and sparsely mealy puberulent. Female inflorescences 10–25 cm. Cupules shortly stalked when young, subglobose when mature, ca. 3 cm in diam., blackish brown when dry, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, almost entirely covering cupule, 7–12 mm, slender, free or a few in bundles, glabrous, without scalelike trichomes, basally blackish brown when dry, apically yellowish brown. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly ovoid to subglobose, 1.5–1.8 × 1.2–1.4 cm, glabrous or subglabrous; scar covering more than 3/4 of nut. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Oct–Nov.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 900–1400 m. S Yunnan [Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam].
21. Castanopsis megaphylla Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 10: 85. 1940.
大叶锥 da ye zhui
Trees; bud scales, young shoots, and rachis of inflores-cences grayish brown puberulent with small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. First-year branchlets thick, black-brown when dry, lenticellate; lenticels yellowish brown. Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade elliptic, sometimes obovate-elliptic, 26–45 × 8–18 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially midvein and secondary veins stellate puberulent and with small lamellate waxy scalelike tri-chomes when young, surface with a thick tight layer of lamellate waxy scalelike trichomes with age, buff when dry, base cuneate to rounded and often oblique, margin entire, apex obtuse to mucronate; midvein adaxially impressed; secondary veins 16–20 or more on each side of midvein. Female inflorescence ca. 28 cm; rachis densely tawny to dusky puberulent. Infructescence rachis 6–8 mm thick, sparsely lenticellate. Cupule sub-globose, ca. 2.5 cm in diam., outside sparsely puberulent and with waxy scalelike trichomes, basally blackish brown, wall ca. 3 mm thick near base and ca. 1 mm thick near apex; bracts of young cupules spinelike, congested, yellowish brown when dry. Nut subglobose, 1 per cupule, ca. 1 cm in diam., pubescent when young. Fl. May–Jul, fr. of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1100–1500 m. SE Yunnan (Pingbian Miaozu Zizhixian).
May be the same as the earlier published Vietnamese Castanopsis chevalieri Hickel & A. Camus.
22. Castanopsis nigrescens Chun & C. C. Huang in C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 16: 301. 1996.
黑叶锥 hei ye zhui Trees usually 8–15 m tall. First-year branchlets dull blackish brown, often sparsely and thinly grayish pruinose. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade ovate, ovate-elliptic, or rarely lanceolate, 8–15 × 3–6 cm, leathery, abaxially covered with yellowish brown, tightly adnate layers of waxy scalelike trichomes when young, but layers becoming grayish, sparser and thinner with age, adaxially blackish brown to brownish black when dry, base rounded and symmetric or slightly oblique, margin entire, apex acuminate to mucronate; midvein at least from middle to apex adaxially slightly impressed or rarely flat; secondary veins 10–13 on each side of midvein, slender, evident, abaxially slightly raised. Rachis of inflorescences grayish puberulent, glabrescent. Infructescences 5–15 cm; rachis 5–7 mm thick, with cupules crowded from middle to apex. Cupule subglobose, 4–4.5 cm in diam., outside grayish to yellowish gray puberulent, inside brown long tomentose, wall 3–5 mm thick; bracts spinelike, very dense, 1–1.6 cm, grayish to yellowish gray puberulent, free or connate at base or to apical 1/2 and in bundles, usually united to cristate rings. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly ovoid, ca. 2.5 cm, densely pubescent, apex acute; scar covering ca. 1/3 of nut. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Set-Oct of following year.
? Mixed mesophytic and broad-leaved evergreen forests; 200–1000 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, S Guangxi, S Hunan, Jiangxi (Dingnan Xian, Ningdu Xian).
23. Castanopsis damingshanensis S. L. Mo ex C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 16: 300. 1996.
大明山锥 da ming shan zhui
Trees 5–9 m tall. Branches glabrous. Petiole 3–6 mm; leaf blade ovate to broadly elliptic, 5–8 × 2.5–4 cm, leathery, concolorous, abaxially sparsely covered with a thin layer of small, yellowish, lamellate scalelike trichomes, base broadly cuneate, margin entire and subconvolute, apex obtuse, rounded, or mucronate; midvein adaxially flat but slightly raised from base to middle; secondary veins 7–10 on each side of midvein. Infructescences few fruited, glabrous; rachis ca. 5 mm thick. Cupule broadly ovoid, 2–2.5 cm in diam., outside and bracts puberulent and with scalelike trichomes, wall 1–2 mm thick; bracts spinelike, basal bracts with a few connected to cristate rings. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly conical, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., brownish pubescent; scar basal, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fr. Oct–Nov.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1100–1400 m. C Guangxi (Daming Shan).
24. Castanopsis jianfenglingensis Duanmu in W. C. Cheng & al., Sci. Silvae 8: 187. 1963.
尖峰岭锥 jian feng ling zhui
Trees ca. 20 m tall; branchlets and young leaf blades abaxially covered with simple or stellate hairs. Petiole 2.5–3.5 cm, very short when young; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, oblong, or rarely broadly ovate, 12–24 × 5–8
cm, thickly papery, concolorous, base broadly cuneate and often slightly inaequilateral, margin entire or rarely subcrenate from middle to apex, apex caudate; midvein adaxially slightly impressed or rarely flat to slightly raised from base to middle; secondary veins 12–14 on each side of midvein. Infructescences 5–15 cm; rachis 2–3 mm thick. Cupule subglobose, 2–3 cm in diam., wall 1–2 mm thick; bracts spinelike, 3–6 mm, free but usually some in bundles. Nut ellipsoid, 1.2–2 cm, densely rust-colored pubescent; scar basal, 8–10 mm in diam. Fr. Oct–Nov.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 500–800 m. SW Hainan (Dongfang Xian).
25. Castanopsis remotidenticulata Hu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 104. 1951.
疏齿锥 shu chi zhui
Trees ca. 25 m tall. Branches glabrous; 1st-year branchlets purplish brown. Petiole to 1 cm; leaf blade oblong to obovate-elliptic, 6–12 × 3–4 cm, firmly papery, abaxially covered with tight grayish waxy scalelike trichomes, base broadly cuneate to rounded and often slightly oblique, margin sparsely serrate, apex acuminate to sometimes caudate; midvein and secondary veins adaxially with small ribs; secondary veins 10–13 on each side of midvein. Infructescences
7–10 cm; rachis 4–5 mm thick. Cupule subglobose, 3–3.5 cm in diam., wall 1–2 mm thick; bracts spinelike,
3–6 mm, free but a few in bundles and transversely united to discontinuous cristate rings. Nut 1 per cupule, flat-conical, 1.8–2.4 cm, puberulent; scar basal, 1.8–2.4 cm in diam. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep–Nov.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1000–2200 m. C to SE Yunnan. 26. Castanopsis tonkinensis Seemen, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23 (Beibl. 57): 55. 1897.
公孙锥 gong sun zhui
Trees 10–20 m tall. Branches glabrous. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 6–13 × 1.5–4 cm, membranous, abaxially greenish and sparsely covered with reddish brown, small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes when young, glabrous at maturity, adaxially deep green, base narrowly cuneate, decurrent on petiole, and symmetric or slightly oblique,margin entire, apex caudate to sometimes shortly acute; midvein adaxially somewhat impressed and villous but glabrescent; secondary veins 9–13 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescence ca.
20 cm. Cupule broadly ellipsoid, ovoid, or rarely subglobose, 2–3 cm in diam., dark brownish black when dry, outside glabrescent, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, rarely entirely covering cupule, 6–10 mm, glabrescent. Nut 1 per cupule, narrowly conical to broadly ellipsoid, 0.9–1.2 cm in diam., densely brown pilose; scar basal, 8–9 mm in diam. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct of following year. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 2000 m. Guangdong, SW Guangxi, Hainan, SE Yunnan [NE Vietnam].
Most Chinese collections are var. tonkinensis, but some specimens from Guangxi and SE Yunnan may be var. laocaiensis Luong, which has broader and thicker leaf blades, and bracts of cupules thicker and shorter than those of var. tonkinensis.
27. Castanopsis amabilis W. C. Cheng & C. S. Chao in W. C. Cheng & al., Sci. Silvae 8: 5. 1963.
南宁锥 nan ning zhui
Castanopsis amabilis var. brevispinosa W. C. Cheng & C. S. Chao.
Trees ca. 20 m tall; branches and rachis of inflorescences glabrous. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 7–12 × 2–3.5 cm, firmly papery, abaxially with tight layers of yellowish brown scalelike trichomes when young, often grayish with age, base broadly cuneate and symmetric or slightly oblique, margin entire or with 1–3 shallow teeth, apex caudate; midvein adaxially shallowly impressed or occasionally flat; secondary veins 9–13 on each side of midvein, slender, evident. Female inflorescence ca. 26 cm. Infructescence rachis 2–3 mm thick. Cupule broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 2.2–2.8 cm in diam., outside grayish pubescent or with yellowish brown waxy scalelike trichomes, wall ca. 1 mm thick and exterior visible through bracts; bracts spinelike, 4–8 mm, dispersed or subannular. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly ovoid to subglobose, 0.8–1.2 cm in diam., glabrous; scar basal, 7–10 mm in diam. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Oct–Dec of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 300–900 m. SW Guangxi.
28. Castanopsis boisii Hickel & A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 396. 1921.
榄壳锥 lan qiao zhui
Castanopsis hamata Duanmu; C. megaphyllya Hu (1948 [1949]), not C. megaphylla Hu (1940).
Trees ca. 25 m tall; branchlets, petiole of young leaves, and mature leaf blades abaxially pubescent and with usually glabrescent yellowish brown to reddish brown, small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, ovate, or narrowly oblong, 9–18 × 4–6 cm, thickly papery, base rounded to shortly cuneate and symmetric or slightly oblique, margin entire or rarely from middle to apex shallowly undulate, apex acuminate; midvein adaxially impressed or sometimes slightly raised or flat from base to middle; secondary veins 13–17 on each side of midvein. Infructescence 27 cm; rachis from base to middle 2–3.5 mm thick. Cupule ellipsoid to broadly obovoid, 2.5–3 cm in diam., outside and bracts pubescent and with usually glabrescent yellowish brown to reddish brown small lamellate waxy scalelike trichomes, wall 0.5–1 mm thick and exterior visible through bracts; bracts spinelike, 8–10 mm, greatly variable in thickness, base connate into scattered bundles. Nut 1(or 2) per cupule, broadly ovoid, 1.2–1.4 × 0.9–1.2 cm, puberulent; scar
basal, 8–10 mm in diam. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Oct–Nov of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1000–1500 m. Guangdong, SW Guangxi, Hainan, SE Yunnan [NE Vietnam].
29. Castanopsis densispinosa Y. C. Hsu & H. W. Jen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(4): 16. 1975.
密刺锥 mi ci zhui
Trees ca. 15 m tall. Branchlets glabrous, densely lenticellate; lenticels small, grayish. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 13–18 × 3.5–6 cm, green on both surfaces, glabrous, margin coarsely dentate but entire on leaves borne apically on branchlet; midvein abaxially raised and adaxially impressed; secondary veins 10–13 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous. Infructescences to 18 cm. Cupule 2–3 cm in diam., splitting into 3 segments, inside densely grayish villous, wall 1–2 mm thick; bracts spinelike, densely covering outside of cupule, ca.
