跨文化交际与中国特色英语
第5卷第1期
2005年1月
浙江树人大学学报
JOURNA L OF ZHE J I ANG SH URE N UNI VERSITY
V ol.5,N o.1Jan.2005
收稿日期:2004-10-20
作者简介:袁良平(1964-),女,浙江宁波人,硕士,讲师.
跨文化交际与中国特色英语
袁良平
(浙江树人大学语言学院,浙江杭州 310015)
摘 要:中国特色英语(以下简称中色英语)是以规范英语为核心,用来表达中国特有事物与现象的一种英语变体。它表达的是中华文化中最富文化个性的内容。由于在西方语言中没有对应词语,在双语转换过程中往往形成对应空缺现象,成为跨文化交际的重要障碍。中色英语就是因对应空缺而产生的。本文探讨了汉、英两种语言由于文化的差异所产生的词汇空缺现象以及如何实现两种文化对接的翻译应对问题。
关键词:中色英语;词汇空缺;跨文化交际;翻译中图分类号:H310.1
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1671-2714(2005)01-0066-05
“中国特色英语”,即“中色英语”指的是现实存在的许多中国文化现象在语言上的反映,涉及中国特有的地理、历史、文物、人名、物名、典故、体制、机
构、事件、行话、流行语、地方风情等。
[1]
中色英语(China English )不同于中式英语(Chi 2
nese English or Chinglish ),中式英语在语法、修辞、习
惯表达等运用上不合英语的语言规则,存在着“词语都是英语,但读起来又不像是英语”的弊病,而中国特色英语是在遵守英语语言规则的前提下,保持了
一种中国文化特色。[2]目前大多数学者认为:中色英
语是以规范英语为核心,用来表达中国特有的事物与现象的一种英语变体。
中色英语以国际英语的共核为基础,反映汉语言结构中的汉文化因素,描述中国以及与中国有关的独特事物,表达独特的中国意念,有着中国人自己的词汇和说法,是最富于文化个性的特色词。这种特殊的英语变体,在用英语表示中国社会文化中某些特有的事物与现象时,由于译语中缺乏表达原语某些反映其特有文化事物的对等或契合的词语,从而在翻译的双语转换过程中形成词汇空缺现象,造成的原因主要是由于汉英文化因素的差异。
语言是文化的重要载体,每个国家、民族都有其
独特的社会制度、生态环境、宗教信仰、民情风俗和传统积淀等,不同民族的文化形态反映到语言层面,表现为种种语言差异,透过中色英语的语言层面,可以获悉汉、英两种语言在词、成语、典故等文化负载的民族文化现象中所形成的差异。汉语和英语所指称的事物有共有的一面,但在词义表达的宽窄方面、词义的切分方法上只有某种程度的对等,造成词汇的某些空缺。视其特点粗略归纳为以下四类。
一、传统积淀造成的词汇空缺现象
人类的思维具有同一性,反映在理念的表达上有许多契合点,这是语言共性的一方面。但是,另一方面,语言形式中保留着民族文化的传统积淀,通过社会实践中不断创造和日积月累形成的语言,其任意性和约定俗成性,使得在某一种语言中具有的事物和概念,在另一种语言中没有,从而在翻译的双语转换中形成一种词汇空缺现象。
在中华民族漫长的历史发展过程中,拥有大量的独特的民族与民俗传统积淀,如果用“古往今来”概括一下,可以说数不胜数。
从“古”的方面讲,我国的古时候,妇女有裹足的习惯。“裹足”和“童养媳”是反映中国古代文化的特色词。《汉英词典》对这两个词汇分别用了直译和释意的翻译方法。“裹足”bound feet:a vile feudal prac2 tice which crippled w omen both physically and spiritually 和“童养媳”child w ife:girl raised from childhood to be w ife of son of fam ily.再如,按照我国的传统观念,建屋筑坟很讲究看风水,认为风水好坏会影响其家族、子孙后代的盛衰吉凶。“风水”feng shui:the location of a person’s house and ancestral grave,supposed to have an in fluence on the fortune of a fam ily and his offsprings.这个概念在欧美文化中也是不存在的,目前对“风水”的翻译中,除了用音译外,还附加了释译的方法,使英美读者理解其蕴含的内涵。类似的用法很多,如:阴、阳yin,yang,In Chinese philosophy,medicine,etc. yin,the fem inine or negative principle in nature;yang, the masculine or positive principle in nature(音译并添加注释)衙门yamen(音译)八股文eight2legged essays(直译)中庸the way of medium(释译)中和harm ony(意译)家长fam ily head(直译)等。
