Chinglish in the oral work of non-English majors

Chinglish in the oral work of non-English majors
Chinglish in the oral work of non-English majors

2006年8月

第29卷 第4期

中国英语教学(双月刊)

C EL E A J o u rn a l(B i m o nth l y)

A ug.2006

V o l.29N o.4

C H I N G L I S H I N TH E O R A L W O R K O F

NO N-E N G L I S H M A J O R S

X i a o J i n g

J il i n U ni v e r si t y Z huh a i C o l l ege

Z u o N i a n n i a n

C h i n a U ni v e r si t y o f G e o s ci en c e s

A b st r a c t

C hi n g l i s h o ft e n e x ist s i n t h e o ra l w o r k o f c o l l eg e s t u de n t s a nd b e c o m e s o n e o f t h e m aj o r pr o b l e m s t h a t

a d v e rse l y affe c t cro s s-c u l t u ra l c o m m u n i c a t i on a nd t h e q u a l i t y o f o ra l e x pr e ss i on.T hough m uc h r es ea r c h h a s

b e e n do n e on C hi n g l i s h,s ta tisti

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i ci e n t,e s p e c i a l l y i n C hi n a.T h i s pap e r r ep o rt s a q ua n ti ta t i v e r es ea r c h on C hi n g l i s h i n t h e o ra l E n g l i s h o f c o l l eg e s t u de n t s.T h e pap e r pr o p o se s a n o b

j e c t i v e a tti t u d e t o w ard s C hi n g l i s h;m or e i np u t o f w e s t e r n c u l t u r e,a nd m or e r eg ar d f o r a p pr o p ri at e o ra l E n g l i s h l ea r ni ng st rat e g ie s.

K ey w o r d s

c o l l eg e o ra l E n g l i s h;C hi n g l i s h;o ra l E n g l i s h t ea c hi ng;l ea r ni ng st rat e g ie s

1.In t r o d u c t i on

F o r a l ong t i m e,E n g l i s h t ea c hi ng t o c o l l eg e s t ude n t s h a s b e en c e n te r ed on re a di ng,w rit i ng,a n d l i s t e ni ng.E n g l i s h s p e a ki ng h a s l ong b e en n e gl e ct ed.W i t h t he ad v e n t o f t he n e w c e n t ur y,t he n e ed fo r pro f ici e n t E n g l i s h s p e ak e r s i n m any f ie l d s i s ev e r i n c re a s i ng,w h i ch d r i v e s m any c o l l eg e s a n d u ni v e r sit i e s t o open or a l E n g l i s h cl a s se s a n d m any n on-E n g l i s h m a j o r s t o s t udy s poken E n g l i s h.A l t h o u gh t he

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i n c re as ed,t he or a l E n g l i s h pro f ici en c y o f c o l l eg e s t ude n t s i s f a r

f r o m sa ti s f a ct or y,m u ch C hi n

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i ng pr od uc ed i n t h e i r or a l w or k.T o s o m e e xt e n t,C hi n g l i s h i s v e r y d e st ru c t i v e.I t m ay ad v e r s e l y a ff e c t c r o s s-c u l t ur a l c o m m u n i c a t i on a n d t he q u a l i t y o f or a l e x pr e s s i on.I f i t occu r s o f t en,i t m ay l e ad t o c o m m u n i c a t i v e f a i l ur e s.

G e C h u an g g u i w a s t he fi rs t s c h o l a r w h o pr op os ed t he te rm s“C hi n g l i s h”a n d“C hi na E n g l i s h”i n h i s e s s ay O n C hi n es e t o E n g li s h T r a n s la t i on(1984);i n w h i ch he m ak e s a d i s t i n c t i on b e t w e en C hi n g l i s h a n d C hi na E n g l i s h.S i n c e G e,m any s c h o l a r s ha v e a l s o il lu st r at ed t h e i r p oi n t o f vi e w.D eng Y anchang(1989:150)on c e s a i d t h a t“C hi n g l i s h i s a s p ee ch o r w rit i ng i n E n g l i s h t h a t s h o w s t he i n terfe r en c e o r i n f l u en c e o f C hi n es e,s o m e s e n t en c e s b e i ng l itt l e m or e t han w or d t o w or d t r a n s l a t i on o f C hi n es e e x pr e s s i o n s.C hi n g l i s h m ay be gr a m m a t i c a l l y co r re c t,b u t t he c h o i c e o f w ord s a n d p hr ase s a n d t he ma n n e r o f e x pr e s s i on do n o t c o nfo r m t o s t a n d ar d us ag e.A l t h o u gh u n d e rs t a n di ng m ay be a pr o b l em,C hi n g l i s h i s un acc e pt a b l e.”A ccor di ng t o L i W enz h ong(1993:18-24):C hi n g l i s h i s m i s s hapen E n g l i s h w h i ch i s pr od uc ed by C hi n es e l ear n e r s w h o dr a w upon C hi n es e r ul e s a n d st ru ct ur e s m e cha n i c a l l y a s a r es u l t o f m o t h e r t ong u e i n terfe r en c e.C hi na E n g l i s h b e l on g s t o N o r m a t i v e E n g l i s h w h os e c o m p o sit i on a n d s c ope o f us e ar e f a r r i ch e r a n d w i d e r t han C hi n g l i s h.I n c o n t r a s t,C hi n g l i s h i s a d e fo r m ed l ang uag e p he n o m e n on.It s c o m p o sit i on a n d s c ope o f us e ar e b o t h u n s t a b l e a n d l im i t ed,a n d i t c a use s b a r r i e r s i n i n te r n a t i on a l c o m m u n i c a t i on a n d c u l t ur a l ex chan g e s.W ang R ongp e i(1991),Z hang H on gw u(2000)a n d m any o t h e r s c h o l a r s f e e l t he e x i s t en c e o f C hi n g l i s h i s o b j e c t i v e,a n d i t i s an unav oi da b l e l ang uag e p he n o m e n on.J oan

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C hi n g l i s h i n t h e O r a l W ork of N on-E n g l i s h M aj ors Xiao Jing&Zuo Niannian

Pi nk ha m,i n h e r book T h e T r a n s lato r s G ui d e t o C hi n g li s h,p oi n t s o u t“C hi n g l i s h...i s a m i s s hapen,hy b r i d l ang uag e t h a t i s n e i t h e r E n g l i s h n o r C hi n es e b u t t h a t m i g h t be d esc r i bed a s‘E n g l i s h w i t h C hi n es e ch ara cte ri s t i c s’”(2000:1).

