C#外文翻译
C# Programming for the Beginner Welcome to C# and the world of Windows, Internet and World-Wide-Web programming
with Visual Studio and the .NET platform! This book is the second in our new .NET How
to Program series, which presents various leading-edge computing technologies in the con-
text of the .NET platform.
C# is the next phase in the evolution of C and C++ and was developed expressly forMicrosoft’s .NET platform. C# provides the featu res that are most important to program-mers,suchasobject-orientedprogramming,strings,graphics,graphical-user-inte rface(GUI) components, exception handling, multithreading, multimedia (audio, images, ani-mation and video), file processing, prepackaged data structures, database processing,Internet and World-Wide-Web-based client/server networking and distributed computing.The language is appropriate for implementing Internet- and World-Wide-Web-based appli-cations that seamlessly integrate with PC-based applications. The .NET platform offers powerful capabilities for software development and deploy-ment, including independence from a specific language or platform. Rather than requiringdevelopers to learn a new programming language, programmers can contribute to the samesoftware project, but write code using any (or several) of the .NET languages (such as C#,Visual Basic .NET, Visual C++ .NET and others) with which they are most competent. Inaddition to providing language independence, .NET extends program portability byenabling .NET applications to reside on, and communicate across, multiple platforms—thus facilitating the delivery of Web services over the Internet. The .NET platform enablesWeb-based applications to be distributed to consumer-electronic devices, such as cellPrefaceXXXIXphones and personal digital assistants, as well as to desktop computers. The capabilities thatMicrosoft has incorporated into the .NET platform create a new software-development par-adigm that will increase
programmer productivity and decrease development time.New Features in C# How to ProgramThis edition contains many new features and enhancements, including: Full-Color Presentation. This book is now in full color. Full color enables readersto see sample outputs as they would appear on a color monitor. Also, we now syn-tax color the C# code, similar to the way Visual Studio .NET colors the code in itseditor window. Our syntax-coloring conventions are as follows:comments appear in greenkeywords appear in dark blueliteral values appear in light bluetext, class, method and variable names appear in blackerrors and ASP .NET directives appear in red
“Code Washing.” This is our term for the process we use to format the programsin the book so that they have a carefully commented, open layout. The code ap-pears in full color and is grouped into small, well-documented pieces. This greatlyimproves code readability—an especially important goal for us, considering thatthis book contains approximately 23,500 lines of code.
Web Services and ASP .NET. Microsoft’s .NET strategy embraces the Internetand Web as integral to the software development and deployment processes. Webservices—a key technology in this strategy—enables information sharing, com-merce and other interactions using standard Internet protocols and technologies,such as HypertextTransfer Protocol (HTTP), Simple Objec tAccess Protocol(SOAP) and Extensible Markup Language (XML). Web services enable program-mers to package application functionality in a form that turns the Web into a li-brary of reusable software components. In Chapter 21, ASP .NET and WebServices, we present a Web service that allows users to make airline seat reserva-tions. In this example, a user accesses a Web page, chooses a seating option andsubmits the page to the Web server. The page then calls a Web service that checksseat availability. We also present information related to Web services in AppendixP, Crystal Reports? for Visual Studio? .NET, which discusses popular reportingsoftware for database-intensive applications. Crystal Reports, which is integratedinto Visual Studio .NET, provides the ability to expose a report as a Web service.The appendix provides introductory information and directs readers to a
walk-through of this process on the Crystal Decisions Web site
Web Forms, Web Controls and ASP .NET. Application developers must be ableto create robust, scalable Web-based applications. The .NET platform architecturesupports such applications. Microsoft’s .NET server-side technology, ActiveServer Pages (ASP) .NET, allows programmers to build Web documents that re-spond to client requests. To enable interactive Web pages, server-side programsprocess information users input into HTML forms. ASP .NET is a significant de-XL Prefaceparture from previous versions of ASP, allowing developers to program Web-based applications using the powerful object-oriented languages of .NET. https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html, also provides enhanced visual programming capabilities, similar to thoseused inbuildingWindows forms for desktop programs. Programmers can createWeb pages visually, by dragging and dropping Web controls onto Web forms.Chapter 20, ASP .NET, Web Forms and Web Controls, introduces these powerfultechnologies.