中国的天干地支、阴阳八卦、农历节气、武术气功等中色词语在译成英语时,由于在英语中没有对应或对等的词语,在多数情况下只能采用音译、意译、释译或添加注释的方法进行翻译。以中国农历二十四节气(T wenty2four solar terms of the Chinese lunar calendar)为例,“三伏、三九”在英语中没有对等词。很多西方人不了解中国的“清明节”(Pure Brightness)“中秋节”(M id2Autumn Festival)和“泼水节”(W ater2 S plashing Day)等,诸如此类的中色词语还有很多,如:八卦(trigram),阴(yin),阳(yang),道(Daoism),儒学(C on fucianism),禅(dhyana),禅宗(Z en Buddhism),坐禅(transcendental meditation),混沌(chaos),无我(anatman),虚无(nothingness),本命年(this animal year of sb),姻缘(yinyuan,prefixed fate of marriage)等。
对于贴近中国现实的中色英语如何来表达,语言学家的共识是,国际英语要描写中国社会和汉语本身,就得向中文靠拢,吸收汉语特有的表达法,这构成中色英语的一大特色。另一方面,中色英语的目的是促进中外交流和文化的传播,尽量尊重英语本族语社会的言语习惯和表达特点,否则的话,变成了“中式英语”反而影响了交流,岂不是画虎不成反类犬![3]
从“往”的方面讲,以前我国闭关自守很多年,形成了一系列几乎可以称之为“文化”的社会制度和意
识形态,由此产生大量特有的词汇,这些词语大多可以用直译的方法。“约定俗成”使直译法简捷易行,但直译法并不是硬译、死译,而是在充分分析原语与译语之间词语的内涵、搭配后选择对等词进行翻译,比如对下列特色词的翻译,大多用了直译的方法。公私合营(public2private joint management),大跃进(G reat Leap F orward),走资派(capitalist roader),造反派(rebel faction),红宝书(little red book),红卫兵(Red G uard),大锅饭(communal pot),关系户(closely2related units)等。
今天的改革开放,在外来科学技术和文化的冲击下,更有许多层出不穷涉及社会、政治、经济等方面的新术语、新词汇,而且词语的含义也在不断发生演变和发展。以前城市的毕业生下乡“插队落户”
(g o down to the countryside)叫“知青”(educated y outh)现在干部下乡叫“扶贫”(aid2the2poor),农民又进城打工叫“民工”(m igrant w orkers)。刚刚恢复高考的时候,考上大学就意味着找到一个“铁饭碗”的工作。最初《现代汉语辞典》对“铁饭碗”这个词的解释是“比较稳固的职业,职位”。在当时,考上大学,就意味着一辈子都有饭吃,有了铁饭碗。改革开放几十年的今天,市场经济的快速发展,已经没有了一劳永逸、高枕无忧的工作,现在所指的“铁饭碗”(lifelong em ployment system)恐怕是一辈子到哪儿都有饭吃,是指“一个人拥有的才干”的含义了。
我们从这些中色词语中了解到社会的发展和变迁。比如:高考状元(a cham pion exam inee),终生职业(job2for2life),下海(g o into business),上岸(resume one’s old profession),跳槽(job2hop),练滩(to be a vendor),国有企业(state2owned enterprises),下岗职工(laid2off w orkers),分流(reposition of redundant personnel),减员增效(downsizing for efficiency or cut payroll to im prove efficiency),再就业(get reem ployed)等等。
二、观念文化的差异造成的词汇空缺现象
东西方在长期的历史衍变过程中,形成不同的政治制度、法律形式、伦理道德、价值观念、人文环境等观念文化。仅以政治类中色词语为例,汉英语言中的词的语义并非是一对一的完全对应的关系。汉语中的干部≠cadre,汉语的“干部”在英语中有多个的语项,可以表示official(官员,行政人员,高级职员),functionary(机关工作人员,官员),adm inistrator (行政官员)等,英语的political cam paign≠汉语的政
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第1期袁良平:跨文化交际与中国特色英语