1 cm, free but basal bracts in bundles. Nut 1 per cupule, ovoid, 1–1.4 × ca. 1 cm, sparsely brownish puberulent, apex obscurely 4- or 5-ridged. Fr. Dec.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1700 m. Yunnan (Jinping Xian).
30. Castanopsis ledongensis C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 16: 301. 1996.
乐东锥 le dong zhui
Trees ca. 18 m tall; young shoots and rachis of male in-florescences pubescent, with reddish brown, small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes, glabrescent. Branchlets dull brown to brownish black. Petiole ca. 1 cm or rarely longer; leaf blade oblong to sometimes obovate-elliptic, 5–9 × 2–3.5 cm, when young abaxially covered with slightly tight layers of reddish brown, small, lamellate scalelike trichomes and with sparsely but soon glabrescent pilose hairs along midvein, base acute and sometimes slightly asymmetric, margin somewhat crenate, apex mucronate to shortly caudate; midvein adaxially impressed; secondary veins 9–12 on each side of midvein. Infructescence ca. 16 cm; rachis 1.5–2 mm thick, glabrous. Cupule subglobose, to ca. 2 cm in diam., splitting into 2 segments, basally abruptly narrowed and slightly decurrent to shortly stalked, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, 3–5 mm or rarely longer, 3- or 4-angular in cross section, base wide and sometimes several transversely united in a cockscomblike pattern, puberulent and with brownish scalelike trichomes. Nut broadly conical, 1–1.2 cm in diam., apex sparsely puberulent; scar basal, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fr. Oct–Nov.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 800 m. Hainan (Ledong Xian).
31. Castanopsis subuliformis Chun & C. C. Huang in C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 16: 301. 1996.
钻刺锥 zuan ci zhui
Trees ca. 25 m tall. First-year branchlets dark brown, glabrous. Petiole ca. 1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate, 7–14 × 3–5 cm, firmly papery, abaxially covered with reddish brown to yellowish brown, small, lamellate waxy scalelike trichomes but soon glabrescent, base rounded to very acute and sometimes slightly inaequilateral, margin from middle to apex with shal-low teeth or rarely entire, apex acute to caudate; midvein adaxially impressed; secondary veins 11–14 on each side of midvein. Infructescences ca. 11 cm; rachis 3–4 mm thick, glabrous. Cupules blackish brown, globose, 1.5–2 cm in diam., wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, scattered, conical, 2–5 cm, yellowish gray pubescent and with small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes, base wide. Nut 1 per cupule, slightly flat-conical, ca. 1.2 × 1.5 cm, densely brown pilose; scar basal, ca. 1.3 cm in diam. Fr. Dec.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 700–900 m. Guangdong, Guangxi.
32. Castanopsis oblonga Y. C. Hsu & H. W. Jen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(4): 19. 1975.
矩叶锥 ju ye zhui
Trees 8–10 m tall. First-year branchlets blackish brown when dry. Petiole 6–10 mm; leaf blade ovate, broadly elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, 6–9 × 2–3.5 cm, thickly papery, brittle when dry, puberulent along midvein and abaxially reddish brown and with a tight layer of scalelike trichomes when young, brownish gray with age, base broadly cuneate to acute and symmetric, margin somewhat crenate to dentate or entire, apex acuminate, caudate, or obtuse; midvein adaxially flat to slightly impressed but usually slightly raised from base to middle; secondary veins 10–14 on each side of midvein. Infructescences 5–10 cm; rachis 2–4 mm thick. Cupule broadly obovoid, ca. 3 cm in diam., dark grayish brown when mature and dry, wall ca. 1 mm thick and exterior ± visible through bracts; bracts spinelike, 4–7 mm, free and evenly scattered or connate at base into short rings, basally gray puberulent, apically yellowish brown and glabrous. Nut broadly conical, 1–1.8 cm in diam., puberulent; scar basal, 0.8–1.4 cm in diam. Fr. Oct–Nov.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 2000 m. SE Yunnan (Yuanjiang Xian).
33. Castanopsis chinensis (Sprengel) Hance, J.Linn. Soc., Bot. 10: 201. 1868.
锥 zhui
Castanea chinensis Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 3: 856. 1826; Castanopsis remotiserrata Hu.
Trees 10–20 m tall; branches and leaf blades glabrous. Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to rarely ovate, 7–18 × 2–5 cm, thickly papery to nearly leathery, concolorous, base rounded to acute, margin at least from middle to apex serrate, apex caudate; midvein and secondary veins adaxially raised; secondary veins 9–12 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescences borne on apical part of 1st-year branchlets; flowers 1 per cupule. Infructescences 8–15 cm. Cupule globose, 2.5–3.5 cm in diam., usually splitting into 3–5 segments, outside densely grayish brown puberulent when young
but glabrescent, inside densely brown villous, wall 1–1.5 mm thick; bracts spinelike, almost entirely covering outside cupule, 6–12 mm, connate into bundles from base to nearly middle. Nut conical, 1.2–1.6 × 1–1.3 cm, glabrous or rarely puberulent from middle to apex; scar basal, 8–10 mm in diam. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Sep–Nov of following year.
Mixed and broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, SW Guizhou, Hunan, SE Yunnan [Vietnam]. 34. Castanopsis eyrei (Champion ex Bentham) Tutcher, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 68. 1905.
甜槠 tian zhu
Quercus eyrei Champion ex Bentham, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6: 114. 1854; Castanopsis asymetrica H. Léveillé; C. brachyacantha Hayata; C. caudata Franchet; C. chingii A. Camus; C. eyrei var. brachyacantha (Hayata) C. F. Shen; C. incana A. Camus; C. neocavaleriei A. Camus; Lithocarpus eyrei (Champion ex Bentham) Rehder; Pasania eyrei (Champion ex Bentham) Oersted; Q. castanopsis H.
Léveillé; Q. cavaleriei H. Léveillé & Vaniot; Q. cepifera H. Léveillé; Q. trinervis H. Léveillé; Shiia brachyacantha (Hayata) Kudo & Masamune; Synaedrys brachyacantha (Hayata) Koidzumi.
Trees 8–20 m tall; branches glabrous. Petiole 0.7–1.5 cm or rarely longer; leaf blade lanceolate, ovate, ovate-elliptic, or oblong, 5–13 × 1.5–5.5 cm, leathery, abaxially reddish brown to dark reddish brown when dry and with brownish to silver-gray, membranous scalelike trichomes, base slightly decurrent on petiole and inaequilateral or sometimes symmetric, margin entire or with few shallow teeth from middle to apex, apex long acuminate; midvein at least from base to middle adaxially slightly raised; secondary veins 7–11 on each side of midvein, very slender, evident. Infructescence rachis 2–5 mm thick, glabrous or glabrescent. Cupule broadly ovoid to subglobose, 2–3 cm in diam., splitting into 2–4 segments, outside and bracts grayish to yellowish gray puberulent, apically acute to obtuse, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, usually entirely covering outside of cupule, more densely toward apex but if cupule subglobose then basally glabrous and spines sparser, 4–10 mm but apical ones shorter. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly conical, 0.8–1.4 cm in diam., glabrous; scar basal, 8–10 mm in diam. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Sep–Nov of following year.
? Mixed and broad-leaved evergreen forests; 300–1700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Zhejiang.
35. Castanopsis ferox (Roxburgh) Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 11: 185. 1842.
思茅锥 si mao zhui Quercus ferox Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 639. 1832; C. tribuloides (Smith) A. de Candolle var. ferox King ex J. D. Hooker.
Trees 10–20 m tall. Branches glabrous. Petiole 0.8–1.2 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, oblong, or rarely ovate, 8–16 × 2–5 cm, leathery, abaxially with a grayish tight layer of scalelike trichomes, rarely concolorous, base broadly cuneate to cuneate, inaequilateral or symmetric, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; midvein at least from base to middle adaxially slightly raised or from middle to apex flat to slightly impressed; secondary veins 9–14 on each side of midvein. Rachis of inflorescences tomentulose. Female inflorescence ca. 20 cm. Perianth puberulent. Infructescence rachis glabrous. Cupule globose to rarely broadly ovoid, 2–2.8 cm in diam., outside and bracts brown to grayish brown pubescent and with waxy scalelike trichomes, wall to 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, 4–8 mm, base connate into bundles or united to discontinuous rings. Nut subglobose, 0.8–1.2 × 0.9–1.2 cm, glabrous, apex pointed; scar basal, 8–10 mm in diam. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Sep–Nov of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 700–2000 m. SE Xizang, S to SW Yunnan [Bangladesh, NE India, Laos, Myanmar, Sikkim, N Thailand, Vietnam].
36. Castanopsis fargesii Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 13: 195. 1899.
栲 kao
Castanopsis argyracantha A. Camus; C. cryptoneuron (H. Léveillé) A. Camus ex Rehder; C. taiwaniana Hayata; Pasania ischnostachya Hu; Quercus cryptoneuron H. Léveillé; Q. pinfaensis H. Léveillé & Vaniot.
Trees 10–30 m tall; bud scales, young branchlets from middle to apex, petiole of young leaf blades, and leaf blades abaxially covered with glabrescent, rust-colored, small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Branches glabrous. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade oblong, lanceolate, or rarely ovate, 7–15 × 2–5 cm, abaxially covered with a thick and mealy layer of scalelike trichomes, reddish brown to yellowish brown when young, but tawny with age, base rounded to broadly cuneate and sometimes inaequilateral, margin entire or sometimes with few shallow teeth from middle to apex, apex acute to acuminate; midvein at least from middle to apex adaxially impressed; secondary veins 11–15 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescences solitary, glabrous, to 30 cm; cupules scattered on rachis. Infructescence rachis 1.5–3 mm thick. Cupule globose to broadly ovoid, 2.5–3 cm in diam., splitting irregularly, outside and bracts whitish gray to brownish puberulent or with reddish brown waxy scalelike trichomes and sparse pubescence, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, 8–10 mm, connate and in bundles
basally or rarely from base to middle. Nut 1 per cupule, conical and 1–1.5 × 0.8–1.2 cm to subglobose and 0.8–1.4 cm in diam., glabrous; scar basal, 8–10 mm in diam. Fl. Apr–Jun and Aug–Oct, fr. Apr–Oct of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 200–2100 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Si-chuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
37. Castanopsis ouonbiensis Hickel & A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 398. 1921.
屏边锥 ping bian zhui
Trees ca. 25 m tall; 1st-year branchlets, petioles, and rachis of infructescences yellowish brown to dark dirty brown tomentulose. Petiole 2–2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 10–18 × 4–6 cm, subleathery, abaxially puberulent and with early glabrescent, reddish brown, mealy, waxy scalelike trichomes, base broadly cuneate to rounded and often inaequilateral, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate to acute; midvein adaxially impressed; secondary veins 10–15 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescences 10–20 cm. Infructescences 10–16 cm; rachis slender. Cupule subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 2.5–3 cm in diam., outside and bracts rusty brow puberulent and with lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes, wall 1–2 mm thick and exterior visible through bracts; bracts spinelike, 4–8 mm, in separated bundles, usually connate at middle or apically, rarely connate basally. Nut conical, 1.4–1.8 × 1.2–1.4 cm, glabrous; scar basal, 1–1.2 cm in diam. Fl. Oct–Nov, fr. Oct–Nov of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1100–1600 m. SE Yunnan [N Vietnam].