I n rec e n t yea r s,m any s c h o l a r s b e l i ev e t h a t C hi n g l i s h i s t he r es u l t o f t he n eg a t i v e t r a n s fe r o f l ear n e r s w h os e fi rs t l ang uag e i s C hi n es e,a n d i t i s a ki n d o f“i n te r l ang uag e”,w h i ch i s unav oi da b l e i n t he proc e s s o f for ei gn l ang uag e l ear ni ng.I t c a nn o t be regar ded a s l i ng u i s t i c er ro r,b u t a ki n d o f d ev e l op m e n t a l er ro r w hen t he for ei gn l ang uag e l ear n e r s ar e fo r m i ng t h e i r s e l f-c o n t a i ned l i ng u i s t i c sy s t e m s i n an a t t e m p t t o pr od uc e m e a ni n gf u l p er fo r m an c e.

B a s i c a l l y t he c o m m on er ro r s o f

C hi n g l i s h ar e m a inl y a t f o u r l ev e l s:pra g m a t i c l ev e l,l e xi c a l l ev e l,s y n t a c t i c l ev e l a n d t he l ev e l o f pr onun ci a t i on(L i W enz h ong,1993).C hi n g l i s h a t pra g m a t i c l ev e l occu r s w hen s t ude n t s r e l y on C hi n es e c u s t o m s a n d c u l t ur e t o s p e ak E n g l i s h a n d i t i s n o t c u l t ur a l l y acc e pt a b l e t o n a t i v e s p e ak e r s o f E n g l i s h.F o r ex a m p l e,w hen m e e t i ng a for ei gn g u e s t a t t he a i r p o r t,a s t ude n t gre e t s h i m by s a y i ng“Y ou m u s t h av e a tir i ng j o urn e y.”J i ang Y a j un(1995:52-53)s a w t he f o l l o w i ng va r i a t i o n s a s t he ph on e t i c f e at ur e s o f C hi n g l i s h:fi rs t,d u e t o t he l a ck o f s ou n d s l i ke//,//i n C hi n es e,t h e y ar e l i k e l y t o be r e p l ac ed by/s/o r/z/,s u ch a s t hi n k/s i n k/,th e y/z e i/et c.Sec o n d,b ec a us e m o s t C hi n es e w ord s ar e l i k e l y t o be pr o n oun c ed a s C V(a c o ns ona n t plu s a v ow e l)t h e r e i s a t e n den c y t o i m p os e a CVC V st ru ct ur e on E n g l i s h.T h u s w ord s l i ke a c t,s t a n d ar e pr o n oun c ed a s/k t/,/s t n d/.A l s o t he i g n or an c e o f“s h i f t i ng st r e s s”i s regar ded a s C hi n g l i s h.A ccor di ng t o L i n Q i ong(2001:14-15),l e xi c a l C hi n g l i s h i s pr od uc ed w hen s t ude n t s ha v e c o nf u s i o n s o f t he w ord s o r te rms i n b o t h l ang uag e s t h a t ha v e t he s a m e de n ota t i o n s b u t m ay ha v e d i ffe r e n t c o nn ota t i o n s.F o r ex a m p l e:l ook a t a n e w s pa p e r,l e a r n kn o w l ed g e.Sy n t a c t i c C hi n g l i s h i s us u a l l y pr od uc ed w hen s t ude n t s r e so r t t o C hi n es e s y n t a c t i c fo rm s t o c o n st ru c t E n g l i s h s e n t en c e s.F o r ex a m p l e:T h e r e as on w hy I a m a b s en t w a s b e c a u s e I w a s il l.

T h o u gh t he s t udy o f C hi n g l i s h i s f l o u ri s hi ng,q u a n ti ta t i v e s t u d i e s ar e s t il l i n s u f f ici e n t,a n d m any pra c t i c a l q u e s t i o n s s t il l n e ed t o be e x pl or ed,e s p e cia l l y i n t he or a l w or k o f s t ude n t s.T h i s t h e si s m a inl y foc use s on a n s w e r i ng t w o q u e s t i o n s:W h i ch t ype o f C hi n g l i s h occu r s m o s t f r eq u e n t l y o r r a n k s t he fi rs t

a m ong t he f o u r g en e r a l t yp e s o f C hi n g l i s h i n t he or a l w or k o f c o l l eg e s t ude n t s?I s t h e r e any co r r el a t i on

b e t w e en t he s t ude n t s or a l E n g l i s h l ear ni ng st r at e gi e s a n d C hi n g l i s h?

2.Q ua n ti ta t i v e R e s e a r ch

S u b j e ct s:120n on-E n g l i s h m a j o r f r e s h m en f r o m C hi na U ni v e r si t y o f G e os ci en c e s p a r t ic i p at ed i n t h i s s t udy,T he p a r t ic i pa n t s had rec e i v ed a l m o s t one yea r o f t r a ini ng i n or a l E n g l i s h i n t he c o l l eg e,w hen t he s t udy w a s ca r r i ed o u t on M ay28t h,2004,t he e n d o f t h e i r or a l E n g l i s h cl a s s i n t he s ec o n d s e m e s te r.

