联合国贸发会议《2003世界投资报告》概述英文版

联合国贸发会议《2003世界投资报告》概述英文版
联合国贸发会议《2003世界投资报告》概述英文版

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

World Investment Report

United Nations

New York and Geneva, 2003

2003FDI Policies for Development:National and International Perspectives

Overview

UNCTAD/WIR/2003 (Overview)

Note

UNCTAD serves as the focal point within the United Nations Secretariat for all matters related to foreign direct investment and transnational corporations. In the past, the Programme on Transnational Corporations was carried out by the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations (1975-1992) and the Transnational Corporations and Management Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Development (1992-1993). In 1993, the Programme was transferred to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD seeks to further the understanding of the nature of transnational corporations and their contribution to development and to create an enabling environment for international investment and enterprise development. UNCTAD's work is carried out through intergovernmental deliberations, technical assistance activities, seminars, workshops and conferences.

The term "country" as used in this study also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The reference to a company and its activities should not be construed as an endorsement by UNCTAD of the company or its activities.

The boundaries and names shown and designations used on the maps presented in this publication do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

The following symbols have been used in the tables:

Two dots (..) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported.

Rows in tables have been omitted in those cases where no data are available for any

of the elements in the row;

A dash (-) indicates that the item is equal to zero or its value is negligible;

A blank in a table indicates that the item is not applicable, unless otherwise indicated;

A slash (/) between dates representing years, e.g., 1994/95, indicates a financial

year;

Use of a hyphen (-) between dates representing years, e.g., 1994-1995, signifies

the full period involved, including the beginning and end years;

Reference to "dollars" ($) means United States dollars, unless otherwise indicated;

Annual rates of growth or change, unless otherwise stated, refer to annual compound

rates;

Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add to totals because of rounding.

The material contained in this study may be freely quoted with appropriate acknowledgement.

UNCTAD/WIR/2003 (Overview)

ii

Acknowledgements

The World Investment Report 2003(WIR03) was prepared —under the overall direction of Karl P. Sauvant — by a team comprising Americo Beviglia Zampetti, Persephone Economou, Kumi Endo, Torbj?rn Fredriksson, Masataka Fujita, Kálmán Kalotay, Michael Lim, Padma Mallampally, Abraham Negash, Hilary Nwokeabia, Ludger Odenthal, Miguel Pérez-Lude?a, Kee Hwee Wee, Katja Weigl and Zbigniew Zimny. Specific inputs were prepared by Rory Allan, Victoria Aranda, Douglas van den Berghe, Sirn Byung Kim, Anh-Nga Tran-Nguyen, J?rg Simon, James Xiaoning Zhan and Yong Zhang.

Principal research assistance was provided by Mohamed Chiraz Baly, Bradley Boicourt, John Bolmer, Lizanne Martinez and Tadelle Taye. Eva Oskam and Jeroen Dickhof assisted as interns at various stages. The production of the WIR03 was carried out by Christopher Corbet, Lilian Mercado,Lynda Piscopo, Chantal Rakotondrainibe and Esther Valdivia-Fyfe. Graphics were done by Diego Oyarzun-Reyes. WIR03 was desktop published by Teresita Sabico. It was edited by Bruce Ross-Larson and Meta de Coquereaumont.

Sanjaya Lall and Peter Muchlinski were principal consultants.

The Report benefited from inputs provided by participants in a Global Seminar in Geneva in May 2003, organized in cooperation with the Development Policy Forum of InWEnt on the special topic of WIR03. Participants were Florian Alburo, Sanchita Chatterjee, Benno Ferrarini, Susan Hayter, Yao-Su Hu, Datin Kaziah Abdul Kadir, Nagesh Kumar, Mariano Laplane, Howard Mann, Richard Newfarmer, Farooq Sobhan, M. Sornarajah and Miklos Szanyi.

Inputs were also received from Stanimir A. Alexandrov, Lorraine Eden, David Frans, Xing Houyuan, Mark Koulen, Julia Mikerova, Lilach Nachum, Roger Nellist, Assad Omer, Pedro Roffe, Pierre Sauvé, Frank Roger, Len Trevino and Rob van Tulder.

Comments and feedback were received during various stages of preparation from Robert Anderson, Audo Araújo Faleiro, Yoko Asuyama, Vudayagiri Balasubramanyam, Maria Borga, Peter Brimble, Philip Brusick, Peter Buckley, José Durán, Richard Eglin, Roderick Floud, Rainer Geiger, Andrea Goldstein, Kathryn Gordon, Charles

iii

Gore, Jim Gunderson, Jeffery Heinrich, Barry Herman, Pinfang Hong, Marie-France Houde, Anna Joubin-Bret, Joachim Karl, John Kline, Jesse Kreier, Tatjana Krylova, Sam Laird, Martha Lara, Don Lecraw, Robert Lipsey, Henry Loewendahl, Mina Mashayekhi, Raymond J. Mataloni, Anne Miroux, Hafiz Mirza, Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid, Michael Mortimore, Peter Nunnenkamp, Herbert Oberh?nsli, Sheila Page, Antonio Parra, Carlo Pettinato, Craig Parsons, Sol Picciotto, Gwenael Quere, Prasada Reddy, Lorraine Ruffing, Hassan Qaqaya, Maryse Roberts, Patrick Robinson, Rodrigo Sabbatini, Nicolo Gligo Saenz, A. Edward Safarian, Magdolna Sass, Christoph H. Schreuer, Prakash Sethi, Angelika Sitz, Marjan Svetlicic, Taffere Tesfachew, Peter Utting, Thomas W?lde, J?rg Weber, Louis Wells, Gerald West and Christopher Wilkie. Comments were also received from delegates participating in the WTO Working Group on the Relationship between Trade and Investment.