38. Castanopsis jucunda Hance, J. Bot. 22: 230. 1884.
秀丽锥 xiu li zhui
Castanopsis formosana (Skan) Hayata; C. tribuloides (Smith) A. de Candolle var. formosana Skan.
Trees 10–26 m tall; 1st-year branchlets and leaf blades adaxially brownish black when dry; bud scales, branchlets, petiole of young leaf, mature leaf blades abaxially, and rachis of inflorescences sparsely covered with glabrescent, reddish brown, waxy scalelike trichomes. Petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, ovate-elliptic, or oblong, sometimes obovate to obovate-elliptic, (4–)10–18 × (2–)4–8 cm, base rounded to broadly cuneate and inaequilateral or symmetric, margin at least from middle to apex serrate or rarely undulate, apex acute to acuminate; midvein adaxially impressed; secondary veins (5–)8–11 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescences axillary, solitary. Infructescences 10–15 cm. Cupule subglobose, 2.5–3.5 cm in diam., splitting into 3–5 segments, outside and bracts pubescent and with grayish brown, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes especially when young, wall 0.5–1(–1.5) mm thick; bracts spinelike, 6–10 mm, free but a few in bundles, sometimes transversely united to discontinuous rings. Nut broadly conical to ovoid, 1–2 × 1–1.5 cm, glabrous or glabrescent; scar basal, 1–1.2(–1.5) cm in diam. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Oct of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, E to SC Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].
39. Castanopsis hupehensis C. S. Chao in W. C. Cheng & al, Sci. Silvae 8(2): 187. 1963.
湖北锥 hu bei zhui
Trees 10–20 m tall; 1st-year branchlets and bud scales glabrous. Petiole 3–7(–10) mm; leaf blade lanceolate to oblong, sometimes obovate-elliptic to oblanceolate, 6–11 × 1.5–3.5 cm, subleathery, abaxially brownish when young and dry but grayish with age and with tight layers of scalelike trichomes, base broadly cuneate and often slightly oblique, margin serrate from middle to apex or entire, apex acuminate to abruptly narrowly caudate; midvein adaxially slightly impressed; secondary veins 10–13 on each side of midvein. Rachis of inflorescences glabrous, without waxy scalelike trichomes. Infructescence rachis 1.5–3 mm thick. Cupule ellipsoid to subglobose when mature, 2–2.2 cm in diam., outside grayish to yellowish brown puberulent, basally often shortly stalked, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, 4–6 mm, few of them connate into bundles, others transversely united to 4 or 5 cristate rings. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly conical, glabrescent; scar basal, 9–12 mm in diam. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Jun–Nov of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 600–1000 m. NE Guizhou, W Hubei, NW Hunan, E Sichuan.
40. Castanopsis fleuryi Hickel & A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 395. 1921.
小果锥 xiao guo zhui
Castanopsis microcarpa Hu.
Trees to 10 m tall. Branches glabrous. Petiole 0.8–1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate, 9–20 × 3–7 cm, subleathery, abaxially with tight layers of trichomes, 1st-year leaf blades concolorous, base cuneate to rounded and sometimes oblique, margin entire, apex acuminate; midvein adaxially raised from base to middle and slightly impressed from middle to apex; secondary veins 7–10 on each side of midvein. Infructescences 8–15 cm; rachis 2–4 mm thick, yellowish gray pubescent. Cupule ellipsoid to broadly ovoid, 7–11 mm in diam., outside sparsely covered with spinelike bracts and yellowish gray to grayish brown pubescence and waxy scalelike trichomes, basally shortly stalked, apically narrowly pointed, wall to 0.5 mm thick; bracts 1–3 mm, in rows, 3- or 4-angular in cross section, free or a few connected at base to continuous or discontinuous rings. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly conical, 8–12 × 7–10 mm, glabrescent when
mature; scar basal, 6–8 mm in diam. Fl. May–Jul or
Oct–Nov, fr. Oct–Nov of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 600–2400 m. S to SW Yunnan [Laos, Vietnam].
41.Castanopsis rufotomentosa Hu,Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n.s. 1: 223. 1948 [1949].
红壳锥 hong qiao zhui
Trees 18–25 m tall; 1st-year branchlets, petioles, and leaf blades abaxially covered with early glabrescent, dark reddish brown, small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Petiole 2–8 mm; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to oblong, 10–20 cm × 2–4 mm, leathery, base acute to rounded, margin entire or rarely with a few shallow teeth from middle to apex, apex narrow and obtuse; midvein and secondary veins adaxially impressed; secondary veins 14–18 on each side of midvein. Infructescences 8–15 cm; rachis covered with mealy, waxy scalelike trichomes. Cupule globose, 1.2–2.2 cm in diam., outside and bracts covered with early glabrescent, dark reddish brown, smal,l lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes, wall ca. 1 mm thick and exterior visible through bracts; bracts spinelike, 3–6 mm, free or several with base connate into bundles. Nut 1 per cupule, oblate-globose to subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous, apex pointed; scar basal, ca. 9 mm in diam. Fr. Nov–Dec.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1300 m. SE Yunnan (Xichou Xian).
42. Castanopsis tribuloides (Smith) A. de Candolle in Hance, J. Bot. 1: 182. 1863.
蒺藜锥 ji li zhui
Quercus tribuloides Smith in Rees, Cycl. 29: Quercus no. 13. 1814; Castanea tribuloides (Smith) Lindley. Trees 5–10 m tall; young branchlets and young leaf blades abaxially pubescent and with glabrescent, rusty brown, waxy scalelike trichomes. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 9–16 × 3.5–5 cm, abaxially reddish brown but may become gray to grayish brown with age, base acute to rounded, margin entire or rarely with 1 or 2 teeth, apex acute; midvein adaxially impressed; secondary veins 11–14 on each side of midvein, sometimes impressed. Infructescences ca. 25 cm; rachis slender. Cupules loosely arrange, globose to ellipsoid, 1.6–2.2 cm in diam., outside covered with brownish, small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes, sometimes pubescent, wall to 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, sparsely covering cupule, 3–5 mm, slender, free but a few in bundles. Nut 1 per cupule, broadly conical, 1.5–2 × 1–1.6 cm, glabrous; scar basal, 8–10 mm in diam. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep–Oct of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1300 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian), SW Yunnan [N India, Myanmar, Nepal, N Thailand].
43. Castanopsis wenchangensis G. A. Fu & C. C. Huang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: 151. 1989. 文昌锥 wen chang zhui
Trees 5–8 m tall; branches, bud scales, and rachis of inflorescences glabrous. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, (3–)5–9(–12) × (1.2–)2–3.5(–6) cm, leathery, abaxially with thin greenish layers of adnate scalelike trichomes when young, concolorous with age, base rounded to acute, margin with shallow to deep teeth, apex acuminate to rarely acute; midvein at least from base to middle adaxially raised to rarely slightly impressed; secondary veins 6–10 on each side of midvein, adaxially raised. Female inflorescences 3–8 cm. Infructescences 4–5 cm, with 1–6 fruit; rachis 1–1.5 mm thick. Cupule subglobose, 1.5–2 cm in diam., completely enclosing nut, irregularly splitting into 3 or 4 segments, outside sparsely pubescent and with small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes, basally without bracts, wall 1–2 mm thick; bracts spinelike, scattered, free or a few in bundles, 2–4 mm. Nut subglobose, 1.3–1.4 cm in diam., puberulent; scar basal, 1–1.2 cm in diam. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Oct–Dec of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests. Hainan (Wenchang Xian).
44. Castanopsis delavayi Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 13: 194. 1899.
高山锥 gao shan zhui
Castanopsis tsaii Hu; Synaedrys delavayi (Franchet) Koidzumi.
Trees ca. 20 m tall. Branches glabrous. Petiole 0.7–1.5 cm; leaf blade obovate, obovate-elliptic, ovate, or elliptic, 5–13 × 3–7 cm, subleathery, abaxially sparsely covered with yellowish brown membranous trichomes when young, grayish to silver-gray with age, base acute to rounded, margin serrate or rarely undulate, apex acute to rounded; midvein adaxially raised; secondary veins 6–9 on each side of midvein, slightly raised. Female inflorescence rachis glabrous. Infructescences 10–15 cm; rachis 2–3 mm thick. Cupule ellipsoid when young but broadly ovoid to subglobose with age, 1.5–2 cm in diam. or slightly larger, splitting into 2 or 3 segments, outside with yellowish brown, waxy scalelike trichomes and adnate pubescence, basally long stalked, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, 3–6 mm, free or connate at base and transversely united to 3–5 circular or spiral rings, covered with yellowish brown waxy scalelike trichomes and adnate pubescence. Nut broadly ovoid, 1.3–1.4 cm in diam.; scar basal, 6–8 mm in diam. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep–Nov of following year.
? Mixed and broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1500–2800 m. Guangdong, SW Guizhou, SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
45. Castanopsis echinocarpa J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 119. 1863.
短刺锥 duan ci zhui
Castanopsis echinocarpa var. seminuda W. C. Cheng & C. S. Chao; C. longispicata Hu; C. tribuloides (Smith)
A. de Candolle var. echinocarpa (J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex Miquel) King ex J. D. Hooker.
Trees 7–15(–25) m tall. Branches glabrous; branchlets dark brown to brownish black when dry. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, (5.5–)7–12.5(–14.5) × (1.5–)2.5–5(–6) cm, thickly papery, abaxially covered with a very tight layer of scalelike trichomes and reddish brown to yellowish brown when young but grayish brown with age, base rounded to sometimes acute, margin serrate to rarely subentire, apex acuminate to abruptly narrowly caudate; midvein adaxially slightly impressed to rarely nearly flat; secondary veins 9–13 on each side of midvein. Rachis of inflorescences glabrous or glabrescent. Infructescence rachis base 2–3.5 mm thick. Cupule globose, 1.5–2 cm in diam., rarely splitting, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts spinelike, thick, 1–3 mm, sometimes no more than tubercles, 3- or 4-angular in cross section, pale grayish brown pubescent, sometimes base loosely connected to discontinuous rings. Nut 1 per cupule, subglobose to conical, 1–1.3 cm in diam., glabrous, apex acute; scar basal, 8–9 mm in diam. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep–Oct of following year.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 500–2300 m. SE Xizang, S Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
46. Castanopsis carlesii (Hemsley) Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formo-san. 6 Suppl.: 72. 1917.
米槠 mi zhu
Trees ca. 20 m tall; young shoots and rachis of inflores-cences sparsely covered with reddish brown, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Petiole to ca. 1 cm, base becoming thick, pillow-shaped; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, 4–12 × 1–4.5 cm, leathery, abaxially with layers of reddish brown to yellowish brown, slightly adnate, small, lamellate scalelike trichomes when young but grayish brown to silvery with age, base slightly cuneate to broadly so and oblique, margin entire or with a few shallow teeth, apex acuminate to narrowly caudate; midvein adaxially flat to slightly impressed but impressed when dry; secondary veins 8–13 on each side of midvein. Rachis of male catkins glabrous or glabrescent. Infructescence rachis 2–3 mm thick, glabrous. Cupule subglobose to ovoid, 1–1.5 cm, outside yellowish brown to reddish brown feltlike pubescent and covered with waxy scalelike trichomes, wall 0.5(–1) mm thick; bracts spinelike or reduced to tubercles. Nut subglobose to broadly conical, apex shortly pointed; scar basal, ca. 5 mm in diam. Fl. Mar–Jun, fr. Sep–Nov of following year.