R es e ar c h In st r u m e n t s:t w o i n st r u m e n t s w e r e em pl o y ed:one s e l f-d e s i gn te s t pap e r,a n d one q u e s t i o n n a i r e.A s t he s a m p l e i s b i g,a te s t pap e r m u ch m or e e a s i l y c o v e r s a l l t he f o u r a s p e c t s o f C hi n g l i s h a n d i s m or e ec o n o m i c a l.T he te s t pap e r c o n si st s o f f o u r p a rt s,a l t o g e t h e r fo r t y m u lt ip l e-c h o i c e q u e s t i o n s t h a t m e as ur e s t ude n t s C hi n g l i s h a t pra g m a t i c l ev e l,t he l ev e l o f pr onun ci a t i on,l e xi c a l l ev e l,a n d s y n t a c t i c l ev e l.T he d e s i gn o f t he te s t pap e r i s i n accor dan c e w i t h t he f e at ur e s o f C hi n g l i s h on t he f o u r l ev e l s.M o s t o f t he q u e s t i o n s ar e d a i l y us ed s e n t en c e s o r c on v e r sa t i o n s a n d t he v a l id i t y o f t he te s t pap e r had b e en te s t ed b e for e i t w a s f i n a l l y ado pt ed.

T he s tat em e n t s i n W en Q i u f ang s O n E n g li s h L e a r ni ng S t ra t e gie s(1996)w e r e us ed a s t he b a si s fo r t he q u e s t i o n n a i r e t o a s se s s t he d i ffe r en c e i n use s o f or a l E n g l i s h l ear ni ng st r at e gi e s b e t w e en h i gh-s cor e a n d l o w-s cor e s t ude n t s i n t he te s t.T he q u e s t i o n n a i r e c o n si st s o f t wo p a rt s.P a r t A i n c l ud e s t he s t ude n t s b e l i e f s abo u t t he i n terfe r en c e o f m o t h e r t ong u e i n or a l E n g l i s h l ear ni ng.F i v e s tat em e n t s ar e i nv ol v ed i n t h i s p a r t.P a r t B i s c o m p os ed o f t en s tat em e n t s c on c e r ni ng t h e i r i n di v i d u a l e xp e r i en c e i n or a l E n g l i s h l ear ni ng st r at e gi e s.T he r a w d at a w e r e proc e s s ed by m e a n s o f Sta ti s t i c a l P a ck ag e fo r S o cia l S ci en c e(SP SS S o f t w ar e).

3.R e s u l t s an d D i s cu s si on

3.1T he hi gh f r e q uenc y o f C hi n g l i sh on l e x i c a l l ev e l

A s i s s h o wn i n T a b l e1,a tot a l o f1527er ro r s w e r e c o l l e ct ed o u t o f99eff e c t i v e s a m p l e te s t pap e r s.

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O f a l l t h es e er ro r s,C hi n g l i s h er ro r s a t l e xi c a l l ev e l ar e t he m o s t d i s t i n c t i v e,w h i ch c ou n t533,abo u t 34.90%o f t he tot a l;n e x t c o m e C hi n g l i s h a t pra g m a t i c l ev e l,acc ou n t i ng fo r28.60%o f t he tot a l.T he C hi n g l i s h er ro r s a t t he l ev e l o f s y n t ax a n d pr onun ci a t i on ar e18.80%a n d17.7%r e s p e c t i v e l y.

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T yp e s

 o f C hi n g l i s h

D i st r i b u t i on

o f E r ro r s

P ra g m a t i c s P r onun ci a t i on L e x i s Sy n t ax T ot a l N u m b e r o f er ro r s4372705332871527 P r op o r t i on28.60%17.70%34.90%18.80%100%

A m ong t he99v a l i d s a m p l e te s t pap e r s,t he s cor e s w e r e a r r an g ed f r o m t he h i gh e s t t o t he l ow e s t.T he s cor e s h i gh e r t han84w e r e l ab el ed h i gh-s cor e,a n d t he s cor e s l ow e r t han66w e r e l ab el ed l o w-s cor e.So t h e r e ar e28s t ude n t s i n h i gh-s cor e gr oup a n d a n o t h e r33i n t he l o w-s cor e gr oup.

T a b l e2s h o w s C hi n g l i s h a t t h es e f o u r l ev e l s i n t he te s t pap e r s a l l s i g n if i c a n t l y d i s t i ng u i s h t he s t ude n t s w h os e s p ee ch c o n t a i n s l e s s C hi n g l i s h a n d t h os e w h os e s p ee ch pr oba bl y c o n t a i n s m u ch C hi n g l i s h.C hi n g l i s h a t l e xi c a l l ev e l r a n k s t he fi rs t t o d i s t i ng u i s h t he h i gh-s cor e a n d l o w-s cor e te s t pap e r s;pr onun ci a t i on t he s ec o n d.

T a b l e2.T he d i ffe r en c e b e t w e en t he h i gh-s cor e a n d t he l o w-s cor e te s t pap e r s

t d f Si g(2-

t a i l ed)

M e an

D i ffe r en c e

95%C o n f i den c e In te rv a l

o f D i ffe r en c e

Low e r U p p e r

P ra g m a t i c s4.174590.0001.43720.749242.12622

P r onun ci a t i on5.669590.0002.02271.308712.73675

L e x i s10.605590.0003.49782.837834.15784

Sy n t ax5.473590.0001.90911.211152.60703

3.2T he r eas o n s fo r hi gh f r e q uenc y o f C hi n g l i sh on l e x i c a l l ev e l

T he h i gh f r eq u en c y o f C hi n g l i s h a t l e xi c a l l ev e l s h o w n i n t he pr es e n t s t udy i n d i c ate s t h a t t he b i gg e s t d i f f i c u l t y fo r s t ude n t s t o r ed uc e C hi n g l i s h i s l e x i s.T he i n te rpr eta t i on fo r t he re a s o n s m ay be t he f o l l o w i ng:

F i rs t o f a l l,t he f u n da m e n t a l d i ffe r en c e b e t w e en l ang uag e s i s t he l e xi c a l d i ffe r en c e.L ang uag e c o n si st s o f w ord s t h a t ar e b a s i c a l l y t he s m a l l e s t m e a ni n gf u l u n i t s.D u e t o d i ffe r e n t c u l t ur e s,peo p l e s p e a ki ng d i ffe r e n t l ang uag e s ha v e t h e i r o w n w a y s o f e x pr e s s i ng i d e a s.T h e r e for e,t he b a s i c d i ffe r en c e b e t w e en l ang uag e s l i e s i n t he d i ffe r e n t us e o f w ord s i n de n ota t i on o r c o nn ota t i on.