治运动,在英语中,它指的是英美政府职务的候选人为了树立自己的形象,争取选票而组织的活动,即竞选活动。正如汉语中的“政治”很难译成英语的poli2 tics一样。politician和statesman两个词在汉语中都含有“政治家”的意思,汉语里常把有威望的高级政府官员或管理国家的明智人士称为政治家,英语中的statesman等同了汉语中政治家一词的语义,而politician在美语中有带有贬义色彩,指的是为谋取个人私利而搞政治、耍手腕的“政客,政治骗子”。因此,汉语的“政治”一词很难译成适当的英语,汉语的政工干部≠political cadres,汉语中的政工干部包括党的书记、党办主任、宣传部长、政委、教导员等,仅用英语中的“政治”是很难囊括的。在跨文化交际中,形成的文化断层面,使得某些中色词语的翻译在语义上达不到完全的等值,难以达意传神,翻译中,也只能译出基本的含义。比如一些中国党政、国家机关名称的英译:
全国人民代表大会National People’s C ongress
常务委员会S tanding C omm ittee
中央军事委员会Central M ilitary C omm ission
国务院S tate C ouncil
中国科学院Chinese academy of social sciences
监察部M inistry of Supervision
民政部M inistry of C ivil A ffairs
人事部M inistry of Personnel
财政部M inistry of Finance
国土资源部M inistry of Land and Resources
对外贸易经济合作部M inistry of F oreign T rade and Econom ic C ooperation
水利部M inistry of W ater Resources
农业部M inistry of Agriculture
交通部M inistry of C ommunication
国家工商行政管理局S tate Adm inistration of In2 dustry and C ommerce
国家质量技术监督局S tate Bureau of Quality and T echnical Supervision
国家知识产权局S tate Intellectual Property O ffice
再看政治术语中的标数式特色词的翻译为例。汉民族喜欢用一种简略的方式,把丰富的内容用数字概括为几个字,表达深刻的含义。如:一国两制(one country,tw o systems),两院院士(中国科学院院士和中国工程院院士)Academ icians of the Chinese A2 cademy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineer2 ing.(影视歌)三栖明星(a star of stage,screen and
video)四有新人(well2educated and self2disciplined peo2 ple w ith lofty ideals and m oral integrity)。在标数式特色词的翻译中,由于其字面意义和隐含意义不相同,不能直接按数字来翻译,要充分考虑到语义对等问题,结合意译略作补义的方法可以使译文突出语用功能。比如:中色词语“三角债”一词的翻译。中文的“三”字不代表数量单位,而是作为一个形象比喻,指企业之间循环往复的债权和债务关系,因此,不能译成triangular debts(三角形状的债务),按照对应的语义,应该译成debt chains am ong enterprises(企业之间的连锁债务)。[4]
再如:在翻译中色词语“五讲四美三热爱”时,如果把它译成five talks,four beauties and three loves.会使讲英语的本族人误以为“五个讲话、四个美人、三个情人”目前对这个词语认可的翻译是five stresses, four points of beauty and three aspects of love.并附加了解释性增译,来补全语义。
请看报刊的一个实例:
五讲四美三热爱分别指讲文明,讲礼貌,讲卫生,讲秩序,讲道德;心灵美,语言美,行为美,环境美;爱祖国,爱社会主义,爱中国共产党。
The five stresses,four points of beauty and three as2 pects of love stand respectively for the adv ocating of deco2 rum,manners,hygiene,discipline and m orals;the beauty of the m ind,language,behaviour and the environment; and the love of the m otherland,socialism and the C ommu2 nist Party of China.[5]