Object-Oriented Programming. Object-oriented programming is the most widelyemployed technique for developing robust, reusable software, and C# offers en-hanced object-oriented programming features. This text offers a rich presentationof object-oriented programming. Chapter 8, Object-Based Programming, intro-duces how to create classes and objects. These concepts are extended in Chapter9, Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance, which discusses how programmerscan create new classes that “absorb” the capabilities of existing classes. Chapter10, Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism, familiarizes the reader withthe crucial concepts of polymorphism, abstract classes, concrete classes and inter-faces, which facilitate powerful manipulations among objects belonging to an in-heritance hierarchy.
XML. Use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) is exploding in the software-development industry, the e-business and e-commerce communities, and is perva-sive throughout the .NET platform. Because XML is a platform-independent tech-nology for describing data and for creating markup languages, XML’s dataportability integrates well with C#’s portable applications and services. Chapter18,
Extensible Markup Language (XML), introduces XML. In this chapter, we in-troduce basic XML markup and discuss the technologies such as DTDs and Sche-ma, which are used to validate XML documents’ contents. We also explain howt o programmatically manipulate XML documents using the Document ObjectModel (DOM?) and how to transform XML documents into other types of doc-uments via Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT).
Multithreading. Computers enable us to perform many tasks in parallel (or con-currently), such as printing documents, downloading files from a network andsurfing the Web. Multithreading is the technology through which programmerscan develop applications that perform concurrent tasks. Historically, a computerhas contained a single, expensive processor, which its operating system wouldshare among all applications. Today, processors are becoming so inexpensive thatit is possible to build affordable computers that contain many processors that workin parallel—such computers are called multiprocessors. Multithreading is effec-tive on both single-processor and multiprocessor systems. C#’s multithreadi ng ca-pabilities make the platform and its related technologies better prepared to dealwit today’s sophisticate multimedia-intensive,database-intensive,network-based, multiprocessor-based distributed applications. Chapter 14, Multithreading,provides a detailed discussion of multithreading.
? ADO .NET. Databases store vast amounts of information that individuals and or-
ganizations must access to conduct business. As an evolution of Microsoft's Ac- tiveX Data Objects (ADO), ADO .NET represents a new approach for building PrefaceXLIapplications that interact with databases. ADO .NET uses XML and an enhancedobject model to provide developers with the tools they need to access and manip-ulate databases for large-scale, extensible, mission-critical multi-tier applications.Chapter 19, Database, SQL and ADO .NET, details the capabilities of ADO .NETand the Structured Query Language (SQL) to manipulate databases.
? Visual Studio .NET Debugger. Debuggers are programs that help programmersfind and correct logic errors in program code. Visual Studio .NET
contains a pow-erful debugging tool that allows programmers to analyze their programs line-by-line as those programs execute. In Appendix D, Visual Studio .NET Debugger, weexplain how to use key debugger features, such as setting breakpoints and “watch-es,” stepping into and out of procedures, and examining the procedure call stack.
COM (Component Object Model) Integration. Prior to the introduction of .NET,many organizations spent tremendous amounts of time and money creating reus-able software components called COM components, which include ActiveX?controls and ActiveX DLLs (dynamic link libraries) for Windows applications. InAppendix H, COM Integration, we discuss some of the tools available in VisualStudio .NET for integrating these legacy components into .NET applications. Thisintegration allows programmers to use existing sets of COM-based controls https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html, components.
XML Documentation. Documenting program code is crucial for software devel-opment, because different programmers often work on an application during thesoftware’s lifecycle, which usually includes multiple versions and can span manyyears. If programmers document software code and methods, other programmersworking on the application can learn and understand the logic underlying the code,thus saving time and avoiding misunderstandings. To automate documenting pro-grams, Visual Studio .NET provides an XML tool for C# programmers. AppendixE, XML Documentation, explains how a programmer can insert comments in thecode, which produces a separate file providing the code documentation.