Sec o n dl y,t he EF L l ear n e r s f a l s e a s s u m p t i on o f t he s e m a n t i c a n d s y n t a c t i c eq u i v al en c e o f E n g l i s h a n d C hi n es e w ord s i s s i g n if i c a n t.T h e r e ar e m any c o n st r a i n t s i n for ei gn l ang uag e l ear ni ng.H ow ev e r,“one o f t he c o n st r a i n t s i s t he pr es en c e o f an e s t a b l i s hed c on c e pt u a l a n d s e m a n t i c sy s t e m w i t h an L1l e xi c a l sy s t em c los e l y a s so ci at ed w i t h i t.T he i m p a c t o f t h es e e s t a b l i s hed sy s t e m s on l e xi c a l d ev e l op m e n t i n L2 a p p ea r s l e s s st r ai g h t fo r w ar d,b u t m ay be a ct u a l l y m or e s i g n if i c a n t”(J i ang N an2000:47).T he C hi n g l i s h f ou n d a t t he l e xi c a l l ev e l i n t he s a m p l e te s t pap e r s h o w s t h a t s t ude n t s us u a l l y r e l y on t h e i r e s t a b l i s hed C hi n es e l e xi c a l sy s t e m t o s p e ak E n g l i s h.T h i s i s a t e n den c y t h a t h a s l ong b e en a c kn o w l ed g ed a n d c an be te s tif i ed by m any for ei gn l ang uag e l ear n e r s a n d t ea ch e r s(J e n ki n e t a l.1993:119).I t i s t ru e t h a t t h e r e ar e s o m e t i m e s o v e r l a p s b e t w e en t wo l ang uag e s,s u ch a s E n g l i s h-C hi n es e t r a n s l a t i on p a i r s s c ho o l a n d xu e x i ao.B u t t he te r m“t r a n s fe r”h a s t w o s i d e s.I t c an be p o sit i v e a n d n eg a t i v e.W hen b o t h t he n a t i v e l ang uag e a n d t he t arg e t l ang uag e ha v e t he s a m e fo r m,p a t te r n o r r ul e,p o sit i v e t r a n s fe r occu r s a n d i t

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C E L E A J o u r n a l68

C hi n g l i s h i n t h e O r a l W ork of N on-E n g l i s h M aj ors Xiao Jing&Zuo Niannian

f a c il i tate s l ear ni ng.H ow ev e r,n e

g a t i v e t r a n s fe r ha m p e r s l ear ni ng.I t occu r s w hen t he fi rs t l ang uag e i n terfe r e s i n t he for ei gn l ang uag e l ear ni ng.

T h i r dl y,s o m e C hi n g l i s h a t l e xi c a l l ev e l i s i n d uc ed by t ea c hi ng.T h e r e h a s a l w a y s b e en a pr o b l e m o f t he po v e r t y o f i n p u t i n te rm s o f b o t h q u a n ti t y a n d q u a l i t y i n c o l l eg e or a l E n g l i s h cl a s se s.T he s t ude n t s o f t en l a ck s u f f ici e n t,h i g hl y c o n t e xt u a l i z ed i n p u t i n t h e i r l ear ni ng.W hen e x p la ini ng an u nkn o w n w or d o r a p hr as e,t ea ch e r s us u a l l y s pe n d m u ch t i m e e x p la ini ng t he fo r m a t i on,s y n ony m s,a n d s y n t a c t i c us ag e o f t he n e w i t e m.L itt l e a t t e n t i on i s g i v en t o t he c u l t ur a l d i ffe r en c e a n d pra g m a t i c r ul e s o f t he w or d.T h i s ki n d o f t ea c hi ng pra c t i c e c an o nl y be h e l pf u l fo r t he s t ude n t s t o m e m o r i z e t he w or d r a t h e r t han ac q u i r e i t.K n o w i ng t h a t a l e t te r st r i ng fo rm s a w or d,o r ev en kn o w i ng i t s m e a ni ng,do e s n o t t e l l u s m u ch abo u t w h e t h e r one i s a b l e t o a ct u a l l y us e t he w or d a p pr o p r i at e l y a n d ef f ici e n t l y i n c o m m u n i c a t i on(E ll i s&B e at on1993).C o n s eq u e n t l y t he s t ude n t s m ay ha v e a l arg e v oc ab ul ar y,b u t t h e y c a nn o t us e t he w ord s pr op e r l y;t h e r e i s o f t en pra g m a t i c f a i l ur e w hen t h e y ar e i n a ct u a l c o m m u n i c a t i on.

3.3R eas o n s fo r t he hi gh f r e q uenc y o f C hi n g l i sh a t pr ag m a t i c L ev e l

T a b l e1cl ea r l y s h o w s t h a t C hi n g l i s h er ro r s a t pra g m a t i c l ev e l ar e a l s o v e r y n o t i ce a b l e acc ou n t i ng fo r 28.60%o f t he tot a l.T h e r e ar e t wo m a j o r i n te rpr eta t i o n s fo r t he r es u l t.