? Mixed and broad-leaved evergreen forests, mixed mesophytic forests; below 1700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang. The variation in cupule spines length is continuous between the two extremes, and it is not always possible to distinguish the two varieties. 1a. Cupules tuberculate or cupules from middle to apex with free scattered spinelike bracts
1–2
mm and from base to middle without bracts
or with very short bracts .............. 46a. var. carlesii 1b. Cupules covered with adnate to fascicled
spinelike bracts 2–5(–7) mm .... 46b. var. spinulosa 46a. Castanopsis carlesii var. carlesii
米槠(原变种) mi zhu (yuan bian zhong)
Quercus carlesii Hemsley, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 26: t. 2591. 1899; Castanopsis carlesii var. sessilis Nakai; C. cuspidata (Thunberg) Schottky var. carlesii (Hemsley) T. Yamazaki; C. cuspitata var. longicaudata (Hayata) S. S. Ying; C. longicaudata (Hayata) Nakai; C. stipitata (Hayata ex Koidzumi) Nakai; Lithocarpus stipitatus Hayata ex Koidzumi; Q. longicaudata Hayata; Shiia carlesii (Hemsley) Kudo; Synaedrys carlesii (Hemsley) Koidzumi.
Cupules with tubercles or sometimes apically with spinelike bracts ca. 1–2 mm, sometimes adnate but not connate into fascicles.
? Mixed and broad-leaved evergreen forests. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
46b. Castanopsis carlesii var. spinulosa W. C. Cheng & C. S. Chao in W. C. Cheng & al., Sci. Silvae 8: 6. 1963.
短刺米槠 duan ci mi zhu
Cupule bracts spinelike, more dense apically, 2–5(–7) mm, longer from middle to apex of cupule, basal bracts connate into bundles.
? Mixed mesophytic forests; 1000–1700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan.
47. Castanopsis xichouensis C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 10: 2. 1990.
西畴锥 xi chou zhui
Trees ca. 15 m tall. Branches glabrous. Petiole 1.5–2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or rarely obovate-elliptic, 10–15 × 3.5–6 cm, firmly leathery, abaxially reddish brown, sparsely covered with adnate, black-brown, rounded, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes when young, grayish and waxy with age, base shortly attenuate to broadly cuneate and sometimes oblique, margin serrate from middle to apex, apex acute; mid-vein adaxially slightly raised; secondary veins 10–13 on each side of midvein. Infructescences dense, 10–30 cm; rachis 6–10 mm thick. Cupule 4–4.5 cm in diam., wall 1–2 mm thick; bracts spinelike, entirely covering outside of cupule, connate at base or to middle 1/2 into 3–7-spined bundles. Nuts (2 or)3 per cupule, broadly conical, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., densely brown puberulent; scar 6–10 mm in diam. Fr. Oct.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1400–1700 m. Yunnan (Xichou Xian).
48. Castanopsis rockii A. Camus, Bull. Bimenstr. Soc. Linn. Lyon 8: 88. 1929.
龙陵锥 long ling zhui
Castanopsis lunglingensis Hu.
Trees 20–27 m tall. Branches glabrous; young shoots dark purplish red, dark brown when dry. Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade oblong, narrowly elliptic, or sometimes oblanceolate, 15–25 × 4–7 cm, papery, abaxially with a tight and thin layer of scalelike trichomes, base cuneate and oblique, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; midvein and secondary veins adaxially slightly raised; secondary veins 14–17 on each side of midvein. Male inflorescences ca. 20 cm; rachis sparsely puberulent. Female flowers 3 per cupule. Infructescence rachis glabrous, 5–8 mm thick, fruit loosely arranged. Cupule subglobose to broadly elliptic, 4–5 cm in diam., outside glabrescent, dark brown when dry, wall 2–3 mm thick; bracts spinelike, entirely covering cupule, 1–1.5 cm, base connate into bundles. Nuts 2 or 3 per cupule, broadly conical, ca. 1.2 mm in diam., densely hairy; scar covering ca. 1/3 of nut. Fr. Oct–Nov.
Mixed and broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 2100 m. S and W Yunnan [Thailand, Vietnam].
49. Castanopsis tessellata Hickel & A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 399. 1921.
棕毛锥 zong mao zhui
Trees 10–15 m tall; bud scales, young shoots, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and rachis of inflorescences densely brown pilose. Petiole 1.5–3 cm; leaf blade oblong, sometimes lanceolate, 15–30 × 5–8 cm, base acute to broadly cuneate and symmetric to sometimes oblique, margin entire, apex long acuminate; midvein adaxially slightly raised and puberulent; secondary veins 16–22 on each side of midvein, slightly impressed. Male flowers spirally arranged on rachis. Female in-florescences crowded from middle to apex of branchlets; flowers 3 per cupule, often with staminodes. Infructescences 10–30 cm. Cupule subglobose, 5–6 cm in diam., base narrowing into a stalk 3–5 mm, wall 1–1.5 mm thick, outside except basally densely covered with spinelike bracts, inside densely yellowish brown pilose, spinelike bracts basally in bundles, yellowish brown pilose. Nuts 2 or 3 per cupule, broadly conical, 1.5–1.8 × 1.5–2 cm, pilose; scar basal, 1–1.5 cm in diam. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 500 m. SE Yunnan [C to N Vietnam].
50. Castanopsis kweichowensis Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., n.s. 1: 221. 1948 [1949].
贵州锥 gui zhou zhui
Trees ca. 20 m tall; young shoots, petioles, leaf blades abaxially, and rachis of inflorescences densely yellowish brown pilose. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm, thick; leaf blade narrowly oblong to oblanceolate-oblong, 16–30 × 5–9 cm, firmly papery, base rounded to broadly cuneate and symmetric or oblique, margin apically serrate, apex abruptly acute; midvein and secondary veins adaxially impressed; secondary veins 16–25 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescences 10–25 cm; flowers 3 per cupule. Infructescence rachis 7–12 mm thick. Cupule irregularly globose, 3–3.5 cm in diam., outside pubescent, basally narrowed, wall 2–2.5 mm thick; bracts spinelike, basal bracts often transversely connected to ring but apically in bundles, 5–8 mm, pubescent. Nuts 2 or 3 per cupule, broadly conical, 1.6–2 × 1.6–2.2 cm, tomentose; scar basal, 1–1.5 cm in diam. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Oct–Dec of following year.
? Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 400–800 m. N Guangxi, S Guizhou. Very similar to Castanopsis ceratacantha but with denser cupule spines and larger leaves; it could be conspecific.
51. Castanopsis ceratacantha Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 199. 1916.
瓦山锥 wa shan zhui
Castanopsis chuniana W. P. Fang.
Trees 8–15 m tall; 1st-year branchlets and rachis of inflorescences yellowish brown to brownish villous. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, oblong, or sometimes oblanceolate, 10–18 × 2–5 cm or rarely shorter or wider, papery, 1st-year leaf blades at least along veins abaxially villous and with layers of reddish brown to yellowish brown scalelike trichomes, base broadly cuneate to acute and oblique, margin apically with 2–5 shallow teeth or entire, apex long acuminate to mucronate; midvein adaxially impressed; secondary veins 13–17 on each side of midvein, slightly impressed to raised. Female inflorescences in clusters on apical part of branchlet of previous year; flowers 2 or 3 per cupule. Cupule subglobose, ca. 3 cm in diam., outside and bracts brown villous and with small, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes, wall 1–1.5 mm thick; bracts spinelike, to 5 mm, several connate into bundles from middle or apical part, sometimes cristate. Nuts 1 or 2(or 3) per cupule, broadly conical, 1.5–1.8 × 1.4–1.8 cm, pubescent; scar basal, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. Apr–May, fr. autumn to early winter of following year.
Mixed and broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1500–2500 m. Guizhou, Hubei, SW Sichuan, Yunnan [Laos, NE Thailand, Vietnam].
52. Castanopsis fabri Hance, J. Bot. 22: 230. 1884.
罗浮锥 luo fu zhui
Castanopsis brevispina Hayata; C. brevistella Hayata & Kanehira ex A. Camus; C. ceratacantha Rehder & E. H. Wilson var. semiserrata (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus; C. hickelii A. Camus; C. kusanoi Hayata; C. matsudai Hayata ex A. Camus; C. ninbienensis Hickel & A. Camus; C. quangtriensis Hickel & A. Camus; C. semiserrata Hickel & A. Camus; C. sinsuiensis Kanehira; C. stellatospina Hayata; C. tenuispinula Hickel & A. Camus; C. traninhensis Hickel & A. Camus.
