自考英语一张敬源主编2012年版笔记

Unit 1 Foreign Language

Learning

A FAMOUS QUOTE

A man who does not know a foreign language is ignorant of his own.

——Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 一个不懂得外语的人，也不会真正了解自己的母语。

——约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

（1749-1832）, German poet, novelist, playwright, statesman and scientist. Goethe is one of the great figures in the history of German literature and best known for his two-part poetic drama Faust, which he started around the age of twenty-three and didn't finish till shortly before his death sixty years later.

约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德享年83岁，德国诗人、剧作家、政治家和科学家。他是德国历史上最伟大的人物之一。他的最著名的上下两部诗剧《浮士德》，从23岁开始创作直至他临终前完成，

耗时近六十年。

Speaking Activity

Starting a Conversation

Sample Dialogue

Read the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers greet and introduce each other. Steve: Hi. I don't think we've met. My name's Steve.

Jenny: Hi, Steve. Nice to meet you. My name's Juanita, but everybody calls me Jenny.

Steve: It's a pleasure to meet you, Jenny.

Jenny: Sorry, what was your name again?

Steve: Steve.

Jenny: So Steve, what do you do for a living?

Steve: I work at the public library. How about you?

Jenny: I'm a university student. Steve: That's great. So, where do you study?

Jenny: Carnegie Mellon University. CMU is a global research university recognized for world-class arts and technology programs. It's the best university in the world for my major.

Steve: Great for you! It was really nice meeting you.

Jenny: Yeah. It was a pleasure meeting you too.

注：卡内基·梅隆大学成立于1990年，位于美国宾州的匹兹堡，是一所研究型的私立大学，也是美国的重点大学之一。

Guided Practice Directions: Greet a person close to you and introduce yourselves to each other. Use your own information. You

may use the following tips to help

you.

Hi, my name's…

Nice to meet you.

What do you do for a living?

I'm a student at…What about you?

I work at…

It was a pleasure meeting you.

Text A

New Words

1、suggestion n. an idea or a plan

you mention for somebody else to

think about 建议，提议

例句：We welcome any comments and

_________________ about these plans.

（suggest, suggestions）

我们欢迎任何关于这些计划的批评和

建议。

【答】suggestions

【解】句意：我们欢迎任何关于这些计

划的批评建议。and连接两个并列的成

分，因此空格处应填入与名词comments

相同的名词形式。答案为suggestions。

2、step n. one of a series of things

that you do in order to achieve

something 步骤；措施

3、foundation n. a principle, an idea

or a fact that something is based on

and that it grows from 基础；根据

4、factor n. one of several things

that cause or influence something

因素；要素

5、immerse v. to make

（somebody/something） completely

involved（in something）（使）深

陷于，沉浸在

例句：She was immersed in her work

to try and forget her problems at

home.

她沉浸在工作中，试图忘记家庭的烦

恼。

6、mean v. to have something as a

result or a likely result 意味着

例句： Language learning means

listening, speaking, reading and

writing.

语言学习意味着听说读写。

7、explanation n. a statement for a

fact that tells you why something

happened 解释；说明；阐述

例句：Right now I cannot give you a

detailed _________________ of why

I'm late. （explain, explanation）

现在我不能给你一个为什么我迟到了

的详细解释。

【答】explanation

【解】名词短语a detailed在句中作

动词give的直接宾语，空格中的词作

形容词detailed修饰的中心词，因此

应填入名词形式。答案为

explaination。

8、enjoyably adv. in a way that gives

pleasure 快乐地；愉快地; 有趣地

例句：She is such a good teacher, and

her lessons are really

_________________ . （enjoyable,

enjoyably）

她是个好老师，她讲课真的是很有趣。

【答】enjoyable

【解】空格中的词位于be动词are的

后面，在句子中作表语成分，副词

enjoyably 不能作表语，形容词

enjoyable（令人愉快的）可以作表语，

符合题意。答案为enjoyable。

9、mostly adv. for the most part 大

多；大部分

10、partly adv.To some extent, not

completely 一定程度上；部分地

例句： I feel _________________

responsible for the problems we're

having.

我觉得我应该为我们现存的问题负部

分责任。

【答】partly

【解】句意：我觉得我应该为我们现有

的问题付部分责任。观察本句成分可

知，空格中填入的词在句子中做状语成

分，同时根据句意，partly 符合题意，

修饰形容词 responsible。答案为

partly。

11、effective adj. producing the

result that is wanted or expected 有

效的

12、vocabulary n. all the words that

a person knows or uses 词汇；词汇

量

13、phrase n. a group of words which

contains an idea and forms part of

a sentence 短语；词组

14、list n. a series of items,

especially when they are written or

printed 目录；清单

例句：We are making a list of the top

ten men we would not want to be

married to.

我们不想嫁给那些在我们列表上排在

前十位的男人。

15、review n. looking again at

something you have read or studied

复习

16、gradually adv. slowly, over a

long period of time 逐渐地；逐步地

17、accurately adv.correctly, truly

准确地；无误地

18、accumulate v. to gradually

increase in number or amount 积累；

积聚

19、responsibility n. a duty to deal

with or take care of

somebody/something with the result

that you may be blamed if something

goes wrong 责任；职责

例句：The minister took

_________________ for the disaster

and resigned. （responsible,

responsibility）

这个部长对这场灾难负责并且引咎辞

职了。

【答】responsibility

【解】空格中的词在句中作动词take

的宾语，因此应该填入一个名词。且

take responsibility for对……负责，

是动词短语固定搭配。答案为

responsibility。

20、content n. the things that are

contained in something 内容

21、fluent adj. able to speak a

language easily and well 流利的；

流畅的

例句：Tom didn't read

_________________ till he was nearly eight. （ fluent, fluently）汤姆直到快八岁了才能流利地阅读。【答】fluently

【解】句意：直到将近8岁的时候，他才能读得流利。注意not till 句的翻译“直到……才”，根据关键词read 可知，fluent 可以搭配修饰，因此空格中应该填入fluent 的副词形式。答案为fluently。

22、relax v. to rest or do something that is enjoyable 放松

例句：When I get home from work, I like to_________________ with a glass of wine. （relax, relaxing）我下班回家后喜欢喝杯葡萄酒放松一下。

【答】relax

【解】本题考查动词like的用法。like to do something或者like something,to后面接动词原形。答案为relax。

23、matter v. to be important or have an important effect on

somebody/something 要紧；有重大影响

例句：As long as you are happy, that's all that matters.

只要你高兴，那就很重要。

24、pace n. the speed at which something happens 速度

25、guarantee n. a firm promise that something will be done or will happen 保证；担保

例句： A famous brand name is not necessarily a _________________ of quality. （guarantee）

一个知名品牌不必然是品质保证。【答】guarantee

【解】句意：一个知名的商标品牌不必然是品质保证。不定冠词a修饰空格中的词，在句中做标语成分。因此空格中应该填入一个能与quality 搭配的名

词形式，guarantee of quality 品质保证。答案为guarantee。Confidence and hard work are the biggest _________________ of success.

自信并努力工作是取得成功的最大保证。

【答】guarantee

【解】the biggest guarantee 最大的保证。本题陈述一般性事实，因此用一般现在时即可。答案为are the biggest guarantee of success。翻译：自信并努力工作是取得成功的最大保证。26、success n. achieving desired results 成功

例句：The _________________ of almost any project depends largely on its manager. （success, successful）

几乎任何项目的成功很大程度上取决

于此项目的经理。

【答】success

【解】定冠词the修饰空格中的词，在句子中做主语成分，因此空格中应该填入名词形式success成功。答案为success。

Phrases and Expressions 1、by far （used with comparative or

superlative adjectives or adverbs）

by a great amount 大大地，得多

2、be immersed in to be completely

involved in something 沉浸于

例句：Busy preparing for the exam,

he _________________ studying. （be

immersed in）

由于忙于准备考试，他完全沉浸在学习

之中。

【答】has been immersed in

【解】busy preparing for the exam 是

现在分词形式作伴随状语，表示与主语

动作同时发生。be immersed in 沉浸

于，是固定搭配。答案为 has been

immersed in studying。翻译：由于忙

于准备考试，他完全沉浸在学习之中。

3、relate to to be connected with

something/somebody 涉及；与……相

关

4、get used to to be familiar with

something because you do it often 习

惯于；适应

例句：Though he was in college for

quite a few months, he

_________________ living campus

away from home. （get used to）

尽管他上大学几个月了，仍不习惯离家

在外的校园生活。

【答】had not got used to

【解】get used to习惯于；适应；从

句中用的是过去时，故而此处也应该用

过去时态；又因为要表述的是：尽管在

大学呆了一段时间，但是还不适应校园

生活。故而此处用否定。其答案为：had

not got used to。

5、focus on to give attention, effort,

etc. to one particular subject,

situation or person 集中（注意力、

精力等）于

6、build up to （cause to） increase

or become larger or greater in

number （使）扩大；增多

例句：He took the part-time job

_________________ experience.

（build up）

为了积累经验,他做这份兼职工作。

【答】to build up

【解】不定式中的to可表目的。积累

经验，即build up experience。答案

为 to build up experience。翻译：

为了积累经验，他做这份兼职工作。

7、run into to meet somebody or

something by chance 偶然遇见，碰到

8、take responsibility for to take

the duty to deal with something or

take care of somebody 对…… 负责

例句：As you have grown up, you

should _________________ your words

and deeds. （take responsibility

for）因为你已经长大成人，你应当对

自己的言行负责。

【答】take responsibility for

【解】as表示原因。take

responsibility for 为……负责，是

固定搭配。情态动词should后面直接

接动词原形。答案为take

responsibility for your words and

deeds。翻译：因为你已经长大成人，

你应当对自己的言行负责。

9、take control to have the ability

to do what you want 控制；掌控；掌

管

10、feel like to have a desire for

something or to want to do something

at a particular moment 想做某事

11、sit back to sit on something,

usually a chair, in a relaxed

position 舒舒服服地坐好

12、make sure to do something in

order to be certain that something

else happen 确保

Text A

Pre-reading Questions

1. Do you find it difficult to learn

a foreign language? What are some of

the difficulties you have?