F i rs t l y,t h er e i s a gre a t d i ffe r en c e b e t w e en C hi n es e a n d w e s te r n c u l t ur e a n d t ea ch e r s o f t e n f a i l t o dr a w s t ude n t s a t t e n t i on t o c r o s s-c u l t ur a l d i ffe r en c e s.“L ang uag e i s i n f l u en c ed a n d s haped by c u l t ur e”(D eng Y anchang1989:3).L ang uag e i s a s y m b o l i c r e pr es e n ta t i on o f a peo p l e,a n d i t c o m p ri se s t h e i r h i s t o r i c a l,so cia l,a n d c u l t ur a l b a ck gr ou n d s a s w e l l a s t h e i r a p pr o a ch t o l i f e a n d t h e i r w a y s o f l i v i ng a n d t hi n ki ng.D i ffe r e n t l ang uag e s ha v e t h e i r d i ffe r e n t c u l t ur a l n o rm s.T he s a m e w or d o r e x pr e s s i on do e s n o t n ec e s s a r i l y m e an t he s a m e t hi ng t o d i ffe r e n t peo p l e s,a n d m i s u n d e rs t a n di ng m ay a ri s e a l t h o u gh t he l ang uag e a n d w ord s us ed i n c o m m u n i c a t i on ar e o t h e r w i s e gr a m m a t i c a l l y co r re c t.So c u l t ur a l i n st ru c t i on s h o u l d be an unav oi da b l e p a r t o f l ang uag e t ea c hi ng a n d l ear ni ng.B u t o nl y a s m a l l nu m b e r o f or a l E n g l i s h t ea ch e r s re a l i z e t he s i g n if i c an c e o f t he r el a t i o ns hi p b e t w e en l ang uag e a n d c u l t ur e i n t he proc e s s o f l ang uag e i n st ru c t i on.

Sec o n dl y,t he n eg a t i v e t r a n s fe r a n d l a ck o f pra g m a t i c kn o w l ed g e i s a l s o a m a j o r f a ct o r.A s w e ha v e m e n t i oned,t he n eg a t i v e t r a n s fe r i s t he i n f l u en c e r es u lt i ng f r o m t he d i ffe r en c e s b e t w e en t he t arg e t l ang uag e a n d any o t h e r l ang uag e t h a t h a s b e en pre v i o u s l y ac q u i r ed.I n c o m m u n i c a t i on,w hen C hi n es e l ear n e r s m ake i na p pr o p r i at e t r a n s fe r,C hi n g l i s h m ay occu r,a n d pr oba bl y i t w il l r es u l t i n c o m m u n i c a t i on f a i l ur e.F o r Q u e s t i on5i n t he te s t,t he s t ude n t s w e r e a s ked t o c h o os e t he co r re c t e x pr e s s i on fo r gre e t i ng;s u p p os e he/s he i s s t ud y i ng a t O xfor d U ni v e r si t y,a n d m e e t s P ro fe s so r Ne w t on i n t he c a m p u s i n t he m or ni ng.M o s t o f t he s t ude n t s c h os e D“G ood m o r ni ng!T each e r”a s t he co r re c t a n s w e r.T h i s i s regar ded a s a pra g m a t i c a l l y i na p pr o p r i at e u t te r an c e.I n E n g l i s h s p e a ki ng c ou n t r i e s,“t ea ch e r”c an t be us ed t o ad dr e s s peo p l e.I n C hi na,h ow ev e r,w e k e ep gre e t i ng o u r t ea ch e r s l i ke“老师”o r“老师好”.T h a t s w hy t he s t ude n t s gre e t t he pro fe s so r by s a y i ng“G ood m or ni ng,t ea ch e r.”Q u i t e a nu m b e r o f s t ude n t s tol d t he a u t h o r t h a t t h e y di d n o t kn o w“t ea ch e r”c an t be us ed t o ad dr e s s peo p l e i n t he w e s t.So w e c an dr a w a c on c lu s i on t h a t m any s t ude n t s m ay n o t be pra g m a t i c a l l y kn o w l ed ge a b l e.

3.4T he d i f fer enc e i n t he u s e o f o r a l E n g l i sh l ear ni ng st r at e g i e s b e tw ee n H i gh-s c or e and L o w-s c or e g r ou p s T w e nt y s t ude n t s f r o m ea ch o f t h es e t w o gr ou p s w e r e r a n do m l y c h os en t o a n s w e r a q u e s t i o n n a i r e.A T-te s t on t he q u e s t i o n n a i r e i s p er fo r m ed t o ex a m i ne t he d i ffe r en c e s b e t w e en t he t wo t yp e s o f l ear n e r s.

T he fi rs t f i v e s tat em e n t s t h a t m e as ur e t he s t ude n t s b e l i e f s abo u t t he i nv ol v e m e n t o f m o t h e r t ong u e i n or a l E n g l i s h l ear ni ng do n o t reve a l any s i g n if i c a n t d i ffe r en c e b e t w e en t he t wo t yp e s o f s t ude n t s.H ow ev e r,t he m e a n s o f t he f i v e s tat e m e n t s i n h i gh-s cor e gr oup ar e h i gh e r,e s p e cia l l y i n t he s tat e m e n t2.It s m e an d i ffe r en c e i s0.6500;t v a l u e i s1.920,t he h i gh e s t i n P a r t A.T h a t i s t o s ay,a l t h o u gh b o t h o f t he m b e l i ev e t h a t r e l y i ng on m o t h e r t ong u e t o l ear n E n g l i s h c a nn o t m ake m u ch i m pr o v em e n t,t he s t ude n t s i n h i gh-s cor e gr oup h ol d a st r on g e r b e l i e f t h a t“T hou g h E n g li s h i s n o t m y m o th e r t ongue,i t i s v er y pr o b a b l e t h a t w e c an t hi n k i n E n g li s h.”

T a b l e3s h o w s t he s i g n if i c a n t d i ffe r en c e i n t he a ct u a l us e o f or a l E n g l i s h l ear ni ng st r at e gi e s b e t w e en t he t wo gr ou p s.T he gre ate s t d i ffe r en c e b e t w e en t he t w o gr ou p s on S t r at e gi e s7a n d12s h o w s t h a t t he