Numerous officials of central banks, statistical offices, investment promotion and other government agencies, and officials of international organizations and non-governmental organizations, as well as executives of a number of companies, also contributed to WIR03, especially through the provision of data and other information. Most particularly, they include BusinessMap from South Africa and the participants of the OGEMID network led by Thomas W?lde, and UNCTAD’s network of experts on international investment agreements.

The Report benefited from overall advice from John H. Dunning, Senior Economic Advisor.

The financial support of the Governments of Germany, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom is gratefully acknowledged.

iv

Contents

Page Overview (1)

FDI FALLS AGAIN—UNEVENLY

Global FDI flows fall again in 2002 amid weak

economic performance (1)

Prospects remain dim for 2003, but should

improve thereafter (11)

Government policies are becoming more open, involving

more incentives and focused promotion strategies (11)

… as well as participation in more investment

and trade agreements (12)

Converging patterns of FDI links and investment

and trade agreements are generating mega blocks (14)

ENHANCING THE DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS

To help attract FDI, countries increasingly

conclude IIAs (15)

... which, by their nature, entail a loss of policy space. (18)

The challenge for developing countries is to find

a development-oriented balance (18)

… when negotiating the objectives, structure and

implementation of IIAs (19)

... and especially their content . (21)

… by making development objectives an integral part

of international investment agreements (22)

v

Page

ANNEX

Table of contents of the

World Investment Report 2003

FDI for Development: National and

International Perspectives (25)

Selected UNCTAD publications on transnational

corporations and foreign direct investment (29)

Questionnaire (41)

Figures

1.The 30 economies most affected by the downturn, 2002 (3)

2.World's top 30 FDI recipients, 2002 (4)

3.FDI stocks among the Triad and economies in

which FDI from the Triad dominates, 2001 (16)

Tables

1.Selected indicators of FDI and international

production, 1982-2002 (2)

2.The world's top 25 non-financial TNCs,

ranked by foreign assets, 2001 (5)

3.The top 25 non-financial TNCs from

developing economies, ranked by foreign assets, 2001 (6)

4.The top 25 non-financial TNCs from Central

and Eastern Europe, ranked by foreign assets, 2001 (7)

5.Changes in national regulations on FDI, 1992-2002 (13)

vi

World Investment Report 2003

FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives

Overview

FDI FALLS AGAIN—UNEVENLY

Global FDI flows fall again in 2002 amid weak economic performance.

Global FDI inflows declined in 2002 for the second consecutive year, falling by a fifth to $651 billion-the lowest level since 1998 (table 1). Flows declined in 108 of 195 economies (see figures 1 and 2 for the economies that experienced the biggest decline, as well as the top recipients). The main factor behind the decline was slow economic growth in most parts of the world and dim prospects for recovery, at least in the short term. Also important were falling stock market valuations, lower corporate profitability, a slowdown in the pace of corporate restructuring in some industries and the winding down of privatization in some countries. A big drop in the value of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) figured heavily in the overall decline. The number of M&As fell from a high of 7,894 cases in 2000 to 4,493 cases in 2002—and their average value, from $145 million in 2000 to $82 million in 2002. The number of M&A deals worth more than $1 billion declined from 175 in 2000 to only 81 in 2002—again, the lowest since 1998.

For the largest transnational corporations (TNCs) most indicators of the size of their foreign operations declined slightly in 2001 (the latest year for which data are available), the beginning of the FDI downturn. Despite the burst of the bubble in the information and communication technology market, there has been no significant shift in the industrial composition of FDI—nor in the ranking of the world's top 100 TNCs (see table 2 for the top 25 of these firms), the top 50 TNCs from developing countries (see

Table 1. Selected indicators of FDI and international production, 1982-2002

(Billions of dollars and percentage)

World Investment Report 2003FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives2 Value at current prices Annual growth rate

Item (Billion dollars) (Per cent)

198219902002 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-20001999200020012002

FDI inflows 59 209 65123.121.140.257.329.1-40.9-21.0

FDI outflows 28 242 64725.716.535.760.59.5-40.8-9.0

FDI inward stock 802 1 9547 12314.79.317.219.418.97.57.8

FDI outward stock 595 1 763 6 86618.010.616.818.219.8 5.58.7

Cross border M&As.. 151 37025.924.051.544.149.3-48.1-37.7

Sales of foreign affiliates 2 737 5 67517 68516.010.110.913.319.69.27.4

Gross product of foreign affiliates 640 1 458 3 43717.3 6.77.912.816.214.7 6.7

Total assets of foreign affiliates 2 091 5 89926 54318.813.919.220.727.4 4.58.3

Export of foreign affiliates 722 1 197 2 61313.57.69.6 3.311.4-3.3 4.2 Employment of foreign affiliates (thousands)19 37524 26253 094 5.5 2.914.215.416.5-1.5 5.7

GDP (in current prices)10 80521 67232 22710.8 5.6 1.3 3.5 2.6-0.5 3.4

Gross fixed capital formation 2 286 4 819 6 42213.4 4.2 1.0 3.5 2.8-3.9 1.3

Royalties and licences fees receipts 9 30 7221.314.3 6.2 5.78.2-3.1..

Export of goods and non-factor services 2 053 4 3007 83815.6 5.4 3.4 3.311.4-3.3 4.2

Source:UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2003. FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives, table I.1, p. 3.

Overview3 table 3 for the top 25 of these firms) and the top 25 TNCs from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) (table 4).