中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部令第13号
中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部令第 13号 《实施〈中华人民共和国社会保险法〉若干规定》已经人力资源和社会保障部第67次部务会审议通过，现予公布，自2011年7月1日起施行。 部长尹蔚民 二Ｏ一一年六月二十九日 实施《中华人民共和国社会保险法》若干规定 为了实施《中华人民共和国社会保险法》（以下简称社会保险法），制定本规定。
第一章关于基本养老保险 第一条社会保险法第十五条规定的统筹养老金，按照国务院规定的基础养老金计发办法计发。 第二条参加职工基本养老保险的个人达到法定退休年龄时，累计缴费不足十五年的，可以延长缴费至满十五年。社会保险法实施前参保、延长缴费五年后仍不足十五年的，可以一次性缴费至满十五年。 第三条参加职工基本养老保险的个人达到法定退休年龄后，累计缴费不足十五年（含依照第二条规定延长缴费）的，可以申请转入户籍所在地新型农村社会养老保险或者城镇居民社会养老保险，享受相应的养老保险待遇。 参加职工基本养老保险的个人达到法定退休年龄后，累计缴费不足十五年（含依照第二条规定延长缴费），且未转入新型农村社会养老保险或者城镇居民社会养老保险的，个人可以书面申请终止职工基本养老保险关系。社会保险经办机构收到申请后，应当书面告知其转入新型农村社会养老保险或者城镇居民社会养老保险的权利以及终止职工基本养老保险关系的后果，经本人书面确认后，终止
其职工基本养老保险关系，并将个人账户储存额一次性支付给本人。 第四条参加职工基本养老保险的个人跨省流动就业，达到法定退休年龄时累计缴费不足十五年的，按照《国务院办公厅关于转发人力资源社会保障部财政部城镇企业职工基本养老保险关系转移接续暂行办法的通知》(国办发〔2009〕66号)有关待遇领取地的规定确定继续缴费地后，按照本规定第二条办理。 第五条参加职工基本养老保险的个人跨省流动就业，符合按月领取基本养老金条件时，基本养老金分段计算、统一支付的具体办法，按照《国务院办公厅关于转发人力资源社会保障部财政部城镇企业职工基本养老保险关系转移接续暂行办法的通知》(国办发〔2009〕66号)执行。 第六条职工基本养老保险个人账户不得提前支取。个人在达到法定的领取基本养老金条件前离境定居的，其个人账户予以保留,达到法定领取条件时，按照国家规定享受相应的养老保险待遇。其中，丧失中华人民共和国国籍的，可以在其离境时或者离境后书面申请终止职工基本养老保险关系。社会保险经办机构收到申请后，应当书面告知其保留个人账户的权利以及终止职工基本养老保险关系的后
中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法(1982修正)
中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府 组织法(1982修正) 【法规类别】组织法 【修改依据】全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法》的决定(1986) 【发布部门】101 【发布日期】1982.12.10 【实施日期】1982.12.10 【时效性】已被修改 【效力级别】法律 中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和 地方各级人民政府组织法 （1979年7月1日第五届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过根据1982年12月10日第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议《关于修改＜中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法＞的若干规定的决议》修正1982年12月10日重新公布） 第一章总则 第一条省、自治区、直辖市、自治州、县、自治县、市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇设立人民代表大会和人民政府。
第二条县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会设立常务委员会。 第二章地方各级人民代表大会 第三条地方各级人民代表大会都是地方国家权力机关。 第四条省、自治区、直辖市、自治州、设区的市的人民代表大会代表由下一级的人民代表大会选举；县、自治县、不设区的市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇的人民代表大会代表由选民直接选举。 地方各级人民代表大会代表名额和代表产生办法由选举法规定。各行政区域内的少数民族应当有适当的代表名额。 第五条省、自治区、直辖市、自治州、设区的市的人民代表大会每届任期五年。县、自治县、不设区的市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇的人民代表大会每届任期三年。 第六条省、自治区、直辖市的人民代表大会根据本行政区域的具体情况和实际需要，在和国家宪法、法律、政策、法令、政令不抵触的前提下，可以制订和颁布地方性法规，并报全国人民代表大会常务委员会和国务院备案。 第七条县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会行使下列职权： （一）在本行政区域内，保证宪法、法律、政策、法令、政令和上级人民代表大会决议的遵守和执行，保证国家计划和国家预算的执行； （二）审查和批准本行政区域的国民经济计划和预算、决算； （三）讨论、决定本行政区域的政治、经济、文化、教育、卫生、民政、民族工作的重大事项； （四）选举本级人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员； （五）决定省长、副省长，自治区主席、副主席，市长、副市长，州长、副州长，县长、副县长，区长、副区长的人选；
中国梦我的梦演讲稿范文5篇
中国梦我的梦演讲稿范文5篇 篇一 亲爱的老师、同学们：一个人梦想的追寻和实现，成就了中国的腾飞和光荣，这就是“中国梦”。 比如：神州五号载人飞船的发射成功，嫦娥三号圆满发射，都是中国富强的表现。曾经，邓小平说过：”我要让中国富起来!“还有周恩来总理：”我要让中国强大起来!“后来他们都实现了自己的中国梦。然而，我的中国梦就是——让中国变成绿色。 现在，因为伐木工过度砍伐树木，水泥厂越来越多，沙漠化越来越厉害，还有农业污水越来越多，把蓝色的小溪都变成了灰色和黑色。中国的环境越来越差，全是灰色和黄色。我实在是太心疼了，不忍心看下去，所以我逐渐的开始保护环境。在过年的时候，我会对爸爸妈妈亲戚朋友分别说：”今年不要放烟花爆竹了，您看那灰色的天空，还有电视上说的雾霾天气，环境多差呀!“有空的时候，我还会出去打扫卫生，甚至植几株草和花。植树节，我还会去植树。我还会有空的时候去贴几张”告示“，让大家不要破坏花草树木等。每个普通中国人的普通中国梦，都可以汇聚成一个伟大的中国梦!如果每个人都实现了自己的中国梦，那么我们的中国会越来越强大。如果每个人都嘴上说说，却不去实现，口是心非，那又有什么用呢? 篇二 亲爱的老师、同学们：每个人都有梦想，老师有希望学生成绩出色的梦，军人有希望国家繁荣富强的梦，医生有希望病人早日康复的梦，宇航员有希望发星球更
多秘密的梦…… 同样，我也有一个美好的梦。我梦想长大以后当一位能歌善舞的舞蹈家，代表国家四处比赛，为祖国争光。为了实现这个梦想，每周，我都要去文化馆上舞蹈课，上课前，我们都会自己拉拉腰、压压腿，做好课前准备，以免上课时把身体拉伤。虽然做了课前准备，可在练习时，总会清晰地听到自己骨头咔咔响的音。有时把一只腿放在厚厚的毯子上，另一只腿放在地上，摆成竖叉，大腿贴地，然后用手拉住后面那只脚，倒数二十秒，就可以了。可是，在这过程中，总会感到疼痛难忍，有时，我会疼得哭起来，有时，会疼得坐不稳，每当这时候，只要心里一想到那个美丽又美的梦，我就不觉得那么痛了，也轻松多了。有时在排练舞时，有的动作很难，练了很多次，可还是没做好。每当我相放弃不练了的时侯，只要一闭上眼睛，脑海里就会浮现出我在台上表演，台下的观众个个鼓掌叫好的场景。这些景象让我一次又一次地从摔倒的地方重新站了起来，完成了一个又一个困难却好看的舞姿。每当我们表演完节目，崔老师总不忘鼓励我们一句‘你们今天表现得真棒!’虽然这话在别人听起来十分平淡，可我听起这话总能让我紧张不以的心平静下来，感受到温暖。通过自己的努力，我参加了许多比赛，每次拿到奖时，我都十分激动，心里像吃了蜜一样甜甜的，希望自己更上一层楼。 也许，在不久的将来，我的梦想会成为现实，我一定要好好学习，天天向上，努力实现我美好的理想。 篇三 亲爱的老师、同学们：梦想是什么?相信每个人都有自己的理解，是卖火柴的小女孩渴望点燃一根火柴来取得温暖，还是丑小鸭幻想自己有一天可以脱去丑陋的
中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部 中华人民共和国监察部 令第18号
中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部中华人民共和国监察部令第18号《事业单位工作人员处分暂行规定》已经人力资源社会 保障部部务会、监察部部长办公会审议通过，现予公布，自 2012年9月1日起施行。 人力资源和社会保障部部长尹蔚民 监察部部长马馼 二〇一二年八月二十二日 事业单位工作人员处分暂行规定 规定全文 第一章总则 第一条为严肃事业单位纪律，规范事业单位工作人员行 为，保证事业单位及其工作人员依法履行职责，制定本规定。 第二条事业单位工作人员违法违纪，应当承担纪律责任 的，依照本规定给予处分。 对法律、法规授权的具有公共事务管理职能的事业单位 中经批准参照《中华人民共和国公务员法》管理的工作人员 给予处分，参照《行政机关公务员处分条例》的有关规定办 理。 对行政机关任命的事业单位工作人员，法律、法规授权 的具有公共事务管理职能的事业单位中不参照《中华人民共 和国公务员法》管理的工作人员，国家行政机关依法委托从 事公共事务管理活动的事业单位工作人员给予处分，适用本 规定；但监察机关对上述人员违法违纪行为进行调查处理的 程序和作出处分决定的权限，以及作为监察对象的事业单位 工作人员对处分决定不服向监察机关提出申诉的，依照《中 华人民共和国行政监察法》及其实施条例办理。
第三条给予事业单位工作人员处分，应当坚持公正、公平和教育与惩处相结合的原则。 给予事业单位工作人员处分，应当与其违法违纪行为的性质、情节、危害程度相适应。 给予事业单位工作人员处分，应当事实清楚、证据确凿、定性准确、处理恰当、程序合法、手续完备。 第四条事业单位工作人员涉嫌犯罪的，应当移送司法机关依法追究刑事责任。 第二章处分的种类和适用 第五条处分的种类为： （一）警告； （二）记过； （三）降低岗位等级或者撤职； （四）开除。 其中，撤职处分适用于行政机关任命的事业单位工作人员。 第六条受处分的期间为： （一）警告，6个月； （二）记过，12个月； （三）降低岗位等级或者撤职，24个月。 第七条事业单位工作人员受到警告处分的，在受处分期间，不得聘用到高于现聘岗位等级的岗位；在作出处分决定的当年，年度考核不能确定为优秀等次。 事业单位工作人员受到记过处分的，在受处分期间，不得聘用到高于现聘岗位等级的岗位，年度考核不得确定为合格及以上等次。