Career Opportunities. Appendix C, Career Opportunities, introduces career ser-vices available on the Internet. We explore online career services from both theemployer’s and employee’s perspectives. We list many Web sites at which youcan submit applications, search for jobs and review applicants (if you are interest-ed in hiring someone). We also review services that build recruiting pages directlyinto e-businesses. One of our reviewers told us that he had used the Internet as aprimary tool in a recent job search, and that this appendix would have helped himexpand his search dramatically.
Unicode. As computer systems evolved worldwide, computer vendors developed numeric representations of character sets and special symbols for the local lan-guages spoken in different countries. In some cases, different representations weredeveloped for the same languages. Such disparate character sets hindered commu-nication among computer systems. C# supports the Unicode Standard (main-tained by a non-profit organizatio called the Unicode Consortium), whichmaintains a single character set that specifies unique numeric values for charactersand special symbols in most of the world’s languag es. Appendix G, Unicode, dis-cusses the standard, overviews the Unicode Consortium Web site and presents a C# application that displays “Welcome to Unicode!”in several languages.
XHTML. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has declared HTML to be alegacy technology that will undergo no further development. HTML is being re-placed by the Extensibl Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)—an XML-based technology that is rapidly becoming the standard for describing Web con-tent. We use XHTML in Chapter 18, Extensible Markup Language (XML), andoffer an introduction to the technology in Appendix K, Introduction to XHTML:Part 1, and Appendix L, Introduction to XHTML: Part 2. These appendices over-view headers, images, lists, image maps and other features of this emerging mark-up language. (We also present a treatment of HTML in Appendices I and J,because ASP .NET, used in Chapters 20 and 21, generates HTML content).
Accessibility. Although the World Wide Web has become an important part ofmany people’s lives, the medi um currently presents many challenges to peoplewith disabilities. Individuals with hearing and visual impairments, in particular,World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) launched the Web Accessibil-ity Initiative (WAI), whichprovides guidelines for making Web sites accessibleto people with disabilities. Chapter 24, Accessibility, describes these guidelinesand highlightsvarious products and services designed to improve the Web-brows-ing experiences of individuals with disabilities. For example, the chapter introduc-es V oiceXML and CallXML—two XML-based technologies for increasing theaccessibility of Web-based content for people with visual impairments.Bit https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html,puters work with data in the
form of binary digits, or bits,which can assume the values 1 or 0. Computer circuitry performs various simplebit manipulations, such as examining the value of a bit, setting the value of a bitand reversing a bit (from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1). Operating systems, test-equipment,networking software and many other kinds of software require that programs com-municate “directly with the hardware” by using bit manipulation. Appendix O, BitManipulation, overviews the bit manipulation capabilities that the .NET Frame-work provides.