The decline in FDI in 2002 was uneven across regions and countries. It was also uneven sectorally: flows into manufacturing and services declined, while those into the primary sector rose. The equity and intra-company loan components of FDI declined more than reinvested earnings. FDI entering host economies through M&As went down more than that through greenfield projects. Figure 1. The 30 economies most affected by the downturn, 2002 (Decline in absolute amounts of FDI in billions of dollars)

Source:UNCTAD, FDI/TNC database.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/3d6155793.html,/fdistatistics

World Investment Report 2003

4

FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives

Figure 2. World's top 30 FDI recipients, 2002

(Billions of dollars)

Source:UNCTAD, FDI/TNC database.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/3d6155793.html,/fdistatistics

Foreign Foreign TNI a assets TNI a assets TNI a Corporation Home economy Industry Foreign Total Foreign Total Foreign Total (Per cent)

1

13115Vodafone United Kingdom Telecommunications 187 792 207 458 24 602 32 744 56 430 67 17883.22

83273General Electric United States Electrical & electronic equipment 180 031 495 210 39 914 125 913 152 000 310 00039.03

15724BP United Kingdom Petroleum expl./ref./distr. 111 207 141 158 141 225 175 389 90 500 110 15080.54

36442Vivendi Universal France Diversified 91 120 123 156 29 652 51 423 256 725 381 50466.35

82--Deutsche Telekom AG Germany Telecommunications 90 657 145 802 11 836 43 309 78 722 257 05840.06

39330Exxonmobil Corporation United States Petroleum expl./ref./distr. 89 426 143 174 145 814 209 417 61 148 97 90064.87

853885Ford Motor Company United States Motor vehicles 81 169 276 543 52 983 162 412 188 919 354 43138.48

87584General Motors United States Motor vehicles 75 379 323 969 45 256 177 260 148 000 365 00029.89

48646Royal Dutch/Shell Group United Kingdom/ Netherlands Petroleum expl./ref./distr. 73 492 111 543 72 952 135 211 52 109 89 93959.310

211962TotalFinaElf France Petroleum expl./ref./distr. 70 030 78 500 74 647 94 418 69 037 122 02574.911

181523Suez France Electricity, gas and water 69 345 79 280 29 919 37 975 128 750 188 05078.212

47880Toyota Motor Corporation Japan Motor vehicles 68 400 144 793 59 880 108 808 186 911 246 70259.313

631047Fiat Spa Italy Motor vehicles 48 749 89 264 24 860 52 002 103 565 198 76451.514

52955Telefonica SA Spain Telecommunications 48 122 77 011 14 303 27 775 93 517 161 52757.315

511223Volkswagen Group Germany Motor vehicles 47 480 92 520 57 426 79 376 157 579 324 41357.416

571393ChevronTexaco Corp.United States Petroleum expl./ref./distr. 44 943 77 572 57 673 104 409 35 569 67 56955.317

381452Hutchison Whampoa Limited Hong Kong, China Diversified 40 989 55 281 6 092 11 415 53 478 77 25365.618

111711News Corporation Australia Media 35 650 40 007 13 880 15 087 24 700 33 80084.719

442943Honda Motor Co Ltd Japan Motor vehicles 35 257 52 056 40 088 55 955 59 000 120 60062.820

862377 E.On Germany Electricity, gas and water 33 990 87 755 22 744 71 419 64 285 151 95337.621

20184Nestlé SA Switzerland Food & beverages 33 065 55 821 34 704 50 717 223 324 229 76575.022

816186RWE Group j Germany Electricity, gas and water 32 809 81 024 23 151 58 039 65 609 155 63440.823

651157IBM United States Electrical & electronic equipment 32 800 88 313 50 651 85 866 173 969 319 87650.224

3243ABB Switzerland Machinery and equipment 30 586 32 305 18 876 19 382 148 486 156 86595.625353749Unilever United Kingdom/ Netherlands Diversified 30 529 46 922 28 675 46 803 204 000 279 00066.5 Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2003: FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives , annex table A.I.1.

Table 2. The world's top 50 non-financial TNCs, ranked by foreign assets, 2001 a

(Millions of dollars and number of employees)

Ranking in 2000:Ranking in 2001:

Sales a TNI is the abbreviation for "transnationality index". The transnationlity index is calculated as the average of the following three ratios: foreign assets to total assets, foreign sales to total sales and foreign employment to total employment.

Employment Assets

Table 3. The top 25 non-financial TNCs from developing economies, ranked by foreign assets, 2001

(Millions of dollars and number of employees)

Ranking by

Foreign Assets Sales Employment TNI a

assets TNI a Corporation Home economy Industry Foreign Total Foreign Total Foreign Total(Per cent)

World Investment Report 2003FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives6 112Hutchison Whampoa Limited Hong Kong, China Diversified40 98955 281 6 09211 41553 47877 25365.6 211Singtel Ltd.Singapore Telecommunications15 59419 108 1 362 4 05417 57421 53565.6 39Cemex S.A.Mexico Non-metalic mineral products12 64516 282 4 390 6 73017 44925 51970.4 422LG Electronics Inc.Korea, Republic of Electrical & electronic equipment11 56120 30410 00922 52821 01742 51250.3 541Petróleos De Venezuela Venezuela Petroleum expl./ref./distr.7 96457 54219 80146 250 5 48046 42522.8 642Petronas - Petroliam Nasional

Berhad Malaysia Petroleum expl./ref./distr.7 87737 933 5 35917 681 4 00625 72422.2 745New World Development Co., Ltd.Hong Kong, China Diversified 4 71516 253565 2 93380026 10017.1 84Neptune Orient Lines Ltd.Singapore Transport and storage 4 674 4 951 2 970 4 73710 41211 77781.8 916Citic Pacific Ltd.Hong Kong, China Diversified 4 1847 798 1 109 2 2127 35411 73355.5