最新版中国梦我的梦演讲稿10篇
最新版中国梦我的梦演讲稿10篇 忆往昔峥嵘岁月，看今朝锦绣河山。回味改革开放的三十年，华夏神洲留下了太多的梦想奇迹。1997年7月1日，香港正式回归祖国，举国欢庆，“统一梦”迈出了坚定的第一步;2001年12月11日，中国正式成为世界贸易组织成员，从此，国家经济快速、平稳、健康的发展，“小康梦”已不再是一个遥不可及的目标;2013年6月12日，神十问天，璀璨的星河中留下了炎黄子孙的身影，编织了千年的“飞天梦”也终于迎风远航……一个个梦想的实现，一份份成就的辉煌无不昭示着“中国梦”——“复兴之梦”必将在党的领航下乘风破浪、直挂风帆。 走过历史的长廊，回顾百年的沧桑，“中国梦”一词在岁月的书卷中熠熠生辉。作为一种最为朴素、浓烈的民族情感，它的萌发、形成之于耻深痛极的近代百年，有着深刻的时代烙印。无论是谭嗣同“四万万人齐天下泪，天涯何处是神洲”的哀恸，还是秋瑾“拼将十万头颅血，誓把乾坤力挽回”的决绝，所体现的都是对国家前途命运的关切与焦虑。而今，随着时代的变迁，“中国梦”也从“救亡图存”变为了“强国富民”。然而我坚信有一点却始终不会改变，那就是坚定的民族自信，国人始终坚信有着五千年优秀历史文化的中华民族，无论面临怎样严峻的考验，终将转危为安、再
造辉煌，实现百年的“复兴之梦”。 俗话说：“聚沙成塔，集腋成裘”。“中国梦”既承载着国家的强国之梦、民族的复兴之梦，也包涵着亿万国人同胞千千万万个小小的梦想。有“富裕梦”，有“健康梦”、有“求学梦”……正是由于这些如涓涓细流般的梦想汇聚成河，才会让“中国梦”愈发的凝实。大学毕业之初，怀揣着对未来的憧憬，我选择了公务员考试。最终，经过重重选拔、层层考验我来到了隆化这个美丽的小城。抛弃了国企的高薪，远离了父母的怀抱，背离了自己的故乡，踏上一个陌生城市的土地，在这里去拼搏、去奋斗，这样的生活真的是我想要的吗我也曾无数次的扪心自问。时至今日，月余的法庭生活给了我一个满意的答复。这里也许没有车水马龙的的喧闹，却有着一份乡村独有的宁静;这里也许没有灯火通明的高楼，却能映照出一张张质朴的面容;这里也许没有频繁的人际交往，却有着一句句真诚的关怀。在这片广袤无垠的大地上，我找到了追寻梦想的原动力。 选择了到基层工作就意味着选择着艰苦;选择了公务员这个职业就意味着肩负着责任;选择了到法院任职就意味着守护着公正。在过去的一个月里，我体验到了从一个懵懂的书生向一名法院工作者转变的酸甜苦辣。现实和理想尽管错位不断，但热情和动力却与日俱增。基层法庭是法院工作的前沿阵地，直接面向农村，密切联系群众，受理的案件虽不
为实现中国梦做贡献 小学生征文
向着中国梦，前进！ 绥芬河市北寒小学四年级李鸣 梦，通常指人们的理想。每个人都会做梦，每个人都会有自己的梦想。美羊羊的梦想是能够在青青草原上尽情地玩耍，光头强的梦想是把大森林里的树木都砍光。我的梦想，可以是一个漂亮的发卡，一盒可口的点心，是考试后的100分，妈妈对我夸奖的笑容……可今天，老师说，我们每个人不但要有自己的梦，还要有中国梦。 那么，什么是中国梦呢？中国梦是建立在祖国发展基础上的，是对祖国有利的梦，每个人的中国梦都不相同，有大有小，但它们又都有相同之处，那就是都怀着一颗为祖国作出贡献的心，对人民有功利的心。我想中国梦还应该是国家富强，小朋友们都有新衣服穿，有变形金刚、芭比娃娃；民族团结，不会有战争与饥饿；大人们高高兴兴地上班，孩子们能够一块儿在草地上做游戏。但我觉得，最重要的是要建设一个美丽、洁净的家园，那就是天蓝、地绿、水清、气爽的美丽中国。没有地沟油，没有沙尘暴，没有禽流感…… 建设美丽中国，就要从小事做起。在学校，看到地上有纸屑，我会主动弯腰捡起；看到水龙头滴水，我要主动上前把它关紧；看到有人说脏话，我会及时上前制止。春天来了，我拉着爸爸妈妈买树苗，到附近山坡上植树，因为我知道，绿化造林是防治大气污染的一种有效方法。我还要宣传环保知识，动员更多的人加入环保队伍，让天变得更蓝，水变得更绿。我还会在村里钉上一块“爱护环境、人人有责”的警示牌，让全村的人跟我一起行动起来，保护我们的环境、净化我们的环境。我知道我一个人，一家人的力量很微薄，但是如果全中国的孩子都能行动起来，每个中国家庭都行动起来，那就会汇成强大的环保能量，才能建设好美丽中国。 每个中国人都有着自己的中国梦，只要每个人能为这伟大的梦想贡献出自己的力量，哪怕是微不足道，但当所有的贡献汇集到一起，将会是一股多么强大的力量，这股力量会把中国推向更美好的明天，只要人人行动起来，我相信建设美丽祖国这个中国梦将会很快实现。
中国梦-我的梦演讲稿
中国梦我的梦 有一种东西，它承载着人们的希望，虽然他看不见，摸不着，却能在人们心中产生巨大的力量。它，就叫梦想。上帝没有赐予我们翅膀，却赐予了我们会飞的心灵和能够梦想的大脑，使我们有了一双“隐形的翅膀”，带着我们在人生辽阔的天空里自由地翱翔。 今年三月，全国人大和全国政协会议在北京召开，关于“中国梦”的话题也进行过热烈的讨论。每个人或多或少也在思考“中国梦”的问题。 那么，中国梦是什么呢？习近平总书记说“每个人都有理想和追求，都有自己的梦想。实现中华民族的伟大复兴，就是中华民族近代以来最伟大的梦想。这个梦想，凝聚了几代中国人的夙愿，体现了中华民族和中国人民的整体利益，是每一个中华儿女的共同期盼。”是的，每个人都有自己的梦，梦想能够照亮生活，亦能成就未来。而有一个梦，它既是你的梦，也是我的梦，它是万千中华儿女共同的心愿，那就是实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦。 每个人的梦都是中国梦的组成部分，我的梦亦如此。都说学生的主业是学习，的确如此，我的梦来自学习。我喜欢在午休时一个人独自读书的静谧；喜欢在难题前不停运用各种公式演算的执着；也喜欢与同学一起为一道题目争执不休的吵吵闹闹。这样所诠释的梦是理想之梦。 梦也来自家庭，对于我的成长，它最有发言权。平日里与父母相处的时间虽然不多，但是一起吃饭时，父亲在饭桌上的高谈阔论；
坐在同一书桌前各自忙碌时，偶尔抬头与母亲随意交谈的闲话，都在影响着我对生活的态度。 有了梦，便要去追寻。三年前，在懵懂的状态下，在家长的引导下选好了脚下的路—上高中、考大学。渐渐地，考大学也真正成为了我的梦。清晰地记得，老师在中考前说“我们将做出人生第一次重大选择”，面对众多的学校，我固执地选择了朝中，心中似乎在坚守着什么。后来，随着一个个目标的制定，无数次为“自己的事”的奋斗，我逐渐明白，我是在坚守着自己的梦，并且开始懂得为了理想和追求而努力拼搏。其实走到现在，蓦然回首，才发现人生是一个条件从句，梦的方向并无过多区别，而我们最终选择的那个梦，正是因为被自己选择，被自己填充，才显得与众不同，才显得适合自己。 我相信，只要坚持不懈，努力拼搏，梦想就一定能够成真。我的梦，我们的梦，铸就了实现国富民强的中国梦。可以想想，如果中国民族实现了伟大复兴，那么世界梦一定会更加流光溢彩。
中华人民共和国劳动和社会保障部令
中华人民共和国劳动和社会保障部令 第2号 依据《社会保险费征缴暂行条例》（中华人民共和国国务院令第259号），劳动和社会保障部制定了《社会保险费申报缴纳管理暂行办法》，现予发布施行。 劳动和社会保障部部长 张左己 一九九九年三月十九日 社会保险费申报缴纳管理暂行办法 第一条 为规范社会保险费的申报和缴纳管理工作，根据《社会保险费征缴暂行条例》（以下简称条例）的规定，制定本办法。 第二条 本办法规定的社会保险费是指基本养老保险费、失业保险费和基本医疗保险费。工伤保险费和生育保险费的申报、缴纳可参照本办法执行。 第三条 缴费单位进行缴费申报和社会保险经办机构征收社会保险费适用本办法。由税务机关征收社会保险费的缴纳管理办法另行制定。 第四条 缴费单位应当到办理社会保险登记的社会保险经办机构办理缴费申报。 第五条 缴费单位应当在每月5日前，向社会保险经办机构办理缴费申报，报送社会保险费申报表（以下简称申报表）、代扣代缴明细表以及社会保险经办机构规定的其他资料。 缴费单位到社会保险经办机构办理社会保险缴费申报有困难的，经社会保险经办机构批准，可以邮寄申报。邮寄申报以寄出地的邮戳日期为实际申报日期。 第六条 缴费单位因不可抗力因素，不能按期办理社会保险缴费申报的，可以延期办理。但应当在不可抗力情形消除后立即向社会保险经办机构报告。社会保险经办机构应当查明事实，予以核准。 第七条 社会保险经办机构应当对缴费单位送达的申报表和有关资料进行即时审核。对缴费单位申报资料齐全、缴费基数和费率符合规定、填报数量关系一致的申报表签章核准；对不符合规定的申报表提出审核意见，退缴费单位修正后再次审核；对不能即时审核的，社会保险经办机构应当自收到缴费单位申报表和有关资料之日起，在最长不超过2日内审核完毕。 第八条 缴费单位不按规定申报应缴纳的社会保险费数额的，社会保险经办机构可暂按该单位上月缴费数额的百分之一百一十确定应缴数额；没有上月缴费数额的，社会保险经办机构可暂按该单位的经营状况、职工人数等有关情况确定应缴数额。缴费单位补办申报手续并按核定数额缴纳社会保险费后，由社会保险经办机构按照规定结算。 第九条 缴费单位必须在社会保险经办机构核准其缴费申报后的3日内缴纳社会保险费。缴费单位和缴费个人应当以货币形式全额缴纳社会保险费。 第十条 缴费单位必须按照条例第十二条的规定严格履行代扣代缴义务。缴费单位依法履行代扣代缴义务时，任何单位或个人不得干预或拒绝。 第十一条 缴费单位的缴费申报经核准后，可以采取下列方式之一缴纳社会保险费： （一） 缴费单位到其开户银行缴纳； （二） 缴费单位到社会保险经办机构以支票或现金形式缴纳； （三） 缴费单位与社会保险经办机构约定的其他方式。 履行前款规定的申报核准程序后，银行可以根据社会保险经办机构开出的托收凭证从缴费单位基本账户中划缴社会保险费。 第十二条 征收的社会保险费，应当进入社会保险经办机构在国有商业银行开设的社会保险基金收入户。社会保险经办机构应当按照有关规定定期将收到的基金存入财政部门在国有商业银行开设的社会保障基金财政专户。 第十三条 社会保险经办机构对已征收的社会保险费，根据缴费单位的实际缴纳额（包括代扣代缴额）、代扣代缴明细表和有关规定，按以下程序进行记账： （一） 个人缴纳的基本养老保险费、失业保险费和基本医疗保险费，分别计入基本养老保险基金、失业保险基金和基本医疗保险基金，并按规定记录基本养老保险和基本医疗保险个人账户；
国家自然科学奖推荐书