观念文化的差异,还可使不同的民族在对同一事物的认识过程中,产生不同的语义联想,从而造成词汇空缺现象。这主要是指原语中某个词语所指称的事物,在译语文化中也存在相对应的指称词,但是不同的观念文化造成不同的联想,使该词语在另一种文化中不存在或被赋予了不同的联想意义。
比如:“松”在英语中喻指坚定,没有长寿的喻义,“鹤”在英语中是一种普通的鸟,中国画家常把鹤与松柏放在一起,构成一副长寿幸福的画面,产生联想意义。用“鹤”这个词来赞美日本姑娘,她会明白是美若天仙的意思,而这个词不能用来描述法国女人,因为在法国,鹤是对妓女的嘲弄词。[6]
再如,汉语和英语中都有“龙”的字眼。汉语言文化中,龙是皇帝的代名词,象征着威严、神圣、高贵。有“龙颜”,“乘龙快婿”,“龙凤呈祥”等褒义表达法。从这种意义上说,“龙”是我国文化的“特产”,是一种文化个性。但“龙”在西方文化中是一种能喷
86浙江树人大学学报2005年
烟吐火的可怕的怪物,圣经中的龙是罪恶的象征。在翻译“望子成龙”这个特色词语时,如果按字面译成long to see one’s son to become a drag on英美人会觉得奇怪,他们可不希望自己的孩子成为没有“地位”的爬行动物“龙”。因此在汉英互译时,如果用drag2 on直译,就会顾此失彼。正如对特色词“四小龙”(香港、新加坡、韩国、中国的台湾省)的翻译中,用替代手法,把“龙”翻译成“虎”the F our T igers.舍弃龙的形象,直译其喻义。下列的译文中的翻译也是以译出其喻义为主的:为头一人,头带武巾,身穿团花线袍,白净面皮,三绺须,真有龙凤之表。(吴敬梓:《儒林外史》)
The leader of the band w ore a m ilitary cap and flow2 ered silk costume.He had a clear com plexion,his beard was fine and he looked every inch a king.
三、地域文化的差异造成的词汇空缺现象
地域是指各民族所处地理位置、自然条件和生态环境等不同所形成的文化差异。中色英语中大量的成语、典故、俚语、俗语、格言、谚语等带有浓烈的汉民族特色和地域色彩。
中国大部分地区处在亚洲内陆,中国人在陆地山区多见“怪物”,英国是岛国,英国人在海上常见“怪鱼”。内陆人把处于困境说成“进退维谷”,换作海上人,恐怕要说成“把船开到礁上去了”。
汉民族受农耕文化的影响,“民以食为天”,人们见面时总是互相问一声“吃了吗?”以表示关心,久而久之成了见面时的客套话和寒暄语,其真正的语用目的并非要问清对方吃过饭没有。因此,如果直译成“Have y ou had y our meal?”在交际中明显失去了其语用意义和应酬功能,英语中“to pass the time of the day w ith each other”意为“to give greeting or to have a short conversation”与原文的“吃了吗?”在语义上是对等的,在语体上也比较接近,从交际功能对等的角度来衡量,译法是准确的,但无法体现出日常交际的民族特色。[7]
谈到地域文化,总会令人想到方言,方言散发着浓厚的乡情气息,体现着地域文化的特色。改革开放以来,特色词语中,方言俗语也不断渗透到普通话中,要译好这些看似难懂的粤、沪方言和从港台流入的词语,首先要明白方言的原有等义词,再通过直译和意译的方式来填补空缺项也不是很难。
比如,粤方言:按揭(指住房抵押代款)(m ortgage
loan),埋单(指结帐)(settle accounts),云尼拿(指香草)(vanilla);港台词:策划(planner),典当(pawn),招标(bid),拍卖(auction);沪方言:热门货(hot2selling g oods),翻船(bankruptcy),解套(to get out of the trou2 ble),摆平(settle a matter),捣糨糊(give the runaround);北方方言:傍大款(find a sugar daddy),大腕儿(big shot),玩主(cynics),贼好(excellent),抠门(stingy)。
四、习俗文化的差异造成的词汇空缺现象
食物、居住方式、生活器皿、风俗习惯的不同,使各语言之间常出现相对的词汇空缺现象。
各民族在衣食住行等方面各有一些对方所没有的东西,如中国人吃的饺子(dum pling),汤团(sweet dum plings made of glutinous rice flour for the Lantern Fes2 tival),西方的热狗(hot dog),奶酪(cheese);中国人的长衫(cheongsam),美国人的牛仔衣(cowboy jacket),中国人的黄袍马褂(yellow jacket)和旗袍(a close2fit2 ting w oman’s dress w ith high neck and slit skirt),英国人的燕尾服(swallow tail)。