2. What suggestions have your

teachers or anybody else made about

learning a foreign language?

Learning a Foreign Language

There are many ways to learn a

foreign language well! ①Read the

steps will give you a firm

foundation.

1） Spend time

By far the most important factor is

how much time you are immersed in the

language. ②The more time you spend

on the language, the faster you will

learn. ③This means listening,

reading, writing and speaking. It

does not mean sitting in class

looking out of the window, or

listening to other students who do

not speak well, or expecting

explanations in your own language

about how the language works. ④ It

means spending time enjoyably on

whatever relates to the language you

are learning. ⑤

Wherever you are, listen to the

language on your MP3 player and read

what you are listening to. ⑥Listen

to and read materials that you like,

materials that you can mostly

understand, or even only partly

understand. If you keep listening

and reading, you will get used to the

language. One hour of listening and

reading each day is more effective

than many hours of class time.

3） Focus on words and phrases

Build up your vocabulary. You'll

need lots. Start to notice words and

how they come together as phrases.

Learn these words and phrases

through listening and reading. Read

online, using online dictionaries,

and make your own vocabulary lists

for review. Soon you will run into

your new words and phrases elsewhere.

Gradually you will be able to use

them. Do not worry about how

accurately you speak until you have

accumulated plenty of words through

listening and reading. ⑦

your own

learning

If you do not want to learn the language, you won't. If you do want to learn the language, take control. Choose content that interests you, that you want to listen to and read. Look up the words and phrases that you need in order to understand your listening and reading. Do not wait for someone else to show you the language or tell you what to do.

⑧Discover

you feel like it. Write when you feel like it. A teacher cannot teach you to become fluent, but you can learn to become fluent if you want to. 5） Relax and enjoy yourself

Do not worry about what you cannot remember, or cannot yet understand, or cannot yet say. It does not matter.

⑨You are learning and improving. The language will gradually become clearer, but this will happen at a pace that you cannot control. ⑩So sure you spend enough time with the language. That is the greatest guarantee of success.

Key Sentences

1、There are many ways to learn a foreign language well!

学好外语有许多种方法。

2、By far the most important factor is how much time you are immersed in the language.

最为重要的因素在于你花多少时间浸

泡在外语之中。

3、The more time you spend on the language, the faster you will learn.

你就学得越快。

4、It does not mean sitting in class looking out of the window, or listening to other students who do not speak well, or expecting explanations in your own language about how the language works.

这并不意味着你坐在教室里，看着窗外，或者听那些口语说得不太好的同学说话，也不是期望用自己母语来解释怎么说外语。

5、It means spending time enjoyably on whatever relates to the language you are learning.

而是说要多花时间心情愉悦地学习任

何与所学语言相关的东西。

6、Wherever you are, listen to the language on your MP3 player and read what you are listening to.

无论你在何处，听MP3播放器学外语并且读出你所听到的内容。

7、Do not worry about how accurately you speak until you have accumulated plenty of words through listening and reading.

通过大量的听力和阅读练习，你才能积累词汇量。在此之前，你不必担忧如何准确地表达。

8、Look up the words and phrases that you need in order to understand your listening and reading. Do not wait for someone else to show you the

language or tell you what to do.

在词典中查阅你所需要理解的词或短

语，别等着别人来告诉你如何去做。

9、Do not worry about what you cannot

remember, or cannot yet understand,

or cannot yet say. It does not

matter.

不要担心你记不住或者不明白或者不

能说，没有关系（不要紧）。

10、The language will gradually

become clearer, but this will happen

at a pace that you cannot control.

你的语言学习会逐渐变得清楚明白，但

是这将需要一个过程。学习语言进步的

速度是你无法控制的。

Text A

Exercises

Ⅰ. Checking Your Comprehension

Directions: Choose the best answer

to each question from the

information given in the passage.

1.The author suggests that a foreign

language learner

should_________________.

作者建议外语学习者应当

_________________。

A） observe how other people speak

B） spend more time in class

C） be clear about how the language

works

D） enjoy being involved with the

language

【答】D

【解】本题考查作者对外语学习者的建

议。文章第二段最后一句提到，

spending time enjoyably on whatever

relates to the language your are

learning，即要多花时间心情愉悦地学

习任何与所学语言相关的东西。答案为

D。

2. According to the author, a good

language learner

should_________________.

按照作者的观点，一个好的语言学习者

应当_________________。

A） carry an MP3 player at all times

B） read what he or she is listening

to

C） listen to and read the most

difficult texts possible

D） stay away from teachers and class

time

【答】B

【解】本题考查一个好的语言学习者的

做法。文章第三段首句提到， listen to

language on your MP3 player and read

what you are listening，即听你的MP3

播放器里的外语音频，然后read 你听

到的内容。答案为B。

3. Learning a foreign language well

involves_________________.

学好外语包括_________________。

A） building up one's vocabulary

B） making one's own dictionary

C） avoiding new words and phrases

D） stressing accuracy rather than

fluency

【答】A

【解】本题考查课文对学好英语的建

议。课文中the third step 首句提

到,build up your vocabulary,即扩充

你的词汇量。答案为A。

4. If you want to learn a language

well, you should_________________.

如果你要学好外语，你应该

_________________。

A） learn the language like a child

B） depend mostly on your teacher

C） be responsible for your own

learning

D） ask someone to tell you what to

do

【答】C

【解】通过浏览各个选项可知，C项在

课文第五段中被提及，即take

responsibility for your own

learning,即对你自己的学习负责。答

案为C。

5. The author believes that the

greatest guarantee of success

is_________________.

作者认为成功的最大保证是

_________________。

A） to relax and enjoy yourself

B） to forget what you cannot

remember

C） to have a leisurely pace

D） to spend enough time with the

language

【答】D

【解】通过关键词greatest guarantee

of success可以定位到文章最后一段的

最后一句，this指代前一句的内容，即

spend enough time with the language

is the greatest guarantee of

success。答案为D。

Ⅱ. Building Your Vocabulary 词汇

学习

Section A

Directions: Complete each of the

following sentences with the

correct choice of the words given in

the brackets.

1. We welcome any comments and

_________________ about these plans.

（suggest, suggestions）

【答】suggestions

【解】句意：我们欢迎任何关于这些计

划的批评建议。and连接两个并列的成

分，因此空格处应填入与名词comments

相同的名词形式。答案为suggestions。

2. Right now I cannot give you a

detailed _________________ of why

I'm late. （explain, explanation）

【答】explanation

【解】名词短语a detailed在句中作

动词give的直接宾语，空格中的词作

形容词detailed修饰的中心词，因此

应填入名词形式。答案为

explaination。

3. The minister took

_________________ for the disaster

and resigned. （responsible,

responsibility）

【答】responsibility

【解】空格中的词在句中作动词take

的宾语，因此应该填入一个名词。且

take responsibility for对……负责，

是动词短语固定搭配。答案为

responsibility。

4. When I get home from work, I like to _________________ with a glass of wine. （relax, relaxing）

【答】relax

【解】本题考查动词like的用法。like to do something或者like something,to后面接动词原形。答案为relax。

5. The _________________ of almost any project depends largely on its manager. （success, successful）【答】success

【解】定冠词the修饰空格中的词，在句子中做主语成分，因此空格中应该填入名词形式success成功。答案为success。

6. She is such a good teacher, and her lessons are really

_________________. （enjoyable, enjoyably）

【答】enjoyable

【解】空格中的词位于be动词are的后面，在句子中作表语成分，副词enjoyably 不能作表语，形容词enjoyable（令人愉快的）可以作表语，符合题意。答案为enjoyable。Section B

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.