国家自然科学奖申报材料公示 一、项目名称： 电动汽车动力电池强时变非线性的解析建模与状态量高精度估计 二、提名者及提名意见： 中华人民共和国教育部 该项目面向国际前沿和国家战略，在动力电池管理核心模型和算法方面做出一系列原创性国际引领贡献：发现了动力电池输出特性与其内部参数和状态间存在间接映射关系，阐释了输出电压具有的动、静态分量解耦特性以及动态分量具有的多阶RC解析特性，提出并建立了具有普适性的动力电池N阶等效电路模型，拓展建立了融合电化学机理模型、分数阶阻抗模型的动力电池机理-频域-电气特性综合解析模型；发现了动力电池荷电状态SOC与其开路电压OCV相关且存在单调映射关系，首次提出了基于实车片段数据的SOC映射参数重构方法，建立了滤波器类动力电池自适应SOC估计算法；发现了动力电池组系统充放电末期具有的强极化非线性特性并引发端电压明显的不一致性，揭示了动力电池实际工作环境的差异对其性能衰退的影响机制以及动力电池不一致性对其性能衰退的耦合效应和演化机理，提出了基于“表征单体模型+偏差量化模型”的动力电池组系统状态估计算法，有效解决了动力电池“模型建不精”、“状态估不准”、“系统管不好”三大难题，成功用于华为、北汽新能源、宇通客车、联合汽车电子等主流企业，具有重要科学和工程价值。 8篇代表作SCI他引1130次、谷歌学术他引1956次，其中3篇入选“中国百篇最具影响学术论文”、2篇入选SCI期刊年度最佳论文奖。完成人作国际会议特邀报告16次，入选科睿唯安高被引科学家。 申请材料属实，完成人排名无异议。 提名该项目为国家自然科学奖贰等奖。
三、项目简介 发展新能源汽车是国际共识和我国的国家战略，电动汽车是主要技术选择。动力电池系统是电动汽车的技术瓶颈，其精准管理是保障整车高效、安全和动力电池长寿命运行的核心，动力电池状态量的高精度、强鲁棒性估计一直是行业技术攻关的国际难题和学术研究的前沿热点。项目组在国家自然科学基金、863计划等支持下，历时9年理论研究，取得系统性、原创性成果。 1.发现了动力电池输出特性与其内部参数和状态间具有的间接映射规律，阐释了端电压的动、静态分量解耦机制以及动态分量具有的多阶RC解析特性，建立了具有普适性的动力电池N阶电气解析模型，融合电化学机理模型、分数阶阻抗模型，建立了动力电池机理-频域-电气特性综合解析模型。发明了基于存档和实时运行数据驱动的五步骤动力电池模型参数辨识方法，实现了模型结构和阶次优化，大幅提高了模型的高精度、环境感知和可靠性等属性。 2.发现了动力电池荷电状态SOC与其静态电势/开路电压OCV相关且存在单调映射关系，建立了融合动力电池N阶电气解析模型的OCV在线辨识和SOC估计方法。针对OCV-SOC映射关系的差异性，首次提出了基于实车片段数据的SOC 映射参数重构方法。提出了将动力电池SOC和动态极化电压作为状态量、将输出电压作为观测量的SOC估计模型，增强闭环校正精度，建立了滤波器类动力电池自适应SOC估计算法体系。发明了多时间尺度动力电池SOC、容量、内阻的多状态量协同估计和精度自适应标定方法，提高了状态估计的鲁棒性。 3.发现了动力电池组系统充放电末期具有的强极化非线性特性并引发端电压明显的不一致性，首次提出分别以能量最大利用、安全应用为目标约束的动力电池组系统SOC分段高精度估计准则。揭示了动力电池组系统实际工作环境的差异对其性能衰退的影响机制以及动力电池不一致性对其性能衰退的耦合效应和演化机理，建立了以SOC、容量、温度等为自变量、以偏差为因变量的近似模型。首次提出基于“表征单体模型+偏差量化模型”的动力电池组系统状态估计算法，提高了状态估计的精度和适用性。 该项目在动力电池管理核心模型和算法方面做出原创性国际引领贡献，发表论文SCI检索49篇、ESI高被引21篇。8篇代表作SCI他引1130次、谷歌学术他引1956次、最高单篇他引504次，其中3篇入选“中国百篇最具影响学术论文”(电动汽车领域仅有的3篇)、2篇入选SCI期刊年度最佳论文奖。授权发明专利6件。完成人作国际学术会议特邀报告16次，任IEEE电气化交通大会ITEC2014和国际应用能源大会ICAE2016大会主席，入选科睿唯安高被引科学家。成果得到Shixue Dou、欧阳明高、Stefan Pischinger院士等国际学术同行的高度评价。项目成果在华为、北汽新能源、郑州宇通客车、联合汽车电子等企业得到成功应用，主要指标同比优势明显。中国汽车工程学会组织科技成果评价，认为“……建立了动力电池系统集成参数辨识与状态在线估计综合优化方法，动力电池状态估计技术处于国际领先水平”。
中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部令 第15号
社会保险基金先行支付暂行办法 中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部令 第15号 《社会保险基金先行支付暂行办法》已经人力资源和社会保障部第67次部务会审议通过，现予公布，自2011年7月1日起施行。 部长尹蔚民 二Ｏ一一年六月二十九日
社会保险基金先行支付暂行办法 第一条为了维护公民的社会保险合法权益，规范社会保险基金先行支付管理，根据《中华人民共和国社会保险法》（以下简称社会保险法）和《工伤保险条例》，制定本办法。 第二条参加基本医疗保险的职工或者居民（以下简称个人）由于第三人的侵权行为造成伤病的，其医疗费用应当由第三人按照确定的责任大小依法承担。超过第三人责任部分的医疗费用，由基本医疗保险基金按照国家规定支付。 前款规定中应当由第三人支付的医疗费用，第三人不支付或者无法确定第三人的，在医疗费用结算时，个人可以向参保地社会保险经办机构书面申请基本医疗保险基金先行 支付，并告知造成其伤病的原因和第三人不支付医疗费用或者无法确定第三人的情况。 第三条社会保险经办机构接到个人根据第二条规定 提出的申请后，经审核确定其参加基本医疗保险的，应当按照统筹地区基本医疗保险基金支付的规定先行支付相应部 分的医疗费用。 第四条个人由于第三人的侵权行为造成伤病被认定 为工伤，第三人不支付工伤医疗费用或者无法确定第三人
的，个人或者其近亲属可以持工伤认定决定书和有关材料向社会保险经办机构书面申请工伤保险基金先行支付，并告知第三人不支付或者无法确定第三人的情况。 第五条社会保险经办机构接到个人根据第四条规定提出的申请后，应当审查个人获得基本医疗保险基金先行支付和其所在单位缴纳工伤保险费等情况，并按照下列情形分别处理： （一）对于个人所在用人单位已经依法缴纳工伤保险费，且在认定工伤之前基本医疗保险基金有先行支付的，社会保险经办机构应当按照工伤保险有关规定，用工伤保险基金先行支付超出基本医疗保险基金先行支付部分的医疗费用，并向基本医疗保险基金退还先行支付的费用； （二）对于个人所在用人单位已经依法缴纳工伤保险费，在认定工伤之前基本医疗保险基金无先行支付的，社会保险经办机构应当用工伤保险基金先行支付工伤医疗费用； （三）对于个人所在用人单位未依法缴纳工伤保险费，且在认定工伤之前基本医疗保险基金有先行支付的，社会保险经办机构应当在3个工作日内向用人单位发出书面催告通知，要求用人单位在5个工作日内依法支付超出基本医疗保险基金先行支付部分的医疗费用，并向基本医疗保险基金偿还先行支付的医疗费用。用人单位在规定时间内不支付其余
国家标准-中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部
附件2： 社会保险核心业务数据质量规范 国家标准编制说明 一、任务来源 国家标准《社会保险核心业务数据质量规范》已列入国家标准化管理委员会2010年国家标准制修订计划，计划编号为20100667-T-316。本标准由人力资源和社会保障部提出，全国社会保险标准化技术委员会归口，人力资源和社会保障部社会保险事业管理中心、辽宁省社会保险事业管理局等九家单位联合起草。本标准为推荐性国家标准，是我国社会保险服务建设中急需制定的基础标准之一。制定社会保险核心业务数据质量管理标准，对于提高社会保险核心业务数据质量、提高社会保险经办服务水平、提升经办机构执行力，以及实现政策制定科学化具有十分重要的现实意义。各级社会保险经办机构在进行数据管理过程中须严格遵照执行。 二、编制原则 本标准起草过程坚持了以下基本原则： （一）成熟为主。本标准是将部颁标准中的部分数据指
标抽取出来，上升到国标进行发布执行，因此，指标项目要选择险种或业务种类当中确定的、明晰的、稳定的指标项目。 （二）侧重应用。本标准是指导社会保险经办机构在进行数据管理时提高数据质量所参照的依据，因而应具备较强的应用性，因此，在选择指标项目时，重点考虑数据指标在业务经办过程中是否重要、必须、常用。 （三）兼顾发展。本标准在制定初期，社会保险事业也处在不断发展时期，因此，标准的内容、含义、概念、技术等方面主要立足当前，适当考虑未来及发展，使标准具有不断发展、不断完善空间。 （四）留有扩充。随着社会保险事业的不断发展，管理工作会越来越向着精细化方向发展，因此，现在制定的标准不可能一劳永逸，一成不变，因此，并没有将所有的数据指标全部纳入。 三、编制过程 2011年5月，部社保中心下发文件（人社险中心函[2011]49号）组建了以辽宁省社会保险事业管理局为牵头单位，以北京市社会保险基金管理中心、江西省社会保险管理中心、吉林省长春市社会保险局、大连市医疗保险管理中心、江苏省常州市职工医疗保险基金管理中心、河南省洛阳市社会保险事业管理局、四川省成都市社会保险事业管理局等7家单位为成员单位的《社会保险核心业务数据质量规范》国
中华人民共和国水利部24号令.doc
中华人民共和国水利部令 第24号 《水利部关于修改部分水利行政许可规章的决定》已经2005年6月22日水利部部务会议审议通过，现予公布，自公布之日起施行。 部长汪恕诚 二〇〇五年七月八日 水利部关于修改部分水利行政许可规章的决定 根据《中华人民共和国行政许可法》和国务院有关文件的要求，水利部对有关水利行政许可的部分规章进行了修改。水利部以前制定的规章和规范性文件与本决定不一致的，以本决定为准。 一、开发建设项目水土保持方案编报审批管理规定（1995年5月30日水利部令第5号发布） （一）第二条“必须在项目可行性研究阶段编报水土保持方案，并根据批准的水土保持方案进行前期勘测设计工作。”修改为：“必须编报水土保持方案。其中，审批制项目，在报送可行性研究报告前完成水土保持方案报批手续；核准制项目，在提交项目申请报告前完成水土保持方案报批手续；备案制项目，在办理备案手续后、项目开工前完成水土保持方案报批手续。经批准的水土保持方案应当纳入下阶段设计文件中。” （二）第二条后增加一条，作为第三条：“开发建设项目的初步设计，应当依据水土保持技术标准和经批准的水土保持方案，编制水土保持篇章，落实水土流失防治措施和投资概算。初步设计审查时应当有水土保持方案审批机关
参加。” （三）第三条第二款：“在山区、丘陵区、风沙区修建铁路、公路、水工程、开办矿山企业、电力企业和其他大中型工业企业，必须编报‘水土保持方案报告书’。”修改为：“凡征占地面积在1公顷以上或者挖填土石方总量在1万立方米以上的开发建设项目，应当编报水土保持方案报告书；其他开发建设项目应当编报水土保持方案报告表。” 第三款：“在山区、丘陵区、风沙区开办乡镇集体矿山企业、开垦荒坡地、申请采矿、以及其他生产建设单位和个人，必须填报‘水土保持方案报告表’。”修改为：“水土保持方案报告书、水土保持方案报告表的内容和格式应当符合《开发建设项目水土保持方案技术规范》和有关规定。” （四）第四条：“水土保持方案的编报工作由生产建设单位负责。具体编制水土保持方案的单位，必须持有水行政主管部门颁发的《编制水土保持方案资格证书》，编制水土保持方案资格证书管理办法由国务院水行政主管部门另行制定。”修改为：“水土保持方案的编报工作由开发建设单位或者个人负责。具体编制水土保持方案的单位和人员，应当具有相应的技术能力和业务水平，并由有关行业组织实施管理，具体管理办法由该行业组织制定。” （五）删去第五条。 （六）第七条“项目单位或个人在领取国务院水行政主管部门统一印制的《水土保持方案合格证》后，方能办理其他批准手续。”修改为：“水土保持方案必须先经水行政主管部门审查批准，开发建设单位或者个人方可办理土地使用、环境影响评价审批、项目立项审批或者核准（备案）等其他有关手续。” （七）第八条第二款：“中央审批立项的生产建设项目和限额以上技术改造项目水土保持方案，由国务院水行政主管部门审批。”修改为：“中央立项，且征占地面积在50公顷以上或者挖填土石方总量在50万立方米以上的开发建