8

1

s t ude n t s i n h i gh-s cor e gr oup a t t a ch m or e i m p o r t an c e t o E n g l i s h c u l t ur e a n d idi o m s on t h e i r proc e s s o f l ear ni ng or a l E n g l i s h,a n d t h e y m ake m or e c o n s c i o u s ef fo rt s t o ac q u i r e E n g l i s h idi o m s a n d c u s t o m s.T he s i g n if i c a n t d i ffe r en c e on S t r at e gi e s13a n d15s h o w s t he s t ude n t s i n h i gh-s cor e gr oup r e l y l e s s on m o t h e r t ong u e t o s p e ak E n g l i s h.T he d i ffe r en c e on S t r at e gy8pr oba bl y t e l l s u s t he re a s on w hy t he s t ude n t s i n h i gh-s cor e gr oup ha v e l e s s C hi n g l i s h i n t he a s p e c t o f pr onun ci a t i on.A s t he s t ude n t s i n t h i s gr oup o f t en l i s t en t o a n d im i tat e t he pr onun ci a t i on a n d i n t on a t i on o f a u t he n t i c E n g l i s h t ap e s.B u t t he l e s s ad v an c ed s t ude n t s do n o t o f t en do t h a t.W en Q i u f ang s a i d i n h i s book O n E n g li s h l e a r ni ng S t ra t e gie s(1996)t h a t t o l i s t en t o a n d im i tat e t he pr onun ci a t i on a n d i n t on a t i on o f a u t he n t i c E n g l i s h t ap e s i s a good a n d eff e c t i v e w ay t o i m pr o v e one s pr onun ci a t i on.She a l s o p oi n t ed o u t t h a t t he l ear n e r w h o r e l i e s l e s s on m o t h e r t ong u e w o u l d do b e t te r t han t h os e w h o a l w a y s o r o f t en f a l l b a ck on i t.

T a b l e3.T he s i g n if i c a n t d i ffe r en c e i n t he us e o f or a l E n g l i s h l ear ni ng st r at e gi e s

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73.95003.15000.80002.421380.020-0.335331.03533 83.90003.20000.70002.534380.016-0.824220.52422 124.00003.45000.55002.065380.0460.010881.08912 133.45002.70000.75002.915380.0060.229201.27080 153.90003.20000.70002.131380.0400.035041.36496

T he d at a an a ly si s i n S t r at e gi e s9a n d10reve a l s t h a t a l t h o u gh b o t h o f t h es e t w o gr ou p s b e l i ev e t h a t t o t a l k t o on es e l f i n E n g l i s h i s a good w ay t o pra c t i c e or a l E n g l i s h,i n pra c t i c e,t h e y s e l do m do i t.T he re a s on i s pr oba bl y t h a t t he s a m p l e s t ude n t s m a j o r i n s ci en c e a n d t e c hn ol ogy;s e l do m do t h e y ha v e t he chan c e t o t a l k t o for ei gn e r s;o r t h e y ar e n o t s o a c t i v e i n t a ki ng p a r t i n or a l E n g l i s h a c t i v it i e s.

4.I m p l i c a t i ons fo r O r a l E n g l i sh T eac hi ng i n C hi n a

T he s t udy i s v a l u a b l e i n t w o r e s p e c t s.I n t he fi rs t p l ac e,t he i n v e s t i g a t i on on C hi n g l i s h i n n on-E n g l i s h m a j o r s w il l s hed l i g h t on t he r es ea r ch i n t o t he n at ur e o f C hi n g l i s h.I n t he s ec o n d p l ac e,t he i m p l i c a t i o n s dr a w n f r o m t he f i n di n g s o f t he s t udy w il l h e l p t o m ake i m pr o v em e n t s o f or a l E n g l i s h t ea c hi ng a n d l ear ni ng o f n on-E n g l i s h m a j o r s.T he s t udy h a s t he f o l l o w i ng i m p l i c a t i o n s:

F i rs t l y,or a l E n g l i s h t ea ch e r s s h o u l d d ev e l op an o b j e c t i v e,to l e r a b l e a n d p o sit i v e a tti t ude t ow ard s C hi n g l i s h.“O b j e c t i v e”h e r e m e a n s t h a t t ea ch e r s s h o u l d re a l i z e t he f a c t t h a t C hi n g l i s h do e s e x i s t i n t he or a l w or k o f c o l l eg e s t ude n t s a n d i t i s an unav oi da b l e s t ag e fo r EF L l ear n e r s i n C hi na.“T o l e r a b l e”m e a n s t h a t t ea ch e r s s h o u l d g i v e ad vi c e o r co r re c t t he s t ude n t s C hi n g l i s h e x pr e s s i o n s on t he pr e m i se s t h a t t he co r re c t i on w il l n o t c a us e n eg a t i v e eff e c t s on t he s t ude n t s i n te r e s t i n E n g l i s h.“P o sit i v e”i n d i c ate s t ea ch e r s s h o u l d ha v e t he c o n f i den c e t h a t C hi n g l i s h w il l be r ed uc ed s o m e h o w thr o u gh h i s/h e r a p pr o p r i at e t ea c hi ng a n d s t ude n t s c oop e r a t i on.

Sec o n dl y,or a l E n g l i s h t ea ch e r s s h o u l d a t t a ch gre a t i m p o r t an c e t o l e xi c a l t ea c hi ng a n d h e l p t he s t ude n t s t o g e t r i d o f t he f a l s e a s s u m p t i on on t he s e m a n t i c a n d s y n t a c t i c eq u i v al en c e o f E n g l i s h a n d C hi n es e.So m e t i m e s c o m p a ri s o n s s h o u l d be m ade b e t w e en an E n g l i s h w or d a n d i t s C hi n es e eq u i v al en c e.A n d i t i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t fo r t ea ch e r s t o e x p la i n t he pra g m a t i c r ul e s a n d c u l t ur a l d i ffe r en c e o f a n e w w or d o r t o p u t i t i n a g i v en c o n t e x t fo r t he s t ude n t s t o s e e t he r i g h t si t u a t i on t he w or d i s i n,s o t h a t s t ude n t s w il l n o t ha v e a va g u e i d e a abo u t t he r i g h t c o n t e x t o f t he w ord s.