中文译文
初学者的C#编程
欢迎C ＃和世界上的Windows ，互联网和万维网编程与Visual Studio 和.NET平台！本书将在.NET中介绍各种先进的计算技术的约束案文.NET平台。
C ＃中的下一阶段发展过程中的C和C + + ，并制定明确的微软的.NET平台C＃中提供的功能，最重要的是程序市场汇率，如面向对象编程，字符串，图形，图形用户界面（ GUI ）的组成部分，例外处理，多线程，多媒体（音频，图像，动画，形成和视频）文件处理，预先数据结构，数据库处理，因特网和万维网为基础的客户机/服务器网络和分布式计算。语言是恰当的执行因特网和万维网为基础的应用程序阳离子的无缝集成的基于PC的应用，在.NET平台提供了强大的功能，软件开发和部署包括独立于特定的语言或平台。而不是要求开发人员能够学习一门新的编程语言，程序员可以促进同软件项目，但是写代码使用任何（或几个）的。 NET语言（如C ＃， Visual Basic 。 NET中， Visual C + +中的。 NET和其他人），他们是最称职的。在除了提供语言独立性，。NET的可携性的扩展计划有利的.NET应用的居住权，并通报全国，多个平台，从而有利于提供网络服务在互联网上。在.NET平台使基于Web的应用程序将分发给消费者的电子设备，
手机和个人数字助理，以及台式电脑。的能力，微软已经纳入了.NET平台创建一个新的软件开发标准杆 adigm ，提高编程效率和缩短开发时间。新功能，在C ＃中如何计划
这个版本包含了许多新功能和增强功能，其中包括：
?全彩色演示。这本书已全面颜色。全色彩使读者看到样品产出，因为它们将出现在彩色监视器。此外，我们现在综合征税务色彩的C ＃代码，类似于Visual Studio 。 NET中颜色的代码编辑器窗口。我们的语法着色公约如下：评论出现在绿色关键字是否出现在深蓝色常值出现在浅蓝色文本，类，方法和变量名出现在黑色错误和https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html,的指令出现在红
在长期的过程中，我们使用格式化程序在这本书，使他们有一个认真的评论，开放布局。代码，并分成小的良好的记录片。这大大提高代码的可读性，一个特别重要的目标对我们来说，考虑到这本书载有大约23,500行代码。
Web服务和ASP .NET的。微软的.NET战略拥抱互联网和网络作为整体的软件开发和部署过程。网络服务的关键技术这一战略，使信息共享，沟通商务及其他互动使用标准的互联网协议和技术，如超文本传输协议（ HTTP ），简单对象访问协议和扩展标记语言（ XML ）。网络服务使节目市场汇率来封装应用功能的形式，把网络变成理图书馆的可重用软件组件。ASP .NET和网页服务方面，我们提出一个Web服务，用户可以使飞机座位预订- 筹措。在这个例子中用户访问一个网页选择座位选择，提交的网页到Web服务器。然后调用的网页的Web服务检查座位可用性。我们还出席有关的信息网络服务于附录磷的Crystal Reports ?为Visual Studio ? .NET中，流行的报告，讨论软件，数据库密集型应用。水晶报表，这是综合到Visual Studio .NET中，提供的能力，揭露了一份报告作为一个Web服务。附录提供了介绍性的信息和指示读者散步，通过这一进程的Crystal Decisions Web站点。
Web表单，Web控件和ASP .NET的。应用开发者必须能够建立强有力的，可扩展的基于Web的应用程序。在.NET平台架构支持这种应用。微软的.NET
服务器端技术，主动伺服器网页（ ASP ）.NET中，允许程序员建立网页文件，重新 spond客户端请求。为了使互动网页，服务器端程序处理信息的用户输入到HTML表格。的https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html,中是一个重要的扫雷仪 parture从以前版本的ASP 中，使开发人员计划网络基于应用的强大的面向对象的语言的。 NET.ASP技
术 .NET中还提供了增强的可视化编程能力，类似于用Windows窗体的桌面程序。程序员可以创造网页视觉效果，通过拖放Web控件到Web窗体。ASP技术.NET 中， Web窗体和Web控件，介绍了这些功能强大的技术。面向对象编程。面向
对象的程序设计是最广泛雇用技术发展强劲，可重复使用的软件，和C ＃提供了恩增强面向对象编程的功能。这提供了丰富的文字介绍面向对象编程。第基于对象编程，介绍随带如何创建类和对象。这些概念扩展章面向对象编程：继承，其中讨论如何程序员可以创建新的类“吸收”的能力，现有的课程。章面向对象编程：多态性，熟悉读者关键概念的多态性，抽象类，具体类别和跨面临强大的操作便利物体之间属于一个继承层次结构。XML的使用可扩展标记语言（ XML ）是爆炸性的软件发展工业，电子商业和电子商务社区，是perva - 性整个.NET平台。由于XML是一种平台独立科技学用于描述数据和创造的标记语言， XML的数据便携集成以及用C ＃的便携式应用和服务。扩展标记语言（ XML ），介绍了XML的。在本章中，我们在 troduce基本的XML标记和讨论技术，如DTDs和图式马，这是用来验证XML文档的内容。我们还解释以编程方式操纵XML文件使用的文档对象模型（DOM ?），以及如何转换XML文档到其他类型的文件。