有些中色词语在语言转换的过程中,不仅影响着汉语语言的表达方式,还可使词汇产生的联想意义发生转义,即词语在使用过程中,通过联想又赋予该词语一种新义而使其原义消失发生了转义,这种情况也会造成两种语言间的词汇空缺现象。举色彩词语为例:
在中国,红色代表喜庆吉祥,是好运的象征。中国妇女传统的结婚服装是红色,西方妇女传统的结婚服是白色,取其纯洁、美好之意。英语中有a white day(吉日),white lie(善意的谎言),white war(不流血的战争),g o into red指出现赤字,亏损paint it red指把事物夸大。汉语中的“红人”象征成功、受人重视的意思,如果译成a red2haired girl会被英美人误解为“红头发女人”,所以翻译成green w ith envy.爱尔兰人用a white headed boy表示“受宠爱”。如果把“又红又专”翻译成be both red and skillful,颜色词“红”的转译在英语中就成了“暴力和血腥的”意思,所以只能采用意译的方法:both socialist2m inded and professionally qualified.在跨文化的交际中,见红就译成red,见绿就译成green,难免会导致文化冲突,西方人读到中国的白毛女(a white2haired girl),往往只知其然而不知其所以然,难以理解蕴含的“旧社会把人变成鬼,新社会使鬼变成人”的特殊含义。正如英国翻译家
96
第1期袁良平:跨文化交际与中国特色英语
David Hawks在翻译贾宝玉的别号“怡红公子”时,没有直译成Happy Red Boy而是译作G reen Boy(绿色公子),是按照转义来翻译的。green一词在英文中的“富有青春活力、幼稚、缺乏经验”恰到好处地表达了贾宝玉的别号的含义。
再如中色词语“红包”原意指包着钱的红纸包,用于馈赠或奖励,如果取红颜色含义直接译成a red paper envelope containing m oney as a gift,tip,bonus,etc 就没有译出其引申的含义:被人私下索取的钱款或额外报酬,是不能见人的covert payment,under2the2 table cash gift.应该把红包的本质solicit under2the2 table payments翻译出来。[8]
中国人是在中国特有的社会文化中成长、生活的。使用中色英语,可以使汉文化渗透到英语中去,进而使英语在中国“本土化”中得以再生。从汉语意思译成英语后而生成新的英语意思,并且成为英语文化的一部分,目前,许多中色英语在英语国家中使用频率很高,如汉语中的纸老虎直译成paper tiger尽管英美文化中兽中之王是狮子,但没有用paper lion 来替代翻译。这些来自汉语的仿译词有很多。如:丢脸(lose face),燕窝(birds nest),叫花鸡(beggars chicken),豆腐(bean curd),赤脚医生(barefoot doctor),责任制(responsibility system)等,同样,通过音译英语词,汉语也接纳一些英语表达法如sofa沙发、啤酒beer、咖啡coffee、引擎engine、处女作maiden w ork、呼拉圈hula2hoop、脱口秀talk show、连锁反映chain reac2 tion等。
改革开放的今天,科学技术的发展,信息的传播,政治、经济、文化等领域的交流合作,全球的一体化进程,推动各民族文化的趋同进程。许多英语读者对中色英语也并不十分陌生了。喜欢中国文化的西方人不但知道中国的“狗不理包子”(g oubuli baozi)还能接受中国的“针灸学”(acupuncture2m oxibustion therapy),“草药”(Chinese herbal medicines),欣赏中国的“武术”(wushu),看“功夫”(kon fu)电影,在不知不觉中,会谈到“打腰鼓”(play the waist drum)和“扭秧歌”(yang ko),会对中国的“炕”(kang,a heatable brick bed),“牌坊”(mem orial archway),“丝绸”(silk),“官窑”(g overnment2run pottery kiln),“京剧”(Beijing Oper2 a),“太极”(taiji)等特有的文化产生好奇。在跨文化交际中,中色英语如果翻译得当,在表达中国特有事物中会起到独特的作用。
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[12] 陆稼祥.修辞新论选[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2003.