1014Jardine Matheson Holdings Ltd Hong Kong, China Diversified 4 0807 166 6 2979 41362 629110 00060.3

1128Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Korea, Republic of Electrical & electronic equipment 3 84041 69225 11237 15523 95373 68236.4

122Guangdong Investment Ltd.Hong Kong, China Diversified 3 694 4 042854932 6 8697 64191.0

135Shangri-La Asia Ltd.Hong Kong, China Hotels and motels 3 606 4 56545856013 03316 50079.9

1410Sappi Ltd.South Africa Paper 3 463 4 504 3 223 4 18410 42918 23170.4

1546Hyundai Motor Company Korea, Republic of Motor vehicles 3 21033 216 6 94333 199551691 95812.2

168Flextronics International Ltd.Singapore Electrical & electronic equipment 2 983 4 115 5 363 6 6915073470 00075.0

1713City Developments Ltd.Singapore Hotels 2 870 6 454857 1 30211 45714 33763.4

1844Samsung Corporation Korea, Republic of Electrical & electronic equipment 2 8009 400 5 80032 300.. 4 16417.4

1926China National Chemicals,

Imp. & Exp. Corp.China Diversified 2 788 4 9289 14516 1653507 95039.2

2018South African Breweries Plc South Africa Food & beverages 2 785 4 399 2 433 4 36415 45033 23055.2

2134América Móvil Mexico Telecommunications 2 32310 137919 4 3857 14214 78630.7

2231Perez Companc Argentina Petroleum expl./ref./distr. 2 154 6 244471 1 655 1 182 3 42732.5

233Guangzhou Investment

Company Ltd.Hong Kong, China Paper 2 129 2 55936243312 92013 12088.4

2449Taiwan Semiconductor Taiwan Province

Manufacturing Co Ltd.of China Electrical & electronic equipment 2 03310 446... 3 751..13 6697.0

251First Pacific Company Limited Hong Kong, China Electrical & electronic equipment 2 007 2 046 1 852 1 85247 99848 04699.3 Source:UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2003. FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives, annex table A.I.2.

a TNI is the abbreviation for "transnationality index". The transnationlity index is calculated as the average of the following three ratios: foreign assets to total

assets, foreign sales to total sales and foreign employment to total employment.

Overview 7

Table 4. The top 25 non-financial TNCs from Central and Eastern Europe, ranked by foreign assets, 2001

(Millions of dollars and number of employees) Ranking by

Foreign Assets Sales Employment TNI a assets TNI a Corporation Home country Industry Foreign Total Foreign Total Foreign Total (Per cent)110Lukoil Oil Co.Russian Federation Petroleum and natural gas 5 830.015 859.08 771.0

14 892.013 000140 00035.024Novoship Co.Russian Federation Transport 998.9 1 133.6 302.3 392.1 85 6 976

55.531Latvian Shipping https://www.360docs.net/doc/3d6155793.html,tvia Transport ..

491.2.. 172.9 1 313 1 76277.7

45Pliva Group Croatia Pharmaceuticals 281.1

967.6 477.3 632.2 2 9007 208

48.3

525Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d.Croatia Energy 272.0 2 357.0 8.0 775.0

-15 071 4.2

62Primorsk Shipping Co.Russian Federation Transport 267.3 437.9 114.9 145.7 1 305 2 62963.277Gorenje Group Slovenia Domestic appliances 231.5 486.1 475.4 661.3 6708 18642.6

86Krka d.d.Slovenia Pharmaceuticals 190.8 476.6 235.4 296.0 595 3 520

45.5915Far Eastern Shipping Co.Russian Federation Transport 123.0 377.0 101.0 318.0

233 5 608

22.81021Mercator d.d.Slovenia Retail trade

112.7

868.5 53.0 1 171.5 1 27913 6928.9

1120MOL Hungarian Oil and Gas Plc.Hungary Petroleum and natural gas 95.9 3 243.2 819.2 3 850.0 77615 2189.8

1214Podravka Group Croatia Food and beverages/pharmaceuticals 69.3 357.2 134.3 303.5

790 6 885

25.0

1322Petrol Group Slovenia Petroleum and natural gas 66.9 478.4 80.0 1 122.8 24 1 5727.5

143Zalakerámia Rt.Hungary Clay product and refractory 65.0 120.0 39.0 64.0

1 889

2 921

59.91519Richter Gedeon Ltd.Hungary Pharmaceuticals 55.9 496.5 43.5 309.6 884 5 00714.31611Malév Hungarian Airlines Ltd.b Hungary Transport 41.4 187.0 299.0 383.4 49 2 95233.91717Intereuropa d.d.Slovenia Trade 34.0 200.0 25.0 163.0 662 2 23020.71812Lek d.d.Slovenia Pharmaceuticals 28.1 332.4

219.7 281.2 252 2 66332.0

1924Petrom SA National Oil Co.b

Romania Petroleum and natural gas 28.0 3 151.0 303.0

2 423.0 149

77 630 4.52013Croatia Airlines d.d.Croatia Transportation 26.3 328.4 90.4 141.8 63 97726.12123Merkur d.d.Slovenia Trade 26.1 397.9 44.8 436.7 89 2 824 6.7229Budimex Capital Group Poland Construction 23.8 372.6 50.4 610.0 1 076 1 18935.0238

BLRT Grupp AS Estonia Shipbuilding 22.6

83.7

31.5 83.8 1 521

3 41536.4

2416Iskraemeco d.d.Slovenia Electrical machinery 19.0 86.5 32.8 115.0 267 2 11421.02518Tiszai Vegyi Kombinát Ltd.Hungary Chemicals 16.6462.5245.6489.9182 2 98719.9

Averages 373.2 1 350.1 525.2 1 209.4 1 25213 409 30.3Change from 2000 (in per cent) 15.2 9.7 8.8 1.6- 10.6- 5.3- 1.9Source:UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2003. FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives , annex table A.I.3.a The transnationality index (TNI) is calculated as the average of the following three ratios: foreign assets to total assets, foreign sales to total sales and foreign employment to total employment.

b 2000 data.