uments通过可扩展样式表语言转换（XSLT ）。多线程。电脑将使我们能够执行许多任务并行（或协商目前），如印刷文件，下载文件是从网络和在网上冲浪。多线程技术是通过它的程序员可以开发并行应用程序，执行任务。从历史上看，一台计算机已包含一个单一的，昂贵的处理器，其操作系统将所有应用程序中所占的比例。今天，处理器变得如此廉价的这是不可能建立负担得起的电脑，包含许多处理器工作在并行计算机等被称为多处理器。多线程是有效的性对单处理器和多处理器系统。C＃中的多线程钙 pabilities使平台及其相关技术的更好的准备，以处理在当今复杂的多媒体工作强度大，数据库密集型，网络基于多处理器为基础的分布式应用。多线程，提供了详细的讨论多线程。?使用ADO 。 NET的。数据库存储大量的信息，个人和或 ganizations必须获得开展业务。作为一个演变微软的AC - tiveX数据对象（ ADO ），使用ADO 。NET中的一种新方法建设
互动的应用程序与数据库。使用ADO 。 NET中使用XML和加强对象模型是为开发人员提供他们所需的工具，获取和manip - ulate数据库为大规模，可扩展的，关键任务的多层应用。数据库，数据库和ADO 。 NET中，细节的能力，使用ADO . NET的与结构化查询语言（ SQL ）来操纵数据库。? Visual Studio .NET
中调试。调试的程序，可以帮助程序员找到并正确的逻辑错误的程序代码。Visual Studio . NET中包含了电力 erful调试工具，让程序员来分析他们的节目线逐按照这些程序执行。附录D中， Visual Studio . NET中调试，我们解释如何使用关键的调试功能，如设置断点和“手表中心“，加强进出程序，审查程序调用堆栈。?的COM （组件对象模型）集成。此前引进的。 NET ，许
多组织花费大量的时间和金钱创造葡萄球菌，软件组件可以称为COM组件，其中包括的ActiveX ? 控制和ActiveX的DLL （动态链接库）的Windows应用程序。在附录H ，组件集成，我们讨论一些可用的工具在Visual Studio 。 NET 中，将这些遗产的组成部分纳入. NET应用程序。这个一体化允许程序设计师
使用现有的两套基于COM的控制， NET组件。XML的文件。记录程序代码是至关重要的软件开发，往往因为不同的程序员工作的申请时软件的生命周期，这通常包括多个版本，可以跨越多种年。如果程序员文件的软件代码和方法，其他的程序员工作中的应用可以学习和了解基本的逻辑的代码，从而节省时间和避免误解。自动化记录亲克， Visual Studio . NET中提供了一个XML工具为
C ＃程序员。附录英， XML的文件，说明如何程序员可以插入评论，代码，
生产一个单独的文件中提供的代码文件。职业机会，职业介绍服务罪恶在互联网上提供。我们探索在线职业服务从雇主和雇员的观点。我们列许多网站在您可以提出申请，寻求就业机会和审查申请人（如果您是利息男女雇用某人）。我们还审查服务，建立直接招聘网页进入电子商务。我们的审评员告诉我们，他曾使用互联网作为一种主要工具在最近的一次找工作，这本附录将帮助他扩大自己的搜索急剧下降作为世界范围内计算机系统发展，计算机厂商开发数字表述的字符集和特殊符号的地方兰 guages谈到在不同的国家。在某些情况下，有不同的表述发达国家同样的语言。这种不同的字符集阻碍通信 nication中
的计算机系统。 C ＃中支持Unicode标准（主涉及的一个非营利组织，所谓的Unicode联合会），其中保持一个单一的字符集，指定独特的数字值字符和
特殊符号在世界上大部分的语言。附录G ，统一，病 cusses标准，概述了Unicode 协会网站，并提出了一个C ＃应用程序，显示“欢迎使用的Unicode ！” 几种语言。?符合XHTML 。万维网联盟（ W3C ）宣布的HTML是一个传统的技术，将在没有进一步的发展。 HTML是被重新放置的可扩展超文本标记语言（兼容），
XML的基于技术，正在迅速成为标准描述网络约束帐篷。我们使用的XHTML第18章，扩展标记语言（ XML ），以及提供了一个介绍技术在附录K ，介绍的XHTML ：第1部分，并附录L ，介绍的XHTML ：第2部分。这些附录过度查看标题，图片，列表，影像地图和其他功能的这一新兴的标记语言。（我们还提出了治疗的HTML附录I和J ，因为ASP技术。 NET中，使用20和21章，生成的HTML内容）。无障碍。尽管万维网已经成为一个重要组成部分许多人的生命，目前中提出了许多挑战，以人残疾人。个人与听力和视力障碍，特别是还是很难获得具有丰富多媒体功能的网站。为了改善这一情况下，万维网联盟（ W3C ）发布了网络Accessibil - 性倡议（围），其中规定的指导方针使网站获得为残疾人士。第24章，可获取性，介绍了这些准则并强调各种产品和服务，旨在改善Web的眉毛，个人化经验的残疾人。例如，介绍了，胚胎的VoiceXML和CallXML个基于XML技术的提高
利用基于Web的内容的人，视觉障碍位操作。计算机与数据形式的二进制数字，或位，
可承担的价值观1或0 。计算机电路进行各种简单位操作指令，如研究的价值位，设置的价值位和扭转位（从1到0或从0到1 ）作业系统，测试设备，
网络软件和许多其他类型的软件需要的程序通信证书“直接与硬件”用位操作概述的位操作功能，在.NET框架工作规定。
市场营销策略外文文献及翻译
市场营销策略外文文献及翻译 Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails
工业设计专业英语英文翻译
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
外文翻译
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
市场营销_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_顾客满意策略与顾客满意
顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 原文来源：《Marketing Customer Satisfaction 》自20世纪八十年代末以来, 顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额, 获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝随着时代的变迁, 社会物质财富的极大充裕, 顾客中的主体———消费者的需求也先后跨越了物质缺乏的时代、追求数量的时代、追求品质的时代, 到了20世纪八十年代末进入了情感消费时代。在我国, 随着经济的高速发展,我们也已迅速跨越了物质缺乏时代、追求数量的时代乃至追求品质的时代, 到今天也逐步迈进情感消费时代。在情感消费时代, 各企业的同类产品早已达到同时、同质、同能、同价, 消费者追求的已不再是质量、功能和价格, 而是舒适、便利、安全、安心、速度、跃动、环保、清洁、愉快、有趣等,消费者日益关注的是产品能否为自己的生活带来活力、充实、舒适、美感和精神文化品位, 以及超越消费者期望值的售前、售中、售后服务和咨询。也就是说, 今天人们所追求的是具有“心的满足感和充实感”的商品, 是高附加值的商品和服务,追求价值观和意识多元化、个性化和无形的满足感的时代已经来临。 与消费者价值追求变化相适应的企业间的竞争, 也由产品竞争、价格竞争、技术竞争、广告竞争、品牌竞争发展到现今的形象竞争、信誉竞争、文化竞争和服务竞争, 即顾客满意竞争。这种竞争是企业在广角度、宽领域的时空范围内展开的高层次、体现综合实力的竞争。它包括组织创新力、技术创新力、管理创新力、产业预见力、产品研发力、员工向心力、服务顾客力、顾客亲和力、同行认同力、社会贡献力、公关传播沟通力、企业文化推动力、环境适应力等等。这些综合形象力和如何合成综合持久的竞争力, 这就是CSft略所要解决的问题。CS寸代,企业不再以“自己为中心”,而是以“顾客为中心”；“顾客为尊”、“顾客满意”不再是流于形式的口号, 而是以实实在在的行动为基础的企业经营的一门新哲学。企业不再以质量达标, 自己满意为经营理念, 而是以顾客满意, 赢得顾客高忠诚度为经营理念。企业经营策略的焦点不再以争取或保持市场占有率为主, 而是以争取顾客满意为经营理念。因此, 营销策略的重心不再放在竞争对手身上而是放在顾客身上, 放在顾客现实的、潜在的需求上。当企业提供的产品和服务达到了顾客事先的期望值, 顾客就基本满意；如果远远超越顾客的期望值, 且远远高于其他同行, 顾客才真正满意；如果企业能不断地或长久地令顾客满意, 顾客就会忠诚。忠诚的顾客不仅会经常性地重复购买, 还会购买企业其它相关的产品或服务；忠诚的顾客不仅会积极向别人推荐他所买的产品, 而且对企业竞争者的促销活动具有免疫能力一个不满意的顾客会将不满意告诉16-20个人, 而每一个被告知者会再传播给12-15个人。这样, 一个不满意者会影响到二、三百人。在互联网普及的今天, 其影响则更大。据美国汽车业的调查, 一个满意者会引发8笔潜在的生意, 其中至少有一笔会成交。而另一项调查表明, 企业每增加5%的忠诚顾客, 利润就会增长25%-95%。一个企业的80%的利润来自20%的忠诚顾客；而获取一个新顾客的成本是维持一个老顾客成本的6倍。所以,美国著名学者唐?佩 珀斯指出: 决定一个企业成功与否的关键不是市场份额, 而是在于顾客份额。 于是, 企业纷纷通过广泛细致的市场调研、与消费者直接接触、顾客信息反馈等方式来了解顾客在各方面的现实需求和潜在需求。依靠对企业满意忠诚的销售、服务人员, 定期、定量地对顾客满意度进行综合测定, 以便准确地把握企业经营中与“顾客满意” 目标的差距及其重点领域, 从而进一步改善企业的经营活动。依靠高亲和力的企业文化、高效率的人文管理和全员共同努力, 不断地向顾客提供高附加值的产品, 高水准的亲情般的服
工业设计外文翻译
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
外文翻译
Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.360docs.net/doc/356370483.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>
国际贸易、市场营销类课题外文翻译——市场定位策略(Positioning_in_Practice)
Positioning in Practice Strategic Role of Marketing For large firms that have two or more strategic business units (SBUs), there are generally three levels of strategy: corporate-level strategy, strategic-business-unit-level (or business-level) strategy, and marketing strategy. A corporate strategy provides direction on the company's mission, the kinds of businesses it should be in, and its growth policies. A business-level strategy addresses the way a strategic business