③list ⑤partly ①matter s

⑥involve s

②fluent ly ④guarantee accumulate factor

1. As long as you are happy, that‘s all that _________________.

【答】matter s

【解】句意：只要你高兴，那就很重要。as long as 表示条件，意思是“只要”，引导条件状语从句。all that相当于what，即that is what matters，语法结构是that is＋宾语从句。答案为matters。

2. Tom didn't read

_________________ till he was nearly eight.

【答】fluent ly

【解】句意：直到将近8岁的时候，他才能读得流利。注意not till 句的翻译“直到……才”，根据关键词read 可知，fluent 可以搭配修饰，因此空格中应该填入fluent 的副词形式。答案为fluently。

3. We are making a _________________ of the top ten men we would not want to be married to.

【答】list

【解】句意：我们不想嫁给那些在我们列表上排在前十位的男人。make a list 列表、列个清单，是固定搭配。答案为list。

4. A famous brand name is not necessarily a _________________ of quality.

【答】guarantee

【解】句意：一个知名的商标品牌不必然是品质保证。不定冠词a修饰空格中的词，在句中做标语成分。因此空格中应该填入一个能与quality 搭配的名

词形式，guarantee of quality 品质保证。答案为guarantee。5. I feel _________________

responsible for the problems we're

having.

【答】partly

【解】句意：我觉得我应该为我们现有

的问题付部分责任。观察本句成分可

知，空格中填入的词在句子中做状语成

分，同时根据句意，partly 符合题意，

修饰形容词 responsible。答案为

partly。

6. Any investment _________________

an element of risk.

【答】involve s

【解】句意：任何投资都包含风险的成

分。空格中填入的词在句中作谓语，因

此应该填入一个动词。且根据主语

investment 与宾语 risk 的逻辑关系

可知，投资也是包含风险的。答案为

involves。

Section C

Directions: Complete each of the

following sentences with a suitable

word.

1. She was immersed

_________________ her work to try

and forget her problems at home.

她沉浸在工作中，试图忘记家庭的烦

恼。

【答】in

【解】她沉浸于她的工作，试图忘记家

庭的烦恼。be immersed in是固定搭配，

意思是沉浸于。答案为in。

2. I found the job tiring at first,

but I soon got used

_________________ it.

开始我发现这份工作很无趣，但不久我

就适应了工作。

【答】to

【解】我发现这份工作开始很无聊，但

是很快我就适应了。get used to是固

定搭配，意思是习惯于；适应于。答案

为to。

3. All eyes were focused

_________________ the young actress

who was sitting at the table next to

us.

所有的眼睛都集中到了一位坐在我们

旁边桌子上的年轻女演员身上。

【答】on

【解】句意：所有的眼睛都集中于这位

年轻的表演者身上，她坐在我们旁边的

桌子边上。focus on 是固定搭配，意

思是集中（注意力、精力）于。答案为

on。

4. All the pressure built

_________________ and he was off

work for weeks with stress.

所有的压力增大，他因此几个星期没上

班。

【答】up

【解】句意：各方面的压力越来越大，

他因负荷太重有好几个星期没来上班。

build up是固定搭配，意思是（使扩大）、

增多。答案为up。

5. I ran _________________ an old

friend on the street yesterday.

昨天在街上我碰到了一位老朋友。

【答】into

【解】句意：昨天我在街上偶然遇到一

位老朋友。run into是固定搭配，意思

是偶然遇见，碰到。答案为into。

6. When we took control

_________________ the company, it

was losing money.

我们掌控这个公司时，它正处于亏损

中。

【答】of

【解】句意：当我们掌管这个公司的时

候，它正在亏本中。take control

Ⅲ. Bridging the Gap

Directions:Fill in the blanks with

a word or a phrase that best

completes the passage. You may

choose a suitable one from the list

given.

⑥、look for ⑧、funny ③、start ed

⑩、because

⑤、success ①、learning ⑦、A ctually

②、discourage s⑨、speak ④、without

"You need to start early, or as a kid

in order to be fluent in English （or

any other language）!"This is one of

the biggest myths about 1 a new

language. What is really sad about

this belief is that it actually 2

people from trying. If you are 18 or

30 or 65 and you truly believe you

should have 3 when you were younger,

then either you will not try （since

you will think you are too old）, or

you will try 4 believing in it. When

we do something without believing in

it, guess what? Yes, we usually fail,

since motivation is a big factor in

5 .

【答】1.learning 2.discourages

3.started

4.without

5. success

【解】1.首先根据空格后面的关健词

language 确定空格中应填入的动词为

learn。about作为介词时，后面直接名

词或是动名词，因此词learn应该转化

为动名词形式learning。答案为

learning。

2.根据前面的关键词sad及句意可知，

此处空格应该填入一个表示消极意思

的动词，且discourage somebody from

doing 不鼓励某人做某事，是固定搭

配。根据主语是第三人称单数it，确定

动词后面要加s。答案为discourages。

3.根据空格前面的年龄18/30/65以及

后面的younger可以确定，动词start

符合题意。同时根据空格前面的have

可知，应该填入start 的完成时态。答

案为started。

4.or连接前后两个成分表示选择关系，

根据前面的truly believe，可知后面

应该是 believe的否定形式，因此

believing前面的空格应该填入表示否

定的词。答案为without。

5.since在句中表示原因，解释前面的

usually fail。因为motivation在成

功中很重要。那么如果失败，就是因为

没有motivation。答案为success。

It is only natural to 6 reasons that

can explain our difficulties in

doing something. However, you are

never too old to exercise, travel,

learn anything or…learn a new

language. 7 , all these activities

help you live longer, enjoy your

retirement, keep your brain working

and maintain your language skills.

【答】6. look for 7. Actually

【解】6.根据空格后面的reasons以及explain的逻辑关系可知，是要寻找答案来explain一些事情中的难题。答案为look for。

7.空格前面一句讲述了人们不会因为

太老而不能做某些事情，空格后面则讲述了人们通过做上述那些事情可以获

得很多益处。根据空格前后的逻弃关系是后面解释说明前面，因此actually

事实上，符合题意。答案为Actually。What is 8 is that I always hear this belief from people who do NOT speak any foreign language! Meanwhile, of course, people who do, 9 several languages do not bother mentioning it. Why? Quite simply , let's face it, 10 most, people who learn a new language do so as adults. That's when you need to!

【答】8. funny 9. speak 10. because 【解】 8.根据空格后面的句意，有趣的是，我总能从那些根本不说外语的人那里听到这个观点。funny滑稽的、有趣的，符合题意。答案为funny。

9.meanwhile 是与此同时，含有递进的意思。speak 是与language 搭配的固定动词，且do加动词原形表示强调的意思。答案为speak。

10.根据空格前面的why可知，后面是对前面讲述的内容进行解释， because 表原因，符合题意。答案为because。Ⅳ. Translation

Section A

Directions:Translate the following sentences into English, using the words of phrases in the brackets.

1. Busy preparing for the exam, he _______________ （完全沉浸在学习中）.（ be immersed in）

【答】has been immersed in studying 【解】busy preparing for the exam 是现在分词形式作伴随状语，表示与主语动作同时发生。be immersed in 沉浸于，是固定搭配。答案为 has been immersed in studying。翻译：由于忙于准备考试，他完全沉浸在学习之中。

2. Though he was in college for quite

a few months,

he_______________________（不习惯离家在外的校园生活）.（get used to）【答】had not got used to living campus away from home.

【解】根据前半句的was判断，后句也应该用过去完成时。get used to 习惯于，是固定动词短语搭配。答案为had not got used to living campus away from home。翻译：尽管他上大学几个月了，仍不习惯离家在外的校园生活。

3. He took the part-time job

___________________（为了积累经验）.（build up）

【答】to build up experience. 【解】不定式中的to可表目的。积累经验，即build up experience。答案为 to build up experience。翻译：为了积累经验，他做这份兼职工作。4. As you have grown up, you should ____________ （对自己的言行负责）.（take responsibility for）

【答】take responsibility for your words and deeds. 【解】as表示原因。take

responsibility for 为……负责，是

固定搭配。情态动词should后面直接

接动词原形。答案为take

responsibility for your words and

deeds。翻译：因为你已经长大成人，

你应当对自己的言行负责。

5. Confidence and hard work

__________________（是取得成功的最

大保证）.（guarantee）

【答】are the biggest guarantee of

success

【解】the biggest guarantee 最大的

保证。本题陈述一般性事实，因此用一

般现在时即可。答案为are the biggest

guarantee of success。翻译：自信并

努力工作是取得成功的最大保证。

Section B

Directions: Translate the following

paragraph into Chinese.

Languages are meant to be spoken. So,

in order to learn effectively, you

should try to speak with someone

face to face. Speaking will greatly

increase your confidence. Of course,

speaking with a native speaker is

best. However, most learners do not

live in English-speaking countries,

and so are unlikely to be able to

benefit from practising with native

speakers. On the other hand, you can

make very considerable progress by

speaking to fellow learners. Don't

be embarrassed because both of you

are Chinese. Practise ten minutes

every day . After a few weeks, you

will begin to notice a difference.

Speaking with others is the best way

to ensure that you can really make

yourself understood. It is also a

good way of identifying the words

and phrases that you will need in

daily life.