World Investment Report 2003

8

FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives

Geographically, flows to developed and developing countries each fell by 22% (to $460 billion and $162 billion, respectively). Two countries, the United States and the United Kingdom, accounted for half of the decline in the countries with reduced inflows. Among developing regions, Latin America and the Caribbean was hit hard, suffering its third consecutive annual decline in FDI with a fall in inflows of 33% in 2002. Africa registered a decline of 41%; but after adjusting for the exceptional FDI inflows in 2001, there was no decline. FDI in Asia and the Pacific declined the least in the developing world because of China, which with a record inflow of $53 billion became the world's biggest host country. CEE did the best of all regions, increasing its FDI inflows to a record $29 billion.

The main developments by region were:

?There was a sizable decline in FDI inflows to developed countries, accompanying a continuing slowdown in corporate investment, declining stock prices and a slowdown in the consolidation of activities in some industries—all influenced by weak economic conditions. In several countries, repayments of intra-company loans contributed to lower FDI flows. For instance, a large part of the decline in the United States was due to repayments of loans by foreign affiliates to parent companies, presumably to take advantage of the lower interest rates in the United States as well as for other reasons (such as improving the debt-to-equity ratio of parent firms). The most notable feature of the decline in FDI in the developed countries was the plunge in cross-border M&As, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom. In all, FDI inflows declined in 16 of the 26 developed countries. Australia, Germany, Finland and Japan were among the countries with higher FDI inflows in 2002.

FDI outflows from the developed countries also declined in 2002 to $600 billion; the fall was concentrated in France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Outflows from Austria, Finland, Greece, Norway, Sweden and the United States increased.

In both outflows and inflows Luxembourg headed the list of largest host and home countries (for special reasons). The prospects for 2003 depend on the strength of the economic recovery, investor confidence and a resumption of cross-border M&As. With many TNCs continuing to follow cautious growth and consolidation strategies, M&As are not yet showing much dynamism. As a group,

Overview9 developed countries are not likely to improve their FDI performance in 2003.

?Africa suffered a dramatic decline in FDI inflows—from $19 billion in 2001 to $11 billion in 2002, largely the result of exceptionally high inflows in 2001 (two M&As in South Africa and Morocco, not repeated in 2002). Flows to 23 of the continent's 53 countries declined. FDI in the oil industry remained dominant.

Angola, Algeria, Chad, Nigeria and Tunisia accounted for more than half the 2002 inflows. Only South African enterprises made significant investments abroad. Oil exploration by major TNCs in several oil-rich countries make the 2003 outlook for FDI inflows more promising.

?The Asia-Pacific region was not spared, either, from the global decline in FDI inflows in 2002. FDI inflows to the region declined for the second consecutive year—from $107 billion in 2001 to $95 billion, uneven by subregion, country and industry. All subregions, except Central Asia and South Asia, received lower FDI flows than in 2001. Flows to 31 of the region’s 57 economies declined.

However, several countries received significantly higher flows.

Intra-regional investment flows, particularly in South-East Asia and North-East Asia, remained strong, partly as a result of the relocation of production activities, expanding regional production networks and continued regional integration efforts. FDI in the electronics industry continued to decline due to the rationalization of production activities in the region and adjustments to weak global demand. While long-term prospects for an increase in FDI flows to the region remain promising, the short-term outlook is uncertain.

?In Latin America and the Caribbean, FDI flows declined for the third consecutive year, from $84 billion in 2001 to $56 billion, affecting all subregions and 28 of the region’s 40 economies.

Factors specific to the region contributed to this decline, especially the acute economic crisis in Argentina and economic and political uncertainty in some other countries. The services sector was affected most by the decline. Manufacturing FDI proved to be quite resilient, with barely any change, despite the slowdown from the region's major export destination, the United States, and the growing relocation of labour-intensive activities to Asia. FDI is expected to remain at the same level in 2003 and to start rising thereafter.

World Investment Report 2003

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FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives

?CEE again bucked the global trend by reaching a new high of $29 billion in FDI inflows, compared to $25 billion in 2001. That increase masked divergent trends, however, with FDI falling in 10 countries and rising in 9. FDI flows varied across industries as well, with the automobile industry doing quite well, and the electronics industry facing problems. There was also a tendency of firms (including foreign affiliates) in several CEE countries, particularly those slated for accession to the EU, to shed activities based on unskilled labour and to expand into higher value-added activities, taking advantage of the educational level of the local labour force. Led by a surge of flows into the Russian Federation, and fuelled by the momentum of EU enlargement, the region’s FDI inflows are likely to increase further in 2003. Of the two factors determining this trend, the surge of FDI into the Russian Federation seems to be more fragile in the medium and long term than the spur of EU enlargement. In the short term, however, both factors are helping overcome the impact of the completion of privatization programmes and the slowdown of GDP growth expected in some key CEE countries.