T h i r dl y,t ea ch e r s s h o u l d i n c re as e s t ude n t s c u l t ur a l aw ar en e s s a n d h e l p s t ude n t s t o d ev e l op E n g l i s h t h o u g h t p a t te r n.A s L i W enz h ong(1993)s a i d t h a t a s c u l t ur a l ex chan g e s i n t e n sif i ed b e t w e en C hi na a n d t he W e s t,t h i s ki n d o f un acc e pt ed fo r m o f E n g l i s h w il l be d im in i s hed.T h a t i s t o s ay,c u l t ur e t ea c hi ng p l a y s an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n for ei gn l ang uag e t ea c hi ng a n d c u l t ur a l c o m p et en c e i s an i n t egr a l p a r t o f

9

1

C E L E A J o u r n a l68

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i gn f i l m s o r T V pr o gr a m s,go t o E n g l i s h cor n e r,a n d t a l k t o for ei gn e r s.

F i n a l l y,s ucc e ss f u l or a l E n g l i s h l ear n e r s st r at e gi e s s h o u l d be kn o w n by s t ude n t s.F r o m t he s t udy,w e kn o w t he d egre e o f C hi n g l i s h h a s a c los e c o n n e c t i on w i t h t he st r at e gi e s ado pt ed by s t ude n t s.A s t udy by O M a l l e y a n d C ha m o t(1990)a l s o s ugg e st s t h a t eff e c t i v e for ei gn l ang uag e l ear n e r s ar e aw ar e o f t he l ear ni ng st r at e gi e s t h e y us e a n d w hy t h e y us e t he m.

G r aha m s(1997)w or k i n F r ench fu r t h e r i n d i c ate s t h a t for ei gn l ang uag e t ea ch e r s c an h e l p s t ude n t s u n d e rs t a n d good l ear ni ng st r at e gi e s a n d s h o u l d t r a i n t he m t o d ev e l op a n d us e t he m.So i t i s n ec e s s ar y t o l e t s t ude n t s kn o w t he s ucc e ss f u l or a l E n g l i s h l ear n e r s st r at e gi e s.T h i s w il l be h e l pf u l fo r t he m t o d ev e l op a n d a dju s t t h e i r o wn or a l E n g l i s h st r at e gi e s.

R efer en ce s

D e ng,Y ancha ng.1989.L angu ag e an d C u l t u r e.B e ij i ng:F or ei gn La ng uag e T ea c hi ng a nd R es ea r c h P r e s s.

E ll i s,N.&A.B e a t on.1993,P s yc h o l i ng u isti c d et e r m i na n t s o f f or ei gn l a ng uag e v o c a b u l a r y l ea r ni ng.

L angu ag e l ea rn i n g43:559-617.

G e,C ha n g g u i.1984.O n C hi n es e t o E n g li s h T r a n s la t i o n.B e ij i ng:F or ei gn La ng uag e T ea c hi ng a nd R es ea r c h

P r e s s.

G r ah a m,S.1997.E ff e ct iv e L angu ag e L ea rn i n g.C l eve don,A von:M u lt il i ng u a l M a t t e r s.

J e n ki n,H.S,R.P r i o r,A.R i n a l do&E.B i a ly s t ok.1993.U n d e rs a n di ng t e x t i n a s enc ond l a ng uag e:A ps yc h o l o g i c a l a p pr o a c h t o a n S L A pr o b l em.S ec on d L angu ag e R es ea r c h9:118-39.

Ji a ng,N a n.2000.L e x i c a l r e pr es e n ta t i on a nd dev el op m e n t i n a s e c ond l a ng uag e.A p p l i e d L i ng u istic s47-77.

Ji a ng,Y a j un.1995.C hi n g l i s h a nd C hi n a E n g l i s h.E n g li s h T oda y41:51-53.

L i,W enz hong.1993.C hi n a E n g l i s h a nd C hi n g l i s h.F o re i g n L angu ag e T eachi n g an d R es ea r c h4:18-24.

Li n,Q i ong.2001.C hi n a E n g l i s h a nd C hi n g l i s h.J our n a l o f X i a n F o re i g n L angu ag e U n ive r si t y1:14-15.

O M a l l e y,J.M.&A.U.C h a m o t.1990.L ea rn i n g S t r at e g ie s i n S ec on d L angu ag e A c q u isit i o n.C a m b r i d g e:

C a m b r i d g e U ni v e r si t y P r e s s.

Pi nk ha n,J.2000.T h e T r a n s lat o rs G u i d e t o C hi n g li s h.B e ij i ng:F or ei gn La ng uag e T ea c hi ng a nd R es ea r c h P r e s s.

W a ng,R ong p e i.1991.T h e o b j e c t i v e e x is t en c e o f C hi n a E n g l i s h.J our n a l o f P L A U n ive r si t y o f F o re i g n L angu ag e s1:34.

W e n,Q i u f a ng.1996.O n E n g li s h L ea rn i n g S t r at e g ie s.S ha ng h a i:S ha ng h a i F or ei gn La ng uag e E d u c a t i on P r e s s.Z ha ng,H ongw u.2000.T h e R i g h t A tti t u d e t o w ard s C hi n g l i s h.J our n a l o f X i a n F o re i g n L angu ag e s U n ive r si t y.2:72-75

(...c o n t i n u e d f r o m p.14)

R efer en ce s

A r n ol d&

B r o w n.1999.A m a p o f t h e t e rra i n.I n J.A r n ol d(e d.).A ff e c t i n L angu ag e L ea rn i n g.

C a m b r i d g e:

C a m b r i d g e U ni v e r si t y P r e s s.

C o o p e r sm i t h,S.1967.T h e A n tec ed en t s o f S el f-e s te e m.Sa n F r an c i s c o:F re e m a n&C o.

H a n,B aoche ng.2001S ta tistic s i n F o re i g n L angu ag e T eachi n g an d R es ea r c h.B e ij i ng:F or ei gn La ng uag e T ea c hi ng

a nd R es ea r c h P r e s s.

K ra s he n.1981.L angu ag e T wo.O xf or d:O xf or d U ni v e r si t y P r e s s.

O xf or d,R.L.1999.A n x ie t y an d L angu ag e L ea rn e r:N ew In s i g h t s.C a m b r i d g e:C a m b r i d g e U ni v e r si t y P r e s s.T ar o n e,E.&G.Y u l e.1989.F o cu s o n t h e L angu ag e L ea rn e r.O xf or d U ni v e r si t y P r e s s.