中国梦我的梦演讲稿
演讲稿一 尊敬的各位领导、敬爱的老师、亲爱的同学们： 大家好!今天我演讲的题目是《中国梦，我的梦》。 在发言前我想问同学们一个问题就是：你们有梦吗?假如有梦的同学请大声的回答我。很好!我想你们的梦一定是绚烂的、美丽的、丰富的、美好的。生命因责任而美丽，人生因梦想而精彩。假如还在犹豫自己真正的的梦是什么?请认真听我们中国所共同的梦——中国梦 人生如梦，梦想是帆，每个人都有一个只属于自己的梦，但我们同属一个国家，所以每个人的梦又与国家的兴衰荣辱紧密相连。先哲顾炎武曾说：“天下兴亡，匹夫有责。”只有国家好，大家才能好。 有梦才能使中国富强! 我依然清楚的记得： 当甲午战争战败，日寇无礼踏破中国的门户;当八国联军侵入北京，无情掠夺中国的财产;当七七事变发生，中国的老人、妇孺被残忍杀害的时候，我在想那时中国的梦是怎样的! 我虽不曾亲眼看到，但那却是铁一般的事实。因为从老人们那深邃的眼神中可以感到无尽的愤懑;从他们干瘪的脸颊可以看到深情的泪水，从他们嘹亮的军歌中可以想到那奋勇杀敌时的豪迈;从他们激昂话语中听到那誓要捍卫家园振兴中华的誓言。作为新一代青年的我们难道不应该树立远大的理想，付之以踏实的行动，去继承先辈们的使命。去实现中华民族的伟大崛起和复兴吗? 有梦才能使中国繁荣! 在改革开放以来中国取得了一系列的可以载入中国史册的成就。香港、澳门的回归，经济特区的建立，使中国成为发展国家中的经济大国，科技先进国和军事强国。当中国成功举办奥运的时候，当神九飞天的时候，当蛟龙入海的时候，当航母下水的时候，当莫言荣获诺贝尔文学奖的时候。我相信每个人都感觉到了无比的自豪。但是现在的中国与其他发达国家还有很大差距。作为新一代的我们，难道不应该志存高远吗? 我想有的人会说，我们的力量是有限的。的确个人的力量很渺小，但是中国梦就是因一个个微不足道的个人的梦一直汇集、汇集，然后凝聚成的一个巨大的梦。冯至在《十四行诗》中写道，我们准备着，深深领受，那些意想不到的奇迹，在漫长的岁月里，忽然有彗星的出现，狂风乍起。 梦想是美丽的，它是最美的期望;梦想是阳光的，它使人由浮躁走向踏实;梦想是充满力量的，它可以激发人身体里无限的潜能。我们期盼的是国泰民安、经济发展、政治清明、文化繁荣、社会和谐、生态良好、公平正义。这才是中国人最伟大的梦。
中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部令第23号 关于修改《就业服务与就业管理规定》的决定
人力资源社会保障部关于修改《就业服务与就业管理规定》 的决定 中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部令第23号 《人力资源社会保障部关于修改<就业服务与就业管理规定>的决定》已经2014年12月1日人力资源社会保障部第52次部务会讨论通过，现予公布，自2015年2月1日起施行。 部长尹蔚民 2014年12月23日
人力资源社会保障部关于修改《就业服务与就业管理规定》的决定 人力资源社会保障部决定对《就业服务与就业管理规定》作如下修改： 一、将第六十三条修改为：“在法定劳动年龄内，有劳动能力，有就业要求，处于无业状态的城镇常住人员，可以到常住地的公共就业服务机构进行失业登记。” 二、将第六十五条修改为：“失业登记的范围包括下列失业人员： “（一）年满16周岁，从各类学校毕业、肄业的； “（二）从企业、机关、事业单位等各类用人单位失业的； “（三）个体工商户业主或私营企业业主停业、破产停止经营的； “（四）承包土地被征用，符合当地规定条件的； “（五）军人退出现役且未纳入国家统一安置的； “（六）刑满释放、假释、监外执行的； “（七）各地确定的其他失业人员。” 三、将第六十六条修改为：“登记失业人员出现下列情形之一的，由公共就业服务机构注销其失业登记： “（一）被用人单位录用的； “（二）从事个体经营或创办企业，并领取工商营业执照的； “（三）已从事有稳定收入的劳动，并且月收入不低于当地最低工资标准的；“（四）已享受基本养老保险待遇的； “（五）完全丧失劳动能力的； “（六）入学、服兵役、移居境外的；
“（七）被判刑收监执行的； “（八）终止就业要求或拒绝接受公共就业服务的； “（九）连续6个月未与公共就业服务机构联系的； “（十）已进行就业登记的其他人员或各地规定的其他情形。” 本决定自2015年2月1日起施行。 《就业服务与就业管理规定》根据本决定作相应修改，重新公布。 就业服务与就业管理规定 (2007年11月5日劳动保障部令第28号公布根据2014年12月23日《人力资源社会保障部关于修改<就业服务与就业管理规定>的决定》修订) 第一章总则 第一条为了加强就业服务和就业管理，培育和完善统一开放、竞争有序的人力资源市场，为劳动者就业和用人单位招用人员提供服务，根据就业促进法等法律、行政法规，制定本规定。 第二条劳动者求职与就业，用人单位招用人员，劳动保障行政部门举办的公共就业服务机构和经劳动保障行政部门审批的职业中介机构从事就业服务活动，适用本规定。
2018年工信财务处我为实现中国梦做贡献演讲稿
2018年工信财务处我为实现中国梦做贡献演讲稿 梦想在前路在脚下 梦想，是每个人希望的开始。中华民族五千年历史传承着一个长长的梦，几经辗转，几经沉浮。时至今日，汇聚成了一个梦，中国梦。 一个人不能没有梦想。因为有梦想，我们才经历坎坷依然前行，因为有梦想，我们才经历沧桑信心不改。有梦想才会有希望；有希望才会有激情；有激情才会有事业；有事业才会有未来。中华民族是一个命运共同体，只有民族、国家全面科学发展，个人才能实现梦想。同样，只有每个人都充满激情和梦想，“中国梦”才够美丽，才够坚实。 工信人同样承担着实现中国梦的使命，一代一代在工业和电子、信息产业的人们前仆后继，奋勇拼搏，为了这个梦想奉献着自己的青春。 “疾风知劲草，岁寒见后凋”在财务处工作这段时间以来，我有过艰辛的汗水、也有过收获时的喜悦；有过扬帆起航时的热忱与豪情、也有过风雨骤来时的动摇与退却；有过风平浪静时的欢喜与惬意、也有过漫漫征途的寂寞与煎熬！财务工作赋予我人生新的意义和追求，它为我带来了淳朴的友谊，让我品尝到工作的无限快乐。在梦开始的这片热土上，我们平凡的财务人员在平凡的岗位上，默默无闻，奉献青春；我们用坚定的信念，用点滴的小事，书写着一幕幕爱岗敬业的篇章。 我们财务处就是这样一个群体，整日跟毫无生气的数字凭证、账簿打交道，整理核算杂乱的原始票据和凭证，日复一日，与数字相伴，与票据为友，但这一切都磨灭不了我们对财务工作的饱满热情，我们无怨无悔。既然扎根于工信财务工作，那么确保数字核算的准确无误，各项财务制度执行的缜密就是我们的责任，按时、顺利、高效地完成会计核算工作，为领导及时提供准确数据，为各部门提供最好服务，为厅机关及厅系统各项工作的顺利开展提供有力的保障是我们每个财务人员最大的心愿和使命！ 梦想不是说说而已……我有一个大大的梦想，那么这个大大的梦想要从现在小小
2019年国家自然科学基金资助项目结题成果报告 - 模板
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关于我的梦中国梦主题演讲稿800字
关于我的梦中国梦主题演讲稿800字 尊敬的各位老师： 你们好!今天我演讲的题目是《我的梦中国梦》。 我有一个梦想，深深扎根于我的心中。那就是长大后，我要成为一个科学家。 尽管我没有过人的才智，没有严密的思维，也没有特别准确的判断力，但是我仍不会放弃努力。尽管这个梦想距我很遥远，但我仍 不会停止追求。尽管在实现梦想的过程中，会有很多挫折和无数的 磨难，但我仍不会灰心丧气。因为我相信，只有经历地狱般的磨练，才能练出创造天堂的力量;只有流过血的手指，才能弹出世间的绝唱;只有经历困难和挫折，才能实现自己的梦想。 以前，每当我看到科学家们令人瞩目的成就时，总会感到羡慕和敬佩。是他们，推动了社会的发展;是他们，使人民生活水平得到提高;更是他们，为祖国的发展赢来了一个崭新的明天。 因此，我想成为一个科学家，成为一个对国家有贡献的人，成为这个国家的栋梁。每当我看到浪费时间的人时，我会为他们感到惋惜;每当我看到灰心丧气的人时，会为他们感到悲哀;每当我看到不 务正业的人时，我会感到愤恨。因为他们没有看到自己的价值，没 有属于自己的梦想。这样的人生，是没有意义的人生。 而我，至少有一个梦想，一个目标。有了这个梦想，我就会一直努力下去，永不放弃。有了这个梦想，就等于把握了自己的人生航向，不会再迷失方向。有了这个梦想，就好象一盏明灯，照亮了我 前进的道路。一直通往胜利的顶峰。 我有梦，中国也有梦。我的梦想，用自己的智慧站在时代的顶峰，中国的梦，用自己的勤劳，自立于世界之上!为了这个梦想，他发奋，他图强，他忍受无法言语的苦难，只为自己可以挺起胸膛!地震来了，
不怕，他有的是铁一般的脊骨，洪水来了，不怕，他有的是山一般 的胸膛!奥运会来了，不怕，他有的是腾飞的翅膀!有梦的人，才是 真正的人，有梦的国，才是真正的国!我的梦就是国的梦，我的梦， 成为科学家，为国家尽力，国的梦，繁荣富强，让我们幸福! 我的中国梦演讲到此结束，谢谢大家! 中国梦也是我的梦。我生在中国，长在中国，读过中华几千年的历史，曾为之激动，忧伤，悲愤，骄傲，曾为之食不能安，夜不能寐，，中国已与我紧密的联系在了一起，我为中国伤心，为中国欢乐。我还记忆犹新那句话：犯我大汉天威者，虽远必诛。它深刻的 体现出我中华民族，我大汉的骄傲与荣耀，或许很狂妄，或许很嚣张，但它却让我深深为之感动，为了中华的荣耀，我可以吃苦，可 以受累，甚至我可以献上我微不足道的生命，可就是这份愿意，让 我为中国喝彩，让我对中华民族更加钦佩，对中华历史更加热衷。 或许，我说的对;或许，我说的不对，但是我想认同我的人总是有的，我想这么做的人总是有的! 中国梦，到底是什么，我仔细地思考过一番，我想中国梦应该是振兴中华的梦想。虽说我们消沉过几百年，但是我们也荣耀过几千年，所以我们中华民族最不缺少的便是一种资质，一种让我们曾经 荣耀过几千年的资质，所以我不认为我们与其他民族相比有任何的 不如之处，所以我相信认清现实之后的我们必将会取得成功，必将 会实现我们近年来振兴中华的梦想。 霍去病将军匈奴未灭，何以为家。诸葛亮鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。周恩来为中华崛起而读书...... 这些历史上让人怀念的伟人们，都有一个和中国梦一样的梦。霍去病将军将自己的一切都献给了中华民族的安危与荣耀，虽说他并 不完美，但瑕不掩瑜，他守护大汉，永不后悔，留下了封狼居胥的 佳话。至于诸葛亮很多资料认为罗贯中是亲蜀派将蜀国的人物进行 了美化，比如历史上根本没有他三气周瑜的事情。但是罗贯中为什 么这么写，我个人认为除了刘备得民心之外，还有一点，那就是蜀 汉一称，正因为蜀国在后面加上了一个“汉”，赢得了更多人的偏