UNCTAD’s Inward FDI Performance Index ranks countries by the FDI they receive relative to their economic size, calculated as the ratio of the country’s share in global FDI inflows to its share in global GDP. The Index for 1999-2001 indicates that Belgium and Luxembourg remained the top performer. Of the top 20 performers, 6 are industrialized, 2 are mature East-Asian tiger economies, 3 are economies in transition and the remaining 9 are developing economies, including three from sub-Saharan Africa. UNCTAD’s 1999–2001 Inward FDI Potential Index, measuring the potential—based on a set of structural variables—of countries in attracting FDI, indicates that 16 of the 20 leading countries are developed countries and four of them, mature East-Asian tiger economies.

Many industrial, newly industrializing and advanced transition economies are in the front-runner category (with high FDI potential and performance), while most poor (or unstable) economies are in the under-performer category (with both low FDI potential and performance). Economies in the above-potential category (with low FDI potential but strong FDI performance) include Brazil, Kazakhstan and Viet Nam. Economies in the below-potential category (with high FDI potential but low FDI performance) include Australia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan Province of China and the United States.

Overview11 Prospects remain dim for 2003, but should improve thereafter.

All in all, UNCTAD predicts that FDI flows will stabilize in 2003. Flows to the developing countries and developed countries are likely to remain at levels comparable to those in 2002, while those to CEE are likely to continue to rise. In the longer run, beginning with 2004, global flows should rebound and return to an upward trend. The prospects for a future rise depend on factors at the macro-, micro- and institutional levels.

The fundamental economic forces driving FDI growth remain largely unchanged. Intense competition continues to force TNCs to invest in new markets and to seek access to low-cost resources and factors of production. Whether these forces lead to significantly higher FDI in the medium term depends on a recovery in world economic growth and a revival in stock markets, as well as the resurgence of cross-border M&As. Privatization may also be a factor. FDI policies continue to be more favourable, and new bilateral and regional arrangements could provide a better enabling framework for cross-border investment.

Findings of surveys of TNCs and investment promotion agencies (IPAs) carried out by UNCTAD and other organizations paint an optimistic picture for the medium term. IPAs in developing countries are far more sanguine than their developed world counterparts. Developing countries are also expected to be more active in outward FDI. IPAs expect greenfield investment to become more important as a mode of entry, especially in developing countries and CEE. Tourism and telecom are expected to lead the recovery.

Government policies are becoming more open, involving more incentives and focused promotion strategies…

Facing diminished FDI inflows, many governments accelerated the liberalization of FDI regimes, with 236 of 248 regulatory changes in 70 countries in 2002 facilitating FDI (table 5). Asia is one of the most rapidly liberalizing host regions. An increasing number of countries, including those in Latin America and the Caribbean,

World Investment Report 2003

12

FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives

are moving beyond opening to foreign investment to adopting more focused and selective targeting and promotion strategies.

Financial incentives and bidding wars for large FDI projects have increased as competition intensified. IPAs, growing apace in recent years, are devoting more resources to targeting greenfield investors and to mounting after-care services for existing ones.

… as well as participation in more investment and trade agreements.

More countries are concluding bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and double taxation treaties (DTTs), as part of a longer trend, and not solely in response to the FDI downturn. In 2002, 82 BITs were concluded by 76 countries, and 68 DTTs by 64 countries. Many countries are concluding BITs with countries in their own region to promote intra-regional FDI. Asian and Pacific countries, for instance, were party to 45 BITs, including 10 signed with other countries in that region.

There has also been an increase in the number of trade and investment agreements. Many recent trade agreements address investment directly—or have indirect implications for investment, a trend conspicuously different from earlier regional and bilateral trade agreements. The largest number in developed countries were concluded by the EU, mainly involving partners in CEE and Mediterranean countries. The EU enlargement through the accession of 10 new members in 2004 and the forthcoming negotiations of ACP-EU Economic Partnership Agreements might also have an impact on FDI in the respective regions.

In Asia and the Pacific, the number of such agreements has increased rapidly—to improve competitiveness, attract more FDI and better meet the challenges emanating from heightened competition. ASEAN is taking the lead. In Latin America and the Caribbean, NAFTA has been the most prominent example, leading to increased FDI flows especially into the assembly of manufactured goods for the United States market. The Free Trade Area of the Americas, now under negotiation, could expand market access, promoting efficiency-seeking FDI. In Africa, progress towards the creation of functioning free trade and investment areas has been

Overview

Table 5. Changes in national regulations of FDI, 1991-2002

Item199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002

Number of countries that introduced changes

in their investment regimes354357496465766063697170

Number of regulatory changes8279102110112114151145140150208248

of which:

More favourable to FDI807910110810698135136131147194236

Less favourable to FDI2-12616169931412 Source:UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2003. FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives, table I.8.

13

World Investment Report 2003

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FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives

slow, though several agreements, mostly subregional, have been concluded. AGOA (not a free trade agreement but a unilateral preference scheme) holds some promise for the expansion of trade and investment in the region.

For the EU-accession countries of CEE, a policy challenge is to harmonize FDI regimes with EU regulations, with the twin aims of conforming to EU regulations and maximizing the potential benefits from EU instruments, such as regional development funds. Successful adjustment to EU membership in the accession countries will also depend on their ability to establish and develop the institutional framework required to administer and properly channel the variety of funds available from European Community sources for assisting economic development. The non-accession countries face the challenge of updating and modernizing their FDI promotion to optimize the potential benefits being on a “new frontier” for efficiency-seeking FDI—by attracting firms choosing to switch to lower cost locations within CEE.

Converging patterns of FDI links and investment and trade agreements are generating mega blocks.