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司,2004.
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China E nglish in I ntercultural Communication
Y UAN Liangping
(Language College o f Zhejiang Shuren Univer sity,Hangzhou,Zhejiang,310015,China)
Abstract:China English is to describe or express unique Chinese ideas and phenomena in Chinese culture based on the comm on core of the English language.In translating from Chinese into English,it is difficult to find English equivalence for the Chinese w ords and ex2 pressions that are characteristic of the s ource language culture.In many cases there is no equivalence at all in the target language and this forms the greatest obstacle in the intercultural communication between the tw o languages.This paper discusses several issues in and possible s olutions to the absence of equivalence in C2E translation.
K ey w ords:China English;absence of equivalence;intercultural communication;translation
(责任编辑 吴土艮) 07浙江树人大学学报2005年
跨文化交际案例 英语专业
Cases 33-36 Case 33 The prblem that Li Li has encountered during her stay in the United States are typical of those that people may face when they enter a new culture. Obviously Li Li has gone through distinct stages in the process her adaptation to the American cultural environment: honeymoon period (Letter 1), when she was fascinated and excited by almost everything in the United States and felt elated to be in the new culture; culture shock (Letter 2), when she was flooded with many problems that she had not been prepared for and became extremely homesick; initial adjustment (Letter 3), when she learned more about American culture and cultural adaptation and began to feel much better; mental isolation (Letter 4), when she felt frustrated and became even hostile towards Americans; and acceptance period (Letter 5), when she began to tralize the positive and negative aspects of the country and have a more balanced perspective about her experiences there. What she means by “I think I have finally arrived in America” in her fifth letter is that she has finally learned
跨文化交际(英文版)
Cross –cultural communication Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social s A social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析.docx
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析 Case 2 (P8) White Dress 女王的白色长裙:Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. 案例分析:印度女人可能觉得婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方的新娘的白色礼服。这个案例反映了明喻和隐喻在文本。 Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why . 文化是 像冰山:我们可以辨认颜色衣服的妇女所穿不同的文化,但我们不知道下面的值。文化是像水鱼游 在: 人们穿不同颜色的衣服为不同的上下文, 但他们通常是理所当然的,从不问为什么。 Case 4 (P18) Coconut-skating 椰子-溜冰:Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We Can tell from the CaSe that CUItUre is PerVaSiVe and it 案例分析Ie 这个e事件反映了文化 的特点。我们可以告诉从案件,文化是普遍的,这是学习。 People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture. 人们可能发明东西 甚至不同的方式为这样简单的问题的地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学习这种方式从她自己的文化的拖地。 Case 7 (P30) Clean UP the Bathroom! 清理浴室!:CaSe analySiS: CUltUral differenCeS deCide the two StUdentS are going to CommUniCate in different wayS. 案例分析:文化差异决定这两个学生要沟通的方式不同。 The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication. This is decided by culture. In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others, so they would not express their ideas directly. However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the OtherS CannOt Understand you.中国学生想要美国学生理解底层的手段，他的话,但是美国学生用来 直接的交流方式。这是由文化决定的。在中国文化中,人们想要挽回面子的两个自己和他人,所以 他们不会直接表达自己的想法。然而,在美国,除非你清楚地表达自己,别人不能直接理解你。 Case 8 (P34) She HaS Three HandS 她有三个指针:ThiS CaSe Can refleCt the different CommUniCation StyleS between ChineSe and CanadianS. In weStern CUltUreS, CommUniCation iS the meanS of tranSmitting ideaS. WeStern PeoPle USUally CommUniCate direCtly with eaCh other. 这种情况下可以反映出不同的沟通方式在中国和加拿大人。在西方文化中,沟通是传播方式的想法。西方的人们通常直接彼此通信。 That is why the Canadian in this Case says what is in his mind direCtly in frOnt Of the Chinese wOman withOut hiding anything. While Chinese Culture stresses harmOny and emphasizes the relatiOnships between the COmmuniCatOrs. Chinese peOple view COmmuniCatiOn as a prOCess where all parties are searChing tO develOp and maintain a sOCial relatiOnship. SO the Chinese wOman in this Case tries nOt tO argue With the Can adia n face to face to keep the “ harm OnioUS relati On Sh这就是为什betwee n them. 么加拿大在这种情况下说什么是在他的脑海里的正前方的中国女人没有隐瞒任何事。虽然中国 文化强调和谐,强调了沟通者之间的关系。中国人民视图通信作为一个过程,各方正在寻求开发和维护一个社会关系。所以中国女人在这种情况下努力不认为与加拿大面对面保持“和谐关系”他们。 Case 12 (P57) Why Don‘ tYou Eat the Pizza? 你为什么不吃比萨饼?: This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. 种情况下可以反映
