高中英语语法__被动语态

被动语态

一、被动语态概述语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。

如：He opened the door.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态）

二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。

1、被动语态常用的时态（以do为例）

时态主动形式被动形式

1. 一般现在时do/does am/is/are + done（be随人称变化）

2. 一般过去时：did was/were done

3. 一般将来时：will do will be done

4. 过去将来时：would do would be done

5. 现在进行时：am/is/are doing am/is/are being done（前面的be随人称变化，后

面的being固定）

6. 过去进行时：was/were doing was/were being done

7. 现在完成时：have/has done have/has been done

8.现在完成进行时have/has been doing have/has been being done

9. 过去完成时：had done had been done

10. 有情态动词：情态动词+do情态动词+ be+ done

11.含有不定式结构：to do to be done

2、被动语态的句式变化：以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：

3、含有情态动词的被动语态

情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，“be+过去分词”部分不变。

如：Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。Tables could be made of stone at that time.那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）

三、被动语态的用法：

1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。如：The bridge was built last year.这座桥是去年建造的。

2、当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。

如：The room hasn't been cleaned yet.房间还没有打扫。The tiger was killed by him.老虎被他杀死了。

3、当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。

4、表示客观的说明常用“It is + 过去分词”句型。如：It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.据说露茜已经出国了。

其它常见的“It is + 过去分词+ that”句型还有：A、It is reported that…据报道B、It is said that…据说C、It is believed that…大家相信D、It is suggested that…有人建议 E.据推测……It is supposed that… F.希望…It is hoped that… 众所周知…… G.It is well known that…H.普遍认为……It is generally considered that…

四、主动语态变为被动语态

转换图示：

1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：

(1)将主动句的宾语变为主语：注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。

(2)将动词改为“be+过去分词”。注意：

They held a me eting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday.

他们昨天开会了。

(3)将主动语态的主语改为by…放在谓语动词后。注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。

如：He sang a song. → A song was sung by him.

2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：

（1）把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。

如：We have bought a new computer.→A new computer has been bought.

(2)主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大家”的单词，变为被动句时，通常删去“by…”，但原主语被强调时除外。年。The job can be finished only by him.这项工作只能由他来完成。

(3)含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。

如：Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。We were told the truth by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack.

注意：①一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, tell等。Eg. The magazine was passed on to me.

②一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for, 如：build, buy, cook, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。Eg. A new skirt was made for me.

③注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Eg. The road was made to fall onto another one below by the earthquake.

④有些既不用to也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。He asks me a question.→A question was asked of me.

3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：

如:agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about等。如：It needn't be talked about.

以及bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out等。如：His request was turned down.

4. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：The question can not be answered by anybody.

5. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.

6. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：By whom was the story written?

7. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：

对比：The books were sold out. (被动句) The meat didn't cook well. (主动句)

8. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：

第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：see, notice, watch, smell, hear, feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。[感官动词就有表被动含义]

第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。

第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，

如:take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。

第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。

第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语.

在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学习打下良好的基础，在动词-ing形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。