读《集体行动的逻辑》

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读《集体行动的逻辑》

作者：吴亚慧

来源：《法制与社会》2015年第05期

摘要集体行动的逻辑是一种常见的客观的社会现象。至今学术界众多学者对集体行动困境做出各种阐释，也构建了各种集体行动的理论模型。本文通过囚徒困境、公用地悲剧和集体行动的逻辑三者的比较，深刻理解奥尔森所阐述的集体行动的逻辑；再通过对泛珠三角区域合作的实证分析，深入理解奥尔森提出的集团规模、成员结构和制度安排对集体行为的深刻影响。

关键词集体行动泛珠三角区域合作

作者简介：吴亚慧，华南师范大学公共管理学院。

中图分类号：D920.4 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-0592（2015）02-174-03

集体行动的逻辑是一种常见的客观的社会现象。奥尔森便是集体行动理论的代表性人物，其《集体行动的逻辑》更是值得拜读。笔者在深入学习奥尔森的《集体行动的逻辑》后，从理论上浅薄解读里面包含的“集体行动”、“理性的经济人”、“搭便车”等具有代表性的观点；从实践上，本文侧重于从“集体行动的困境”角度来分析泛珠三角区域合作这种新兴的区域间合作机制的实践难题。

一、集体行动理论的假设基础

奥尔森的集体行动理论主要研究集体行动中人们的行为选择。公共物品、个人主义及理性经济人是集体行为理论的三个基本假设前提。

（一）公共物品理论

公共物品，如常见的国防、公园、非付费的公路等，一经产生全体社会成员便可以无偿共享的物品。通常从两个维度去定义公共物品：非竞争性和非排他性。奥尔森在书中更为强调公共物品的非排他性，其认为，只要存在公共物品，社会中每一个成员都免不了能享受到该公共物品带来的好处，即便他并没有为该公共物品做出任何贡献。因为这一特定，就导致了奥尔森的“搭便车”困境：当一群理性的人聚在一起为获取某一公共物品而努力时，其中的每一个人都想让别人为该目标付出努力，而自己则坐享其成。

（二）个人主义方法论

作为经济学家的奥尔森写作此书的重要假设前提是每一个个体只会因为私利而采取某些行为，该假设也是经济学的重要原理。在书中，奥尔森就引用了马克斯韦伯的论述：“市场经济

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In this modern materialistic world, the majority of people are in hot pursuit of material gains, and money is considered the most valuable thing of all, which, personally speaking, is quite superficial. As far as I am concerned, reading is much more valuable than anything else, for it can benefit us in many ways. The old saying, “to open a book is always beneficial” vividly shows how valuable reading is. Firstly, it goes beyond doubt that reading is a very important way to gain knowledge. Reading is like travelling, the process of which enables you to experience the colorful world and enlarge your eyes scope. By reading history books, you can