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案完整版
期末考试范围 ? 1. 阅读理解2篇（20%） ? 2. 选词填空：15个句子（15个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。（15%） ?eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. ? 3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions和case study( 课内或者稍微改动的）。（25%） 4. 实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%） 5. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论 （comment)。（30%） 如: 说给一个关于教育的话题（文化现象），我们要用所学的中 美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。 价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等 篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 A Unit10 B Unit1 A Key concepts reservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的 humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神 Q1、what is a reserved person like? Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen? Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship. Q3、what is sportsmanship? Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while al so showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Case study Q、What made the British feel quite unhappy in this situation?
跨文化交际英语作文
The differences in gifts culture between Chinese and the western Chinese and western have the custom of gifts, gift of east and west have paid great attention, and that it should be reciprocity, back and forth. However, the western culture and eastern culture gifts behavior or have very big difference. If we do not pay attention to these gifts cultural differences, and maybe one day when we and the western friends, we would be in trouble. Living in California town of Chinese children's king Michael reading grade five, he particularly clever, study is also very hard, because this result also is very good. In the school year ended and the result was not announced before, mike parents will give teachers a small gift certificates and a thank you card thanks teacher in a year to mike's help. After a few days, year-end results announced, mike without a surprisingly high class, the result is far far higher than other students. A few of the students with lower scores of parents in heard that mike parents have to the teacher very angry after gifts, they think mike's result was the parents to the teacher bribes paid it. Because China's gift in it is quite common, in order to pay homage to express gratitude, for friendship, want to people, and so on, can choose to give gifts, even civilians and officials, junior and superior, parents and teachers gifts between is normal things. But in the United States to have the public interest relationship between each other between the imagination of gifts to each other is more sensitive. Although mike parents just out of gratitude teacher kindness and give gifts, but the teacher and mike announced results directly related, this time can't really give gifts is the American potential consciousness, if choose announced results in gifts before, then, yeah, it would involve the suspicion of bribery. So, some parents misunderstanding to doubt the result of the hard to avoid is mike. Another example:An American woman living in Wisconsin volunteered to tutor English to a Chinese woman who had moved into the same community. “Before each lesson, and on each and every visit,” the American reported, “the Chinese lady brought me a gift — a book, some paper sculpture, flowers, or candy. It was embarrassing。” Unknowingly, this American was experiencing a vestige of protocol rooted centuries deep in the Chinese culture。 In America, lavish, extravagant gifts are definitely out. An appropriate alternate to a gift is to take the deserving person to dinner, or to an entertainment or sporting event. On the contrary, gift giving is an institution and a revered custom in China. “gift giving is a necessity, not merely a nicety as in the West。” In China the proper gift is thought to express the giver's true friendship, gratitude, and respect far better than words can. Of course, the western culture and eastern culture gifts or have many other behavior very big difference. First is gift ideas for the difference. The Chinese tend to pay attention to the present the essential meaning, namely its practical value, but don't like useless things. For new couples give gifts, the past is often feel, bed sheet, antependium, ZhuSheng for newborns, often sent packing elegant small clothes, are very inexpensive. Chinese New Year holiday even directly red