The global stock of FDI, owned by some 64,000 TNCs and controlling 870,000 of their foreign affiliates, increased by 10% in 2002—to more than $7 trillion. Technology payments, mostly internal to TNCs, held steady in 2001 despite the near halving of FDI flows. Value added by foreign affiliates in 2002 ($3.4 trillion) is estimated to account for about a tenth of world GDP. FDI continues to be more important than trade in delivering goods and services abroad: global sales by TNCs reached $18 trillion, as compared with world exports of $8 trillion in 2002. TNCs employed more than 53 million people abroad.

The developed world accounts for two-thirds of the world FDI stock, in both ownership and location. Firms from the EU have become by far the largest owners of outward FDI stock, some $3.4 trillion in 2002, more than twice that of the United States ($1.5 trillion). In developing countries, the inward FDI stock came to nearly one-third of GDP in 2001, up from a mere 13% in 1980. Outward FDI stocks held by developing countries have grown even more dramatically, from 3% of their GDP in 1980 to 13% in 2002.

英国国家概况及英国文化

英国国家概况及英国文化 、教育简介国名: 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland)国旗: 呈横长方形,长与宽之比为2∶1。 为“米”字旗,由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。 旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治,白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁,红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。 此旗产生于1801年,是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。 国徽: 即英王徽。 中心图案为一枚盾徽,盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮,象征英格兰;右上角为金地上半站立的红狮,象征苏格兰;左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴,象征爱尔兰。 盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。 盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言,意为“恶有恶报”;下端悬挂着嘉德勋章,饰带上写着“天有上帝,我有权利”。 盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。

国歌: 《上帝保佑女王》杜摯猠癡?桴?畱敥屮(如在位的是男性君主,国歌改为杜摯猠癡?桴步湩屧)国花: 1 / 10 玫瑰花国鸟: 红胸鸽国石: 钻石科学节: 1831年开始,一年举办一次科学周: 1994年开始,在每年的3月举办自然地理: 24.41万平方公里(包括内陆水域),英格兰地区13.04万平方公里,苏格兰7.88万平方公里,威尔士2.08万平方公里,北爱尔兰1.41万平方公里。 位于欧洲西部的岛国。 由大不列颠岛(包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士)、爱尔兰岛东北部和周围一些小岛组成。 隔北海、多佛尔海峡、英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望。 它的陆界与爱尔兰共和国接壤。 海岸线总长11450公里。 全境分为四部分: 英格兰东南部平原、中西部山区、苏格兰山区、北爱尔兰高原和山区。主要河流有塞文河(354公里)和泰晤士河(346公里)。

英语国家概况中文版-Chapter23GeographyandHistory

第二十三章加拿大地理和历史 Ⅰ.地理特点 1.面积与所处位置 加拿大是世界上仅次于俄国的第二大国家。它的陆地面积大约为一千万平方公里(精确数字为9,976,186平方公里)。它覆盖了近2/5的北美大陆。从北到南,加拿大的辽阔领土几乎从北极绵延至北纬45°,约3200公里。从东到西,它从大西洋延伸到太平洋,约6400公里。加拿大位于美国以北。但有一部分位于美国缅因州以东,还有一部分位于从布法罗到底特律的最近直线上,这部分的加拿大区域比布法罗和底特律还要靠南。北纬45°线标出了加拿大同美国北部的佛蒙特和纽约的分界线。然而,加拿大的大部分地区位于北纬49°以北。加拿大和美国共有一条6738公里的边界线,这条边界线一百多年来从不设防,每天有成千的旅游者从这里通过。 加拿大拥有如此辽阔的领土,它的人口却只有二千九百万(1994)。加拿大的大部分地区人口稀疏。近89%的国土没有常住人口。北部的许多地区杳无人烟,遍布森林或长年冰冻的北极荒地。大约80%的加拿大人住在临近美国边界的大城市中,其中60%的人口集中在魁北克域和安大略湖的西端之间。多伦多是加拿大最大的城市,有三百四十多万人。蒙特利尔是第二大城市,人口为二百九十多万,第三大城市是温哥华,它有一百二十多万人。大多数加拿大的城市都比这三个城市小得多。 加拿大有四大人口密集区:(1)大西洋沿岸的农业、矿业和渔业城市;(2)坐落在魁北克省和安大略省南部以制造业为主的大城市;(3)平原地区以小麦、养牛和采油业为主的城市;(4)不列颠哥伦比亚省的太平洋沿岸。北纬55°以北的大部分地区主要居住着捕猎者、捕鱼者和采矿者。著名的加拿大骑警是这些孤立的地区的法律和秩序的象征。 2.地形 加拿大有着多种多样的地形。在东部,那些多山的沿海省份在圣劳伦斯湾和大西洋有着一条不规则的海岸线。圣劳伦斯平原和内陆平原是主要的耕作区。它们被一个森林密布的高原分隔开,这一高原始于苏必利尔湖和休伦湖。再向西至太平洋,由北到南是绵延的山脉,其中包括落基山脉,海岸山脉的太平洋沿岸往往有海峡伸入陆地。加拿大的最高峰为洛根峰(6050m),位于加拿大的西北部的育科恩辖区内。 加拿大有许多湖泊,除了在美国边境上的几个大湖区以外,还有九个长为161公里和三十五个长为80多公里的湖泊。 两个主要的河流系统,是马更些河和圣劳伦斯河。连同其支流在内,圣劳伦斯河域的通航里程为3508公里。流经加拿大地盾和西部落基山脉之间的马更些河,是北美的第二大河。马更些河的主流长1609公里。 3.气候 除萨斯喀彻温省的西南部和阿尔伯达省的东南部以外,加拿大的其他地区降水充足。然而,整个加拿大的气候是多变的。从东部到加拿大大草原地区为潮湿的大陆性气候,在不列颠哥伦比亚省的西南部是与美国的华盛顿和俄勒冈州相似的海洋性气候,再往北的地区位于四季长青的亚北极区针叶林带,最北的地方是极地气候,不长树木的苔原带。苔原带在某种程度上比针叶林带暖和,因其更靠近海洋。 总的说来,加拿大的气候并不那么宜人。大部分地区有着漫长而寒冷的冬季,且到处是很深的积雪。拉布拉多寒流使加拿大东部海岸非常寒冷,而吹过哈得孙湾的冷风使内陆地区变得很冷。但是,加拿大绝不是一个到处都常年积雪的地方。八月上旬,东部地区就像热带地区一样炎热、潮湿,在温哥华岛,人们在圣诞节采摘最后一季的玫瑰,二月底他们可采摘到第