unit will compete within its industry. Finally, a marketing strategy provides a plan for pursuing the company's objectives within a specific market segment. Note that the higher level of strategy provides both the objectives and guidelines for the lower level of strategy. At corporate level, management must coordinate the activities of multiple strategic business units. Thus the decisions about the organization's scope and appropriate resource deployments/allocation across its various divisions or businesses are the primary focus of corporate strategy.Attempts to develop and maintain distinctive competencies tend to focus on generating superior financial, capital, and human resources; designing effective organizational structures and processes; and seeking synergy among the firm's various businesses. At business-level strategy, managers focus on how the SBU will compete within its industry. A major issue addressed in business strategy is how to achieve and sustain a competitive advantage. Synergy for the unit is sought across product-markets and across functional department within the unit. The primary purpose of a marketing strategy is to effectively allocate and coordinate marketing resources and activities to accomplish the firm's objectives within a specific product-market. The decisions about the scope of a marketing strategy involve specifying the target market segment(s) to pursue and the breadth of the product line to offered. At this level of strategy, firms seek competitive advantage and synergy through a well-integrated program of marketing mix elements tailored to the needs and wants of customers in the target segment(s). Strategic Role of Positioning Based on the above discussion, it is clear that marketing strategy consists of two parts: target market strategy and marketing mix strategy. Target market strategy consists of three processes: market segmentation, targeting (or target market selection), and positioning. Marketing mix strategy refers to the process of creating a unique
市场类中英文对照翻译
原文来源：李海宏《Marketing Customer Satisfaction》[A].2012中国旅游分销高峰论坛.[C].上海 Marketing Customer Satisfaction 顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 Since the 20th century, since the late eighties, the customer satisfaction strategy is increasingly becoming business has more customers share the overall business competitive advantage means. 