(完整word版)跨文化交际英文案例
Case 1 Girl-ness As a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students. He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female s tudent asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referred to them as girls. Why?” “Because they are girls. That’s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand the in tent of the question. “ I don’t quite understand your question, I’m afraid.” “In the States, we call ourselves ‘ women’ if we’re old enough to go to the university. Calling us ‘girls’ is insulting.” Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women? Case 2 Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy, they all said,” She is very beautiful.” Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,” Where! Where!” Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!” What did the Chinese intend to mean by replying with “ Where! Where!”? Case 1 Girl-ness As a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students. He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female student asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referred
如何培养英语跨文化交际能力
如何培养英语跨文化交际能力 中宁五中张永宏 摘要：本文通过分析我国英语教学现状，探索英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性，具体分析“跨文化交际能力”的三大组成，思考培养英语跨文化交际能力的具体方法。 关键词：跨文化交际语义文化语用文化 多年来，我国的英语教学主要采用传统的教学方法，即传统的听说法“with its end less and mind-numbing repetitive drills”和古老的以教师为中心的语法—翻译法。教师往往只注重学生语言形式的正确与否或使用是否流畅，而较少注重结合语言使用的场合来培养学生综合运用的能力。学生在这种教学模式下，经过十几年的英语学习，即使是有些成绩很好的学生也不能用所学的英语同外国人进行有效地交流。为了改变这种现状，人们必然对英语教学提出新的要求。而跨文化交际能力的培养却能在一定程度上弥补传统教学的这种缺陷。 首先，何为跨文化交际呢？“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“intercultural communication”或“cross-cultural communication”，它既指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和社会文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质社会及宗教等环境的不同，因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的社会文化、风土人情和语言习惯等诸语境因素，造成人们不同的说话方式或习惯话语。这就可能使交际双方对对方的话语做出不准确地推论，从而产生冲突、误会或交际的故障。 跨文化交际能力就是针对文化冲突提出来的，它是一种在理解、掌握外国文化知识与交际技能的基础上，灵活处理跨文化交际中出现的实际问题的能力。 一、英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性。 1、近年来, 随着改革开放步伐的加快, 对外交往日益频繁, 国与国之间的交流也越来越 广泛, 特别是社会信息化提高, 国际互联网的开通使更多的人足不出户便涉及到跨 文化交际。中国成功地加入WTO后，国际市场对能用英语熟练有效地交际的复合型人才的大量需求给外语教学提出了新的挑战，所以培养跨文化交际能力有其现实意义。 2、培养跨文化交际能力有助于我们要打破以往“就语言教语言”的模式，把交际因素引 进到英语教学中来，在英语教学过程中揭示那些隐伏在语言背后的，易引起误会和冲突的文化因素。掌握语言不只是掌握语法、音位和语义规则，还必须考虑到外国社会文化背景造成的语言之外的规则。 3、培养跨文化交际能力有利于处理好语言和文化的关系。语言和文化是不可分割的，二 者相互依存、相互影响。语言是文化的载体，又是文化的重要组成部分，也是文化的
(完整word版)大学英语跨文化交际教程案例分析双语答案
Case 2: White Dress Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why. 白色的裙子 案例分析:印度女人可能认为婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方新娘白色礼服。案例反映了明喻和隐喻的文本。文化就像一座冰山:我们可以识别妇女所穿的衣服的颜色在不同的文化,但是我们不知道下面的值。文化就像水中的鱼游:人们穿着不同颜色的不同的背景,但他们通常是理所当然,从不问为什么。Case 4: Coconut-skating Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture. Coconut-skating 案例分析:这一事件反映出文化的特点。我们可以告诉从文化无处不在的情况下学习。人们甚至可以创造不同的东西一样简单的问题地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学会了这样的擦自己的文化。 Case 12: Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza? This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation. 你为什么不吃比萨吗? 这种情况下可以反映出跨文化交流中出现的问题,忽略文化差异如何影响沟通。在马来西亚,大多数人都是穆斯林,人们认为左手是仅用于清洗身体,因此它是脏的,不能用来传递食物。任何了解文化差异,美国学生把自己在一个尴尬的局面。 Case 21: A Danish Woman in New Y ork This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with pe ople from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens. 一个丹麦的女人在纽约
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)
Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. 2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas. 3.It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general. The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom. Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected. American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.
跨文化交际英文
C r o s s–c u l t u r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then