加拿大介绍Canada Introduction

Canada Introduction Canada has a population just less than 30 million people in a country twice the area of the United States. The heritage of Canada was French and English; however, significant immigration from Asia and Europe's non-French and English countries has broadened Canada's cultural richness. This cultural diversity is considered a national asset, and the Constitution Act prohibits discrimination against individual citizens on the basis of race, color, religion, or sex. The great majority of Canadians are Christian. Although the predominant language in Canada is English, there are at least three varieties of French that are recognized: Quebecois in Quebec, Franco-Manitoban throughout Manitoba and particularly in the St. Boniface area of Winnipeg, and Acadian. The Italian language is a strong third due to a great influx of Italian immigrants following W.W.II. Canada's three major cities are distinctively, even fiercely different from one another even though each is a commercially thriving metropolitan center. Montreal, established in the 17th century and the largest French city outside France, has a strong influence of French architecture and culture. It is a financial and manufacturing center

英语国家概况(修订版谢福之)美国部分

对错题 Chapter 8 1.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians hold one third of the country's continental territor y.(F) 2.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate,with some mild subtropical and tropica l zones.(T) 3.Almost through the middle of the United States, north to south,runs a well--known 50-centimeter rain fall line.(T) 4.New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States , and it is composed of five boro ughs including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island, and Queens.(T) 5.San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywood and Disneyla nd are located here.(F) 6.During the 1830s and 1840s, many northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to America.(T) 7.Almost half of the immigrants coming to the United States in the 1980s were Asians.(T) 8.Basic American cultural values are freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of l iving.(T) Chapter 9 1.America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.(T) 2.The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were f ounded under the command of Thomas Jefferson.(F) 3.The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single, indivisible na tion.(T) 4.Many American people approved of the Vietnam War.(F) 5.In 1990, American troops and the troops from allied nations launched Operation Desert Storm in orde r to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.(T) 6.According to the American administration, Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible fo r the terrorist event on September11,2001.(F) 7.The America government regarded Iraq a nation among the "axis of evil".(T) 8.On March 19,2003,American and United Nation's troops, supported by several other countries, began an invasion of Iraq.(F) Chapter 10

英语国家概况一句话简答,,中文版

1.什么是联合王国的完整名称? 它是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 2.什么是两个大岛组成不列颠的? 他们是英国和爱尔兰。 3.什么是英国的四个政治分歧? 他们是英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。 4.联合王国甚么温和的气候,即使它位于北远比我们黑龙江省呢? 由于英国的气候受墨西哥湾暖流。 5 英国有.有多少大都市区? 英国有七个大都市区。 6.什么是英格兰脊梁呢? 它是Pennines。 7.什么是英国第一大湖? 它是过冬。 8.从哪种语言是英语得来的? 英国主要源自格鲁-撒克逊与诺曼法语的语言。 9.什么是参赛? 参赛是诗歌、音乐和其它艺术的威尔士节日。 10.什么苏格兰人过著名的? 苏格兰人已成激烈的战士技能、多彩的格子kilts、严密的宗族而闻名。 11.多长时间是在罗马占领下的英国? 英国是下近400 年的古罗马人占领。 12.为什么是罗马的英国人出奇有限的影响? 罗马对英国人的影响是非常有限的因为罗马人始终被当作奴隶类主体人的英国人,他们从不通婚与本机的英国人。 13.当盎开始在英国定居? 盎开始在英国定居在 5 世纪。 14.当英国开始将Christianized? 英格兰开始将在579 Christianized。 15.什么是664 惠特比在约克郡的议会的结果? 惠特比议会的结果是罗马的传教士占了上风,对凯尔特人的传教士。 16.哈罗德·时候做什么他获悉由Tostig 和Hardrada 哈罗德·诺森堡入侵? 他在南方抵制诺曼底的预期的攻击的准备工作。 17 哈罗德· Tostig 和Hardrada.凡打败? 哈罗德·击败Tostig 和哈罗德· Hardrada 在斯坦福桥。 18.由谁是威廉·加冕英格兰国王在西敏寺? 威廉·加冕英格兰国王在西敏寺由纽约大主教。 19.做威廉后他压抑中北部的撒克逊risings 做? 他建了一个字符串的防御城堡,确保整个国家的军事控制。 20.是诺曼征服英格兰最后成功入侵吗? 是的。诺曼征服是最后的成功入侵英国,因为英国已经永远不会被入侵以来。 21.为什么我给他的贵族的威廉在英国的大型屋苑吗? 威廉·我把大屋给他的贵族因为他想要的军事服务承诺和比例的土地生产。

英国国家概况(八)(中英文版)

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