自20世纪八十年代末以来,顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额,获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 First, customer satisfaction strategy is to get a modern enterprise customers, "money votes" magic weapon 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝 With the changing times, the great abundance of material wealth of society, customers in the main --- consumer demand across the material has a lack of time, the number of times the pursuit, the pursuit of quality time to the eighties of the 20th century entered the era of the end consumer sentiment. In China, with rapid economic development, we have rapidly beyond the physical absence of the times, the pursuit of the number of times and even the pursuit of quality and age of emotions today gradually into the consumer era. Spending time in the emotion, the company's similar products have already reached the same time, homogeneous, with the energy, the same price, consumers are no longer pursue the quality, functionality and price, but the comfort, convenience, safety, comfort, speed, jump action, environmental protection, clean, happy,
工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
外文翻译中文版(完整版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721
市场定位策略外文翻译
本科毕业设计（论文） ( 2012届) （外文翻译） 题目： 学院:__________ ____________ 专业:_________ 市场营销_____________ 班级:_________ ___________ 姓名:___________ ______________ 学号:________ __________ 指导老师:___________ ___________
原文题目：《市场定位策略》 作者：Powpaka Samart 原文出处:1999,Sasin Journal of Management,5,79-97 市场定位策略 定位的战略性角色 营销策略由两部分组成：目标市场战略和营销组合战略。目标市场战略三个过程组成：市场细分，目标（或目标市场选择），市场定位等。营销组合战略指的是创造一个独特的产品，分销，促销和定价策略（4PS）的过程，旨在满足客户的需求和希望。目标市场战略和营销组合策略有密切的联系，有很强的相互依存关系。目标市场战略是用来制订营销组合策略方针。 市场细分是把一个市场当中具有相似需求和特点、可能会对特定产品和特定的营销程序产生相似回应的人们，分成不同的客户的子集的过程。目标或目标市场的选择是一个或多个，通过评估每个细分市场，寻求利益的相对吸引力，而且该公司业务的相对优势。最后，定位是设计产品和发展战略营销计划，共同在目标市场建立一个持久的竞争优势的过程。 目标市场定位战略的概念是众所周知的，尤其是被大多数消费品营销从业者在制定市场营销组合策略有用作为非理论概念的方式。然而在实践中，营销人员往往绕过正式的定位，直接制定营销组合策略。这可能是由于这样的事实，这些经理们不知道如何获取感知图---表明这是一个客户原始需求的产品的位置。 本文的目的是展示营销从业者能够获得定位和营销组合策略制定的感知图的现实途径。具体来说，感知映射及其关系的定位总是被第一时间注意到。这是通过统计技术的讨论，可以遵循用于创建感知图。最后，通过因子分析定位过程的例子是证明。 目标市场战略 目标市场战略是确定一个（或多个目标市场）的过程和它的（或他们）独特的定位。目标市场策略包括：（1）市场细分，（2）市场选择，（3）市场定位。 市场细分。市场细分是一个分割成几部分或几个同质异构的潜在市场的进程。换句话说，在一个潜在的市场客户可能有不同的偏好。因此，使用产品和产品计划并不是一个有效和高效的办法。为了有效和有效率，管理者需要根据顾客的喜好对潜在顾客进行整合，根据该公司的实力，用独特的服务来满足其中一个或多个组别细分市场。另一种看待市场细分的方式是测试市场是否存在同质偏好或者需求差异性。良好的市场细分结果应具有以下特征的部分：（1）实体性（即：每个细分市场的容量足够大），（2）可盈利/可辨识/可测性（即每个段可在人口或消费心理特征方面的描述）（3）无障碍性（即媒体消费和