W e i r,C.1990.Co m m u n i ca t iv e L angu ag e T e st i n g.P r e n ti c e H a l l.

W e i r,C.1993.U n de r s t an di n g an d D e v el o pi n g L angu ag e T e st s.P r e n ti c e H a l l.

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The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法: 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which(最为正式的用法) 3)the way + 省略(最为自然的用法) 举例:I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法: 在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2)The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3)The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4)The way =because

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The way的用法及其含义(二) 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语: 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势,忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

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两个整数 输出 两个整数 输入样例 2 5 输出样例 5 2 提示 注意输入和输出的格式,两个数据之间用一个空格隔开。 问题来源 4:计算三门课程总分和平均分 时间限制:1000MS 存限制:65536K 总提交数:1190 正确数:482 问题描述 输入三门课程的成绩,输出总分和平均分。 要求: (1)输入三个数,用空格隔开。输入的数可以是小数。(2)输出两个数,用空格隔开。输出的数保留两位小数。 例如: 输入: 75 80 90 输出: 245.00 81.67 输入 输入三个数,用空格隔开。输入的数可以是小数。 输出 输出两个数,用空格隔开。输出的数保留两位小数。 输入样例 75 80 90 输出样例 245.00 81.67 问题来源 5:鸡兔同笼问题 时间限制:1000MS 存限制:65536K 总提交数:872 正确数:443 问题描述 这个问题,是我国古代著名趣题之一。大约在1500年前,《子算经》中就记载了这个有趣的问题。书中是这样叙述的:“今有鸡兔同笼,上有三十五头,下有九十四足,问鸡兔各几何?这四句话的意思是:有若干只鸡兔同在一个笼子里,从上面数,有35个头;从下面数,有94只脚。求笼中各有几只鸡和兔? 先要求编写一个程序求解这个问题。要求:输入头和脚的个数,输出鸡和兔子的个数。 输入 两个整数 输出

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定冠词the的用法: 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

最新C语言程序设计100个经典例子

C语言程序设计100个经典例子

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45.使用register定义变量方法46.宏#define命令练习(1) 47.宏#define命令练习(2) 48.宏#define命令练习(3) 49.#if #ifdef和#ifndef的综合应用50.#include 的应用练习51.学习使用按位与 & 52.学习使用按位或 | 53.学习使用按位异或 ^ 54.取一个整数从右端开始的4~7位。55.学习使用按位取反~ 56.用circle画圆形 57.学用line画直线58.用rectangle画方形59.画图综合例子60.画图综合例子2 61.打印杨辉三角形62.学习putpixel画点63.画椭圆ellipse 64.利用ellipse and rectangle画图 65.画个最优美的图案66.输入3个数字按大小顺序输出67.输入数组交换元素重新输出68.多个整数后移位置问题 69.圆圈报数问题70.计算一个字符串长度71.编写输入/输出函数72.创建链表 73.反向输出链表74.连接两个链表75.算一道简单题目76.调用函数求 1/2+1/4+...+1/n 77.填空练习(指向指针的指针) 78.找到年龄最大的人79.字符串排序 80.海滩猴子分桃 81.已知公式条件求数字82.八进制转换为十进制83.求0-7所能组成的奇数个数84.由两个素数之和表示的偶数 85.判断一个素数能被几个9整除86.两个字符串连接程序87.结构体变量传递88.读取数字的整数值并打印出该值个数的* 89.数据加密90.专升本一题91.时间函数举例1 92.时间函数举例2

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不对。 Theway(that ,in which)you’re doingit is comple tely crazy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Weadmired him for theway inwhich he facesdifficulties. Wallace and Darwingreed on the way inwhi ch different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way(that) hedid it. I likedthe way(that) sheorganized the meeting. 3.theway(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如: That’s the way(that) shespoke. = That’s how shespoke.

最常见的10种中国式英语错误

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水仙花 #include void main() { int a,b,c,i; for( i=100;i<1000;i++) { a=i/100; b=i%100/10; c=i%10; if(a*a*a+b*b*b+c*c*c==i) { printf("\n"); } } } 【程序1】 题目:有1、2、3、4个数字,能组成多少个互不相同且无重复数字的三位数?都是多少? 1.程序分析:可填在百位、十位、个位的数字都是1、2、3、4。组成所有

的排列后再去掉不满足条件的排列。 2.程序源代码: #include "stdio.h" #include "conio.h" main() { int i,j,k; printf("\n"); for(i=1;i<5;i++) /*以下为三重循环*/ for(j=1;j<5;j++) for (k=1;k<5;k++) { if (i!=k&&i!=j&&j!=k) /*确保i、j、k三位互不相同*/ printf("%d,%d,%d\n",i,j,k); } getch(); } 【程序2】 题目:企业发放的奖金根据利润提成。利润(I)低于或等于10万元时,奖金可提10%;利润高于10万元,低于20万元时,低于10万元的部分按1 0%提成,高于10万元的部分,可可提成7.5%;20万到40万之间时,高于20万元的部分,可提成5%;40万到60万之间时高于40万元的部分,可提成3%;60万到100万之间时,高于60万元的部分,可提成1.5%,高于100万元时,超过100万元的部分按1%提成,从键盘输入当月利润I,求应发放奖金总数? 1.程序分析:请利用数轴来分界,定位。注意定义时需把奖金定义成长整型。 2.程序源代码:

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”,注意以下用法: 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式,通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如: Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法,其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如: It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词),也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句,但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如: 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正:I don’t like the way he spoke. 正:I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正:I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误:I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法: That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看,你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题: ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A,而不选其他几项,则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法,下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示:在一定程度上,从某方面说。如: In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注:in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示:即将来(去),就要来(去)。如: Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示:在路上,在行进中。如: He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示:(婴儿)尚未出生。如: She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子,现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children,and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了,另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法

典型中国式英语

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C语言十大经典实例编程

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