【答】语言就是要利用它来说话的。所

以为了高效地学习语言，你应该尝试着

跟别人面对面地谈话。口头表达能增强

你的自信心。当然，最好是和讲本地语

言的人说话，才能强化这门语言。然而，

大多数英语语言学习者并不生活在英

语国家，所以，不大可跟讲英语为母语

的人练习对话并从中获益。另一方面，

你可以通过和一起学习英语的人们对

话来获得很大进步。不要因为你们都是

中国人而感到尴尬。每天练习十分钟。

几个星期以后，你就会开始发现变化。

和他人讲话是最好的方法来确保别人

能理解你的表达，也是强化你日常所需

要的词汇和短语的好方法。

Ⅴ. Organizing Your Ideas

Directions: Put the following

sentences in the proper order so

that they make a complete paragraph.

1. The mother cat looked up and said,

"Bow wow wow wow!!! "

2. When the dog ran away, the mother

cat said to her kittens,

3. A mother cat was resting with her

kittens in a garden.

4. At this moment, a vicious dog

approached menacingly.

5. "See, children, there is always

an advantage in learning a second

language."

【答】排列句子顺序： 3 — 4 — 1—

2 — 5

【解题思路】做句子排序题首先要通读

各项，掌握短文的大意。然后要找出每

一部分的关键词来确定句子先后顺序。

第3句中交代了短文的关键信息：对象

mother cat、kittens；地点in the

garden,因此作为首句。最后根据每一

句中的关键词 at this moment,looked

up,run away 等确定各部分顺序。

Ⅵ. Reflecting on the Text

思考：学习外语是否应该像儿童学习

自己的母语？

Almost all Chinese students have

studied English for quite a few

years but most of them cannot speak

it correctly or fluently. Some

people claim that the best way to

learn a foreign language is to learn

it as a child learns his mother

tongue. Do you agree or disagree

with this opinion? What are the

differences between learning a

foreign language and learning one's

mother tongue? Give reasons and

examples to support your answer.

【解题思路】本作文的主题是“学习外

语是否应该像儿童学习自己的母语”，

可以分为三部分来写，下面以统一这种

观点列出写作提纲。

1.明确自己的观点（agree）。

2.列出自己“统一”的原因。

（1）接触新事物，环境很重要

（environment）.

（2）勤加练习，善于学习（exercise and

study）.

（3）每天进步一点点，就像孩子的成

长一样（make progress every day）。

3.总结自己的观点。

Text B

New Words

1、comparison n. the process of

comparing two or more people or

things 比较

2、tense n. any of the forms of a verb

that may be used to show the time of

the action or state expressed by the

verb 时态

3、preposition n. a word or a group

of words, such as in, from, to, out,

of, etc., used before a noun or

pronoun to show place, position,

time or method 介词

4、normally https://www.360docs.net/doc/369993078.html,ually, in normal

circumstances 通常；在正常情况下

5、precise adj. exact and accurate

in detail or description 确切的；

准确的

6、creative adj.having the skill or

ability to produce something new 有

创造力的

7、enhance v.to improve the quality,

amount or strength of （something）

提高；增强；改进

8、completely adv. totally, in every

way possible 彻底地；完全地

9、exclude v. to prevent somebody/

something from entering a place or

taking part in something 把…排斥在外

10、shun v. to determinedly avoid （somebody/something）; to refuse to accept （somebody/ something）避开；回避；避免

11、relegate v. to put （something/ somebody） into a lower or less important rank or position 降级；降低…的地位

12、cheesy adj. cheap or of low quality 劣质的；庸俗的

13、receptive adj. willing to listen to and accept new ideas and suggestions 乐于接受的

14、frustrating adj. causing you to feel annoyed or impatient because you cannot do or achieve what you want 令人懊恼的；令人沮丧的

15、medium n. a method or way of expressing something 媒介；手段；方法

16、profoundly adv. in a way that has

a very great effect on

somebody/something 极大地，深刻地17、melodic adj. pleasant to listen to, like music 悦耳的；优美动听的18、grateful adj. showing or expressing thanks, especially to another person 感谢的；感激的

19、stubbornly adv determinedly, strongly refused to change 固执地；顽固地

20、ignore v. to intentionally not listen or give attention to 忽视；对…不予理会

21、community n. the people living in one particular area or people who are considered as a unit because of their common interests, background or nationality 社区；群体

22、majority n. the largest part of

a group of people or things 大多数

23、tongue n. a language 语言

24、isolated adj. without much contact with other people or other countries 孤独的；孤立的

25、realize v. to understand or become aware of a particular fact or situation 理解；意识到

26、immediately adv. without delay; at once 立刻；立即

27、translate v. to change （words）into a different language 翻译28、immediate adj. happening or done without delay 立即的

29、credibility n. the quality that somebody / something has that makes people believe or trust them 可信性；可靠性

30、plain adv. completely, absolutely ＋足地；绝对地

31、corny adj. lacking new ideas and sincerity; too often repeated and therefore not amusing or interesting 陈词滥调的；陈旧的；老生常谈的

32、pick-up n. talking to somebody in a friendly way in the hope of having a casual relationship with them 调情33、tastefully adv. attractively,

elegantly, in good taste 高雅地；

有品位地；雅致地

34、undeniably adv. truly, certainly,

in a way that cannot be denied 无

可辩驳地；不可否认地

35、refinement n. the quality of

being polite and educated and able

to judge the quality of things 优

雅；有礼貌；有教养

36、coed n. a female student in a

college with male and female

students （男女同校的）女生

Phrases and Expressions

make sense to have a meaning that you

can easily understand 有道理；有意

义

hear … out to listen until somebody

has finished saying what they want

to say 听某人把话说完

measuring stick criterion used to

measure something 量尺；标准

take… for granted to believe

something is true without even

thinking about 认为……是理所当然

的

get the most out of to gain or obtain

the best out of, make the best use

of 获益最多；充分利用

exclude……from to prevent somebody

or something from taking part in

something 把……排斥在外

make an effort to make an attempt to

do something, especially when it is

difficult 尽力；努力

be struck by to be impressed or

interested by somebody/something,

to like somebody/ something very

much 被……打动；迷恋某人（某物）

sell oneself short to put too low a

value on oneself and what one does

低估，轻视，小瞧（自己）

set……apa rt to make

somebody/something different from

or better than others 使与众不同：

使突出

be dying to do…… to be eager to do

something, want to do something very

much 渴望；极想

Text B

Pre-reading Questions

1.Are you interested in English? Why

do you think English has become the

international language of the

modern world?

2.What reasons do you expect the

author to give for learning a

foreign language?

Five Good Reasons to Learn a Foreign

Language

Still don't understand learning a

foreign language is a good idea?

Read the following and you will get

the idea!

1.Improve your native language

I know this might not make sense at

first but hear me out. ? As

who speaks only one language, you

have no basis for comparison; all

you know is your native language. In

different languages the same idea is

often expressed in different ways.

Knowing another language gives you

a great measuring stick. It will

help you better understand tenses,

prepositions and all the other parts

of speech we normally take for

granted. ? You will find yourself

and creative sentences. There is a

reason why most great writers and

poets are students of many languages.

?

your experience of travel

Traveling is one of the great joys

of life and also one of the most

expensive. Why not get the most out

of it? If you don't know the language

of the places you visit, you are

completely excluded from the

culture. ? The locals shun you and

you are relegated to sightseeing and

taking cheesy photos. ? Knowing

will make a huge difference. You

will meet many more people and find

it much easier to get around. People

are much more receptive if you make

an effort to speak their language.

? This can turn a frustrating

experience into the trip of a

lifetime.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/369993078.html,nguages are beautiful

Language is what makes us human. It

is the medium we use to share our

thoughts with the rest of the world.

Can you imagine thought without

language? Great language also has a

wonderful musical quality. Learning

a new language is like learning a new

way to think and a new way to sing.

I am often struck by new phrases that

are profoundly meaningful and

melodic. ? At those moments I feel

grateful to be alive. Don't sell

yourself short by stubbornly

ignoring every language but one. ?

4.Join the global community

Believe it or not, the majority of

the world does not speak our mother

tongue. We are so isolated that we

hardly realize this. ? The truth is

that new thoughts and ideas are

appearing everywhere and they are

not being immediately translated.

? The world is getting smaller and

we are coming into contact with more

non-Chinese speakers all the time.

Gain an advantage for yourself in

business and personal relationships

by being able to communicate with

people in their lang uage. ⑴ This

will set you apart and gain you

immediate respect and credibility.

Last, but not least:

5.It's just plain cool

I'm not saying you should learn a few

corny French pick-up lines and go

saying them to everyone you meet,

but knowing a foreign tongue and

applying it tastefully is

undeniably attractive.⑵It implies

education, good taste and

refinement, and it will certainly

make you stand out against the competition. ⑶ Imagine saying a pronunciation to a lovely coed. You will immediately have her attention; she will be dying to know what it means. I know this from experience.

Key Sentences

1.I know this might not make sense at first but hear me out.

我知道最初这话听起来似乎没有道理,

但是请让我把话说完.

2.It will help you better understand tenses, prepositions and all the other parts of speech we normally take for granted.

它将帮助你更好地理解时态、介词以及我们习以为常的其他部分。

3.There is a reason why most great writers and poets are students of many languages.

这就是为什么大多数伟大的作家和诗

人都学过几门语言。

4.If you don't know the language of the places you visit, you are completely excluded from the culture.

如果你不懂你所访问之处的语言，就完全被当地文化排除在外。

5.The locals shun you and you are relegated to sightseeing and taking cheesy photos.

当地人不搭理你，你只能观光游览，拍一些俗气的照片。

6.People are much more receptive if you make an effort to speak their language.

如果你尽量努力学说他们的语言，人们会更加乐于接受你。

7.I am often struck by new phrases that are profoundly meaningful and melodic.

一些意义深远、音调优美动听的短语常常使我印象深刻。

8.Don't sell yourself short by stubbornly ignoring every language but one.

不要由于顽固地忽视任何一门语言低

估自己。

9.We are so isolated that we hardly realize this.

我们如此孤立，几乎没有意识到这一点。

10.The truth is that new thoughts and ideas are appearing everywhere and they are not being immediately translated.

事实上，新思想和新观念正在世界各地出现，并且它们不会立即被翻译。

11.Gain an advantage for yourself in business and personal relationships by being able to communicate with people in their language.

能用别人的语言与他们交流，这对你的事业和人际关系都是优势。

12.I'm not saying you should learn

a few corny French pick-up lines and go saying them to everyone you meet, but knowing a foreign tongue and applying it tastefully is undeniably attractive. 我并不是说你应该学习一些老掉牙的

法语搭讪语，并且对每个你遇到的人说

这些语言，但是了解外语且运用自如无

疑是有吸引力的。

13.It implies education, good taste

and refinement, and it will

certainly make you stand out against

the competition.

这意味着你有学识、有品位、有教养，

这无疑会使你在竞争中脱颖而出。

Notes

1. A pick-up line is a conversation

opener with the intent of engaging

an unfamiliar person for sex,

romance, or dating. Overt and

sometimes humorous displays of

romantic interest, pick-up line are

often used as ''ice-breakers" when

meeting a person for the first time,

as they tend to be casual and

open-ended, offering the

opportunity for romantic remarks

and jokes.

Exercises

Ⅰ checking your comprehension

Section A

Direction: Read the following

statements and mark Y （for Yes） if

the statement agrees with the

information given in the text; N

（for No） if the statement

contradicts the information given

in the text; NG （for Not Given） if

the information is not given in the

text.

（）1. Learning a foreign

language can help you understand

your mother tongue better.

【答】Y

【解】句意：学习一门外语能帮助你更

好地理解你的母语。课文第二段提到，

学习外语能够improve your native

language，更好地理解时态、介词等。

答案为Y。

（）2. Most great writers and

poets know more than one language.

【答】Y

【解】句意：很多作家以及诗人都不只

会一门语言。根据关键词writers and

poets定位到第二段最后一句，即这就

是为什么很多伟大的作家和诗人都曾

学习多门语言。答案为Y。

（）3. Knowing only a few words

and phrases of a foreign language is

of little help.

【答】N

【解】句意：知道几个外语单词和词组

没有多大帮助。课文第三段第五句中提

到， knowing even a few phrases will

make a huge difference，即学会一些

外语句子就会有很大不同，比如可能会

遇到很多人，更容易融入当地生活等。

答案为N。

（）4. Knowing a foreign language

can enhance your experience of

travel.

【答】Y

【解】句意：懂得一门外语能够改善你

的旅行体验。课文标题2中涉及如下观

点： enhance your experience of

travel 改善你的旅行体验，因此本题

说法正确。答案为Y。

（）5. Language is the only medium

for us to express our thoughts.

【答】N

【解】句意：语言是我们表达自己思想

的唯一媒介。课文第四段中提到，语言

是我们同世界交流自己思想的媒介，但

是在现实生活中我们还可以通过手势、

表情等来表达我们的思想。因此本题说

法错误。答案为N。

（）6. A foreign language is the

most important factor in business

and personal relationships.

【答】NG

【解】句意：外语是事业和人际关系中

最重要的因素。课文第五段倒数两句话

说明，能够和他人用他们的语言交流，

对事业和人际关系来说都是一大优势。

但是并没有提到是不是最重要的因素。

答案为NG。

Section B

Directions: Complete the following

sentences with the information

given in the text.

1. Speakers of different languages

often express the same idea

____________.

说不同语言的人常常以不同方式表达

相同的概念。

【答】in different ways

【解】课文第二段第三句提到，in

different languages the same idea is

often expressed in different ways，

即同一个概念在不同的语言中有不同

的表达方法。答案为in different

ways。

2. If you don't know the local

language, you will be excluded

from_____________.

如果你不懂当地人的语言，就会被当地

文化排斥在外。

【答】the culture

【解】通过关键词exclude from定位

到文章第三段第三句，if you don't

know the language of the places you

visit, you are excluded from the

culture，即如果你不懂你旅行目的地

的语言，你会被当地文化排斥在外。答

案为the culture。

3. The author believes that learning

a new language is like

learning___________.

作者认为，学习一门新的语言就像学习

一种新的思维方式以及歌唱方式一样。

【答】a new way to think and a new

way to sing

【解】本题考查学生学习一门新语言可

以与学习____________相像。课文第四

段第五句提到，Learning a new

language is like learning a new way

to think and a new way to sing，即

学习一门新语言，就如同学习一种全新

的思维方式以及歌唱方式一样。答案为

a new way to think and a new way to

sing。

4.__________ is what makes us

different from the animals.

语言是区分人类与动物的一大特征。

【答】Language

【解】课文第四段首句提到，Language

is what makes us human，即语言是区

分人类和动物的一大特征。答案为

Language。

5. Knowing a foreign language will set you apart and gain you

__________.

学会一门外语使你与众不同，立刻赢得尊重和信誉。

【答】immediate respect and credibility

【解】通过关键词set apart定位到课文第五段最后一句，this will set you apart and gain you immediate respect and credibility, this 指代前文中的communicate with people in their language。答案为immediate respect and credibility。

6. Speaking a foreign language beautifully can make you

___________.

优雅地说一门外语，可以使你有吸引力。

【答】attractive

【解】最后一段提到，…knowing a foreign tongue and applying it tastefully is undeniably attractive，后面是对attractive 的具体举例。答案为attractive。

Ⅱ Building Your Vocabulary

Section A

Directions: Complete each of the following sentences with the correct choice of the words given in the brackets.

1. The theory seems to have no

__________ in facts.（base, basis）【答】basis

【解】句意：这项理论似乎没有事实根据。空格中的词在句子中作动词have 的宾语，因此应该填入一个名词。base 和basis 都可以作名词用，但是basis 作名词时可以用作抽象意义，即基础原则等；base多用于具体意义，根据theory可知，basis符合题意。答案为basis。

2. It is difficult to make a

__________ with her previous book—they are completely different. （compare, comparison）

【答】comparison

【解】不定冠词a修饰空格中的词，因此应该填入名词形式。且make a comparison进行比较，是固定搭配。答案为comparison。

3. There are other restaurants where you can eat less__________.（expensive, expensively）

【答】expensively

【解】句意：你可以在其他不那么贵的饭店吃东西。less是little的比较级，修饰形容词或副词。空格处所填词修饰动词eat，因此应用副词形式的expensively，意为昂贵地、高价地，

答案为expensively。

4. He wrote the ___________ but I don't know who wrote the words.（music, musical）

【答】music

【解】定冠词the修饰空格中的词，在句子中作动词wrote的宾语，因此空格中应该填入名词形式的music。而musical可以作形容词，作名词时，意

思是音乐剧/片。答案为music。5. She was open-minded and always

________ to new ideas.（reception,

receptive）

【答】receptive

【解】and连接两个并列的成分，即形

容词open-minded和空格中的词，因此

空格中应该填入形容词receptive，意

思是善于接受的。答案为receptive。

6. Newspapers were talking of a

___________ gap between what he said

and what he did. （credible,

credibility）

【答】credible

【解】空格中的词与前面的不定冠词a

以及后面的名词gap构成名词短语，在

句中作动词talking of 的宾语，因此

空格中应该填入形容词credible，意思

是可靠的。答案为credible。

Section B

Directions: Fill in the blanks with

the words given below. Change the

form where necessary.

②precise ⑥ frustrate ③stubborn

④creative

major refine ⑤isola tion ①realize d

___________that something was

wrong.

【答】realized

【解】句意：一看到他，我就认识到事

情出了差错。空格中的词在句子中作谓

语成分，因此应该填入一个动词，然后

根据句子主语与宾语的逻辑关系可知，

realize认识到，符合题意。答案为

realized。

2. Let's not trouble ourselves about

the ______ details at the moment.

【答】precise

【解】空格中的词修饰后面的名词

details，并与前面的定冠词the构成

名词短语，作介词about 的宾语，因此

空格中应该填入一个形容词。precise

意为叙述清楚而准确的，符合题意。答

案为precise。

3. Like many __________ individuals,

she can be very bad-tempered.

【答】stubborn

【解】句意：像许多固执的人一样，她

的脾气很坏。空格中的词在句子中修饰

后面的名词individuals，同时根据后

面bad-tempered可以推断出，前面应

该填入的是形容词stubborn 固执的。

答案为stubborn。

4. He is a __________ character,

used to getting his own way.

【答】creative

【解】used to getting his own way

习惯自己随心所欲，与别人不同，因此

前面应该填入一个表示如此意思的形

容词，修饰名词character。 creative

意为具有创造性的，符合题意。答案为

creative。

5. After all the visitor had left,

she experienced a feeling of

complete____________.

【答】isolation

【解】句意：所有的游客离开之后，她

体验到了孤独的感觉。根据前半句提到

的所有游客都离开可知，此处空格应该

填入一个表达孤独意思的词。空格处应

填入被complete修饰的名词，

isolation意为隔离、孤独，符合题意。

答案为isolation。

6. Michael felt ____________ and

depressed after his marriage ended

in divorce.

【答】frustrated

【解】Michael 离婚之后感到挫败和沮

丧。and连接前后两个并列的词，同时

根据后面的depressed可知，前面应该

填入与depressed同为消极意思的词。

frustrated挫败的，符合题意。答案为

frustrated。

Section C

Directions: Complete each of the

following sentences with a suitable

word.

1. Researchers are trying to relate

low exam results ___________ large

class sizes.

【答】to

【解】句意：研究人员尝试把考试成绩

差（的原因）与班级规模大联系起来。

relate.., to...意为把……和……联

系起来，是固定搭配。答案为to。

2. Many of us ___________ having an

endless supply of clean water for

granted.

【答】take

【解】句意：我们中的许多人想当然的

认为纯净水的供应无穷无尽而不予以

珍惜。take...for granted认为……理

所当然，是固定搭配。答案为take。

3. This article will show you how to

get a job, keep it and make the most

___________ of it.

【答】out

【解】句意：这篇文章告诉我们怎样找

工作，好好保存并充分利用它。make the

most out of是固定短语，充分利用。

答案为out。

4. Tom has been excluded

__________school for his bad

behavior.

【答】from

【解】句意：汤姆因为他的不良行为而

被学校拒绝接纳。exclude... from...

是固定搭配，把……排除在……外。答

案为from。

5. In one year she turned from a

problem child ___________a model

student.

【答】into

【解】句意：她在一年中由一个问题儿

童变成一个模范学生。turn into（使）

成为，（使）变为，转变为，是固定搭

配。答案为into。

6. She came into contact

___________many important people

during her stay in that city.

【答】with

【解】句意：她在那城市逗留期间，接

触了许多要人。contact with是固定搭

配，与……联系。答案为with。

Ⅲ Translation

Section A

Directions: Translate the following

sentences into English, using the

words or phrases in the brackets.

The rain didn't

_____________________（对比赛没有

多大影响）. （make difference）

【答】make any difference to the match

【解】make difference 关系重大，是固定搭配，后面接宾语的时候用of 连接。答案为make any difference to the match 。翻译：这场雨对比赛没有多大影响。

2. The local clubs

are__________________（正尽一切努力来吸引更多的年轻人） . （make effort ）

【答】making all the efforts to attract more young people

【解】make efforts to do something 尽力做某事，是固定搭配。make all the efforts 尽全力吸引更多的年轻人，即attract more young people 。答案为making all the efforts to attract more young people 。翻译：当地的俱乐部正尽一切努力来吸引更多的年轻人。

3. She seems to think that I

_______________ （有份工作就该谢天谢地了）. （be grateful ）

【答】should be grateful for just a job

【解】be grateful for…意为对……心存感激。“应该”可用情态动词should 表达。答案为should be grateful for just a job 。翻译：她似乎认为我有份工作就该谢天谢地了。 4.____________________（信不信由你，他向我求婚了）! （believe it or not ）

【答】Believe it or not , he proposed to me! 【解】propose to someone 是固定短语，意思是向某人求婚。答案为Believe it or not, he proposed to me. 翻译：信不信由你，他向我求婚了! 5. Her elegant style

_____________________ （使她与其他记者截然不同）. （set…apart） 【答】sets her apart from other reporters.

【解】set apart

是固定搭配，使……与……不同，后面接宾语的时候用from 连接。记者可以译为journalists 或者reporters 。答案为sets her apart from other journalists/ reporters 。翻译：她优雅的风格使她与其他记者截然不同。

Section B

Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.

Learning English isn't just about doing business. It also opens up your world to a lot of different fun activities. One of the main reasons people wish to learn English today is that they want to meet people from all over the world through the Internet. Through English, you will be able to talk to different people, and see the world through their eyes. You will be able to hear interesting stories and connect with the world in a way you may never have thought possible. 【答】译文：

学习英语不单纯是做一件事务，通过学习英语也可以打开你的世界，给你许多

不同有趣的活动。今天人们学英语的主要原因之一，就是通过互联网结交全世界人民。通过英语，你可以与不同的人们交谈，并且通过他们的视角看世界。你将能够听到有趣的故事，并与世界紧密相连，这些可能都是你从未意识到的。

Ⅳ Writing Section A

Directions: The following sentences are grammatically incorrect or incoherent. Improve them.

Example: Mathematics are required of all the freshmen.

Revision: Mathematics is required of all the freshmen.

1 .Somebody think that speaking is not as important as reading and writing.

【答】Somebody thinks that speaking is not as important as reading and writing. 【解】主语somebody 是第三人称单数，因此谓语动词think 要加s 。

2. The students always working till late at night before taking exams. 【答】The students are always working till late at night before taking exams.

The students always work till late at night before taking exams. 【解】本句中主语the students 与现在分词working 之间缺少be 动词。be 动词在现在进行时态中作助动词，意为正在进行的时候，be 不能解释为

“是”，否则不通顺。或者改为一般现在时，谓语为work 即可。

3. However, there are still a lot of questions remain to be answered. 【答】However, there are still a lot of questions remaining to be answered.

【解】本题中出现are 与remain 两个谓语动词，因此remain 变为remaining 。remaining 指某事有待于以后被处置，后面常接不定式的被动形式，表示主语是不定式的承受者。

4. He bought the vest at a men's clothing store which cost only five dollars.

【答】He bought the vest at a men’s clothing store which cost him only five dollars.

【解】关系代词which 引导定语从句，用来补充说明前面句子中的先行词the vest ，本题中which 引导的定语从句与先行词the vest 相隔太远，易造成歧义。我们可利用cost sb. sth.的动词结构修正从句的结构，使表达更准确。 5. If one is to read Beckett's plays intelligently, you should first familiarize yourself with Beckett's novels.

【答】If you are to read Beckett's plays intelligently, you should first familiarize yourself with Beckett's novels

【解】本题中if 句中的主语one 与后句中的主语you 不一致，因此应该把后面的you 以及yourself 改为第三人称单数形式。或者采用主语为you 的形式。

塞缪尔·贝克特（Samuel Beckett ，1906年4月13日－1989年11月10日），20世纪爱尔兰、法国作家，创作的领域包括戏剧、小说和诗歌，尤以戏剧成就最高。他是荒诞派戏剧的重要代表人物。1969年，他因“以一种新的小说与戏剧的形式，以崇高的艺术表现人类的苦恼”而获得诺贝尔文学奖。 Section B

Directions : Supply a topic sentence for the following paragraph.

____________________________.Acco rding to a recent survey, over 95% of 13-year-olds in the UK now own a mobile phone, and teenagers are texting far more than they talk. The average young person makes or

receives 3.5 calls a day, but sends or receives an incredible 9.6 texts a day. Because text length is limited to a maximum of 160 characters per message, young texters have developed new way of writing words and phrases in a shortened form, so as to use the smallest number of characters possible. For example the message "I hope to see you at the party later, love Jo" can be written Hope

2CU@partyL8R, luv Jo. Many people are concerned that Use of "text speak" is eroding the English language and damaging children's ability to write "correct" English. However, a definite link between texting and deterioration in children's writing has yet to be proved.

【答】Texting is becoming more and more popular among young people. 【解】空格后面一句用具体的调查数据说明了英国青少年使用手机发信息的人数很多，因此空格中应该填入总结说明英国青少年使用手机发信息的句子。

Grammar in Focus 时态（Tense ）

时态（Tense ）常用12种时态的构成及用法

构成：时间（time ）和形式（aspect ） 现在prese nt 过去 past 将来

futu

re

过去将来 一般simp le 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 过去将来时 进行

cont

inuo

us

现在进行时 过去进行时 将来进行时 完成perf ect 现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 完成进行 现在完成过去

完成

1

At that time, people didn't know that the earth moves.

When they leave they will go home.

If it is fine tomorrow, I will go out

2）一般过去时：He bought a car in 1995.

3）一般将来时：They will leave for

4）过去将来时：He asked me where I would spend my holidays.

Mother is waiting for me now.

6）过去进行时：What were you doing

7）将来进行时：I shall be flying to

afternoon.

8）现在完成时：I haven't seen her since 1999.

9）过去完成时：When I came to her home, she had already left.

10he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow.

She has been looking for her boss for almost an

12）过去完成进行时：The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before somebody answered it.

不同的时间，谓语动词就要采用不同的形式,这种不同的动词形式在传统语法

中称为时态（ tenses ）。英语时态纷繁复杂，用法各不相同。各类大型考试中常见的时态主要有将来完成时、过去完成时、现在完成时、一般过去时、现在进行时和一般将来时。

一、将来完成时

将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已

经完成的动作或存在状态，也可用来表示推测。句中通常有一个明确表示将来时间的状语，如by或before 引导的表示将来时间的介词词组或从句。

By the time the course ends, we will have learnt a lot about each other. By the year 2020, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer.

I have been studying here for four years. By next summer I shall have graduated.

二、过去完成时

过去完成时表示在过去某一时间以前

已经完成的动作或存在的状态，常伴有by, before等介词或连词引导的表示到过去某一时间为止的时间状语。

Mr. Smith had learned some Chinese before he came to China in 1975. Until yesterday, his family hadn't heard from him for three weeks.

注意：

过去完成时总是表示在过去某一时间

或动作发生以前，另一动作已经发生或完成。先发生的动作常用过去完成时表示，后发生的动作则多用一般过去时表示。因此，可以认为过去完成时是相对于过去某一时刻的过去，即过去的过

去。

提示：

● No sooner…than, hardly…when,

scarcely… when等句型中，先发生的

动作用过去完成时表示，后发生的动作

用一般过去时表示。

Hardly had he finished his speech

when the audience started cheering.

We had no sooner got out than it

began to rain.

● hope, intend, mean, expect,

assume, want, suppose, understand

等动词的过去完成时常常用来表示

“本来希望（指望）”“原打算”“原

以为”等。

I had assumed that you would not come

here today in this terrible weather.

三、现在完成时

现在完成时主要有两种用法，一种是

“已经完成”，即谓语动词表示的动作

或状态已经完成或结束；另一种是“尚

未完成”，即谓语动词表示的动作或状

态已经持续一段时间，但有可能会继续

持续下去。这种时态强调动作对现在依

然有着某种影响。

I have been to the Great Wall three

times since 1979.

The prices of many kinds of medicine

have been reduced recently.

We haven't seen each other since we

graduated in 1995.

提示：

● 现在完成时常与表示一段时间的状

语如since, for two （three… ）years

（months, weeks）, so far, up till

now, in recent （past） years等连

用。

● 非延续性动词（动词表示的动作不

可持续较长的时间，又称短暂动词），

如join, marry, die, find, fall, come,

knock, awaken等可以用于完成时态，

但不可与表示一段时间的状语连用。表

达这种意思时常用表示状态的结构，如

I have been without my keys for a

week.

● 现在完成时与现在情况相关联，强

调过去的动作对现在的影响，而一般过

去时仅仅表示过去的事情，与现在情况

没有联系。

四、一般过去时

一般过去时用于表示一个发生或存在

于过去某个时间的动作、状态或习惯。

一般过去时表示的过程无论时间长短，

无论是状态还是动作，都已成为过去，

现已未复存在。一般情况下，该时态总

是伴有一个明确表示过去时间的状语，

如then, at that time, just now, five

years ago 等，或由when, while 等引

导的表示过去时间的状语从句。

My boss had a talk with me this

morning.

I cleaned the room only an hour ago

and now it's dirty again.

At the last meeting, Mr. Brown was

elected chairman of the committee.

提示：

“used to＋动词原形”用于表示过去

的习惯性动作或状态，含有“过去曾

经……，但现在不……”的意思，仅用

于过去时。注意：be used to 意思是

“习惯于”，其中to是介词，后面只

能接名词或动名词。

We used t o go swimming when we were

at college.

My brother used to be a chain smoker

a few years ago.

五、现在进行时

主要表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动

作或发生的情况。现在进行时的这一用

法可以不用时间状语，也可以和now, at

the moment 等时间状语连用。

Steve is studying Chinese at Peking

University.

He is writing a book about theories

on human behaviour.

提示：

● 现在进行时还可用来表示按计划或

安排即将发生的动作，多用于表示位置

转移的动词，如go, come, leave,

arrive, start等。如：

She is coming next week and is

staying here until August.

● 现在进行时还可用于表示一个频繁

发生的动作，这时通常与always,

forever, continually, constantly

等副词连用，表达一种强烈的感情色

彩。如：

Alice is always complaining about

the terrible cold weather here.

六、一般将来时

表示在未来某个时间将要发生的动作

或存在的状态。这种时态通常后接一个

表示将来的时间状语，如tomorrow,

next week （month, year）, soon 等。

I will consider your proposal

carefully and inform you of my

decision as soon as possible.

Next week, my daughter will be ten

years old.

一般将来时还有其他几种常见表达，如

be going to, be about to do, be to

do 等。

Next year, we are going to spend our

summer vacation in the

Mediterranean.

George is putting on weight. He is

going to be quite fat.

If the Prime Minister is to speak on

television, I suppose that means

there's another crisis.

七、时态的呼应

时态的呼应在语法上也称为时态的一

致，指在主从复合句中，主句和从句之

间的时态必须保持一致。主句谓语动词

的时态常常直接影响和决定着从句谓

语动词的时态。时态呼应的一般原则

是，当主句谓语动词使用现在时或将来

时的时候，从句谓语动词可根据具体情

况，使用所需要的各种时态。当主句谓

语动词使用过去时的时候，从句谓语动

词必须便用过去时态中的某种形式；但

如果从句中表示的是不受时间限制的

科学事实、格言或客观真理，则从句谓

语动词依然使用一般现在时。

She says she is now an engineering

student at Harvard University.

His relative couldn't understand

why he spent so much money on books.

The teacher told them that since

light travels much faster than sound,

lighting appears to arrive before

thunder.

Exercises

Directions: Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.

1. By the end of last year, I _____ in this college for ten years. A） have worked

B） had worked

C） worked

D） have been working

【答】B

【解】译文：截至去年年底，他已经在这所大学工作10年了。本题考查过去完成时的用法。题中by the end of last year 是一个到过去某一时间（此处是去年）为止的时间状语，指去年年底以前一直存在的状态，符合过去完成时的用法。A是现在完成时的构成；C是一般过去时；D是现在完成进行时。答案为B。

2. The station master told us the train ______ five minutes before. A） left

B） has left

C） had left

D） had been left

【答】C

【解】译文：火车站站长告诉我们火车5分钟前已经开了。本题考查过去完成时的用法。“火车开走了”发生在“站长告诉我”这个动作之前，即过去的过去，因此应该用过去完成时。A是一般过去时；B是现在完成时；D是过去完成时的被动语态，leave 在此处指离开、出发，是不及物动词，用被动语态本身就是错误的。答案为C。

3. When he was in Hangzhou, he visited the places where he ______ as a child.

A） played

B） has played

C） had played

D） had been playing

【答】C

【解】译文：在杭州的时候，他游览了儿时玩过的地方。本题包含两个从句：由 when引导的时间状语和由where 引导的定语从句。从主句的visited 可以判断从句要用过去的某种时态（本章讲过的时态呼应），B错；从题意可知，这里讲的是他去杭州之前已经完成的

动作，要用过去完成时。A是一般过去时，显然不是和visited同时发生的；D是过去完成进行时，指的是过去发生的动作对现在造成影响或过去存在的

状态一直持续到现在，显然不合题意。答案为C。

4. A great number of small power stations_______ in this country since liberation.

A） have set up

B） have been set up

C） were set up

D） set up

【答】B

【解】译文：自解放以来，这个国家建立了许多小型发电站。首先从主语A great number of small power station 和谓语set up之间的关系可以判断本题要用被动语态，A和D错误。再从since引导的时间状语可判断要用完成时，C错。答案为B。5. When she ______all the magazine,

she'll come back home.

A） has sold

B） will sell

C） sell

D） would sell

【答】A

【解】译文：她卖完所有杂志就会回家。

从句意可知sell 这个动作只有完成了

才能对我回家产生效果或影响，此处要

用现在完成时。答案为A。

6. They will not decide their

attitude until they _______ what the

speaker has to say.

A） hear

B） will hear

C） will have heard

D） have heard

【答】D

【解】译文：他们在演讲者讲完之后才

会表明态度。本题是由not…until…

（直到……才……）引导的时间状语从

句。从句意可知此处讲的是现在完成的

动作对将来产生的影响，要用现在完成

时态。A为一般现在时，B为一般将来

时，C为将来完成时。答案为D。

7. Carey didn't go to the party last

night because she ______the baby for

her sister until 9:30.

A） must have looked after

B） would have to look after

C） had to look after

D） should have looked after

【答】C

【解】译文：因为要帮助姐姐照看孩子

一直到九点半，Carey昨晚没参加聚会。

首先判断这四个情态动词的用法：must

意为“必须”，指主观意愿；would意

为“将要”，指决心和意愿；have to

意为“不得不”，指客观需要；should

意为“应该”，指建议、警告等。A和

C是情态动词接完成时的用法，A表示

对过去发生的事情的肯定推测；C表示

本来应该做，但是实际没做，均不合题

意。B指将不得不照看孩子，时态与主

句的didn't不符。根据句意可知本句

是对过去客观事实的陈述，并没带有情

感色彩，因此用一般过去时。答案为C。

8. I would have gone to see him in

the hospital had it been at all

possible, but I _____fully occupied

the whole of last week.

A） were

B） had been

C） have been

D） was

【答】D

【解】译文：如果有可能的话我将会去

医院看他，但是我上周一直很忙。此处

had it been…这个倒装句相当于条件

句，表示假设。主句would have gone

表示本该做但是没做，是对过去事情的

虚拟。后半句指在过去某一时间（last

week），我的真实状态，属于对现实的

客观描述，因此应用一般过去时。答案

为D。

9. Tom ______ eat out every day, but

now he can't afford it.

A） used

B） used to

C） is used to

D） was used to

【答】B

【解】译文：Tom过去每天都下馆子，

但是他现在没钱下馆子。本题考查use

的用一法：A是use的过去式；used to

意为“过去常常”；be used to意为

“被用来……”。还有一种用法是used

to doing意为“习惯做……”。根据句

意B正确。答案为B。

10. Now it's 4:50 already, and the

rain ______ down like this. They

must be waiting for us impatiently.

A） pours

B） pouring

C） is pouring

D） poured

【答】C

【解】译文：现在已经4点50了，雨

还是这样一直下着。他们肯定等我们等

得不耐烦了。首先第一个句子由and连

接两个分句，and后面的分句缺少谓语

动词，B不能作谓语。从句意可知雨一

直下，表示持续的状态，要用现在进行

时。答案为C。

11. She ______ law while her brother

is doing modern languages.

A） studies

B） studying

C） is studying

D） study

【答】C

【解】译文：她学法律，而她哥哥学习

现代语言。本题是由while引导的两个

并列分句，前面句子缺少谓语动词，B

不能作谓语；D用在she后面本身就是

错误的；while前后引导两个并列的句

子，前后时态要一致。答案为C。

12. He _______ somebody creeping

into the house through the open

window last night.

A） saw

B） was seeing

C） is seeing

D） has been

【答】A

【解】译文：昨晚他看见有人从敞开的

窗户爬进屋子。首先从时间状语last

night判断本题要用过去的时态，C和D

错误。see是短暂性动词，不能用于进

行时来表示持续的状态，B错。A表示

看到的结果，符合题意。答案为A。

13. Great efforts to increase

agricultural production must be

made if food shortages_____

avoided.

A） are to be

B） can be

C） will be

D） has been

【答】A

【解】译文：要避免粮食短缺，必须加

大力度提高粮食产量。be to do 表示

事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情；表

示可能性，必要、责任、义务、禁止等。

will do表示主观意愿将要做某事。B

表示粮食短缺能够避免，D表示粮食短

缺已经避免，都不合题意。显然此处是

提前计划避免粮食短缺，而不是主观意

愿，要用A。答案为A。

14. Will you call them up and tell

them we'll start as soon as the

rain_____?

A） stop

B ） stops

C ） is to stop

D ） is going to stop 【答】B

【解】译又：你能打电话告诉他们雨一停我们就出发吗？

as soon as 指

“一……就……”，在它引导的时间状语从句中，遵循主将从现原则。另外rain 是不可数名词，其后动词要用单数，A 错；C 和D 都是一般将来时，不符合句意。答案为B 。

15. By the time you have completed the essential training, you

_____exposed to virtually every new feature of the course. A ） will have been B ） will be

C ） would have been

D ） would be 【答】A

【解】译文：完成了基本培训，你将从本质上接触这门课的所有新特征。从句意可知本题是表示将来某一时间之前存在的状态，即接触这门课的新特征。另外主语you 与谓语expose 之间存在被动关系。因此应填入将来完成时的被动语态。答案为A 。

Tips for English Learning 学习英语的忠告

Identifying Your Motivation 确定你的动机

"What is the best way to learn a language?" Many students ask this question, and the answers are as different as the people asking the question.

The most important piece of advice is: "Do something （anything ）. If you don't do anything, you won't get anywhere. Make it your hobby; not a chore; above all, have fun!"

Don't be in too much of hurry. You are selling off on a long journey and. there will be delays and frustrations along the way.

Sometimes you will be in the fast lane and at other times you will be stuck in traffic, but there will always be lots of interesting things and interesting people along the way. Take your time to really enjoy the experience.

Here are some tips which will help you on your way to English fluency. Enjoy your study and remember to use the language you have learned in as many circumstances as possible. Full immersion in the language is the fastest way to learn and learn well.

Tip 1: Identifying Your Motivation First of all, you must want to learn. If you are not interested in learning English, no class will help you, no book will help you, and no tips will make it easier. If you are not interested, you will find reasons to avoid studying and, whenever you do study, it will be very difficult.

Next, you need to identify your motivation. Ask yourself, "Why do I

want to learn English? Why do I want to improve my English?" Some people want to learn English to get a better job or to be considered for

promotion. Others may need to learn English to attend university or school. Still others may want to learn English so they can enjoy life in English-speaking countries more, by being able to understand movies and TV and make friends with their neighbours. Each person is different, so each person's

motivation will also be different. If you have identified your

motivation, it will be easier for you to learn English, because it will help to encourage you as you learn English. 【答】参考译文：

“什么是学习语言最好的方法？” 很多学生问这个问题，并且答案是不同的。

最重要的建议是：“做一些事（任何事），如果你不行动起来，你就什么也不会。把语言学习当作你的业余爱好，不要当成讨厌的负担。总之，要有乐趣。”

不要急功近利。恰似你出门旅行，途中会有一些延误和挫折。有时你行进在快行线路，有时会遇到交通阻塞，但是沿途总有许多趣事和有趣的人们。花你的时间真正享受这个经历。

这有一些忠告帮助你学好英语。享受学习的乐趣，记住尽可能多在环境中使用你所学过的语言。专心致志地学是最快地学好一门语言的方法。 技巧1：确定你的动机

首先，你必须想要学习。如果你对英语学习不感兴趣，没有任何课程和书籍能帮助你，没有任何指导能使得学习更加容易一些。如果你不感兴趣，你找找原因避免学习，不然你的学习将是十分困难。

另外，你需要确定你的动机。问问你自己：“我为什么要学习英语？为什么要提高我的英语水平？”一些人学英语是为了找到更好的工作或者是为了升职。另一些人是为了求学。还有一些人要学习英语是为了在那些说英语的国家更多地享受生活，能够看懂电影和电视，与邻居交朋友。每个人情况不一样，所以每个人的学习动机也不相同。如果你已经确定了学习英语的动机，将会使你学得比较容易一些，因为动机将帮助你在学习的时候有信心。

Unit 2 A Path to Follow

A FAMOUS QUOTE

When one door of happiness closes, another opens.

—Helen Adams Keller

一扇幸福之门关闭时，另一扇便会开启。

— 海伦·亚当斯·凯勒

Helen Adams Keller （1880-1968）, US author, political activist and educator. Though blind and deaf from an early age, she learned to read, write, and communicate with sign language, and travelled the world over, crusading for improvement in the education and life of the physically disabled.

海伦·亚当斯·凯勒是美国的作家、政治活动家和教育家。虽然她自幼失明又失聪，但是她学会了读和写，并且用手语与人交流，旅行足迹遍及全世界，一生致力于改善残障人的生活和教育事业。

Speaking Activity Showing Gratitude Sample Dialogue

Read the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers show gratitude and respond to each other.

Mr. Wang: Mr. Wilson, since you're leaving for home tomorrow, would you accept this little present as a souvenir from China?

Mr. Wilson: Oh…Thank you very much but you really shouldn't have… Mr. Wang: It's a mere trifle. I hope you'll like it.

Mr. Wilson: It's exactly what I've been wanting for a long time. I shall always remember China and the happy days I've spent with my Chinese friends here.

Mr. Wang: I hope you'll come and see us again next year.

Mr. Wilson: Well, Mr. Wang, I should certainly like to do that. Mr. Wang: It's a date then.

Mr. Wilson: Mr. Wang, I think it's time for me to leave now. Thank you again for the trouble you've taken to make my visit a success.

Mr. Wang: I'm only too glad to have been of help to you. Mr. Wilson: Goodbye. Mr. Wang: Goodbye. Guided Practice

Directions: Express thanks to a friend who helped you. Use your own information. You may use the following tips to help you.

Thank you very much but you really shouldn't have…

I shall always remember… I hope…

Thank you again for the trouble you've taken to…

I'm only too glad to have been of help to you.

Text A

Cracked or Perfect: We Can Make a

Difference!

New Words

cracked adj. damaged with lines on its surface but not completely broken 破裂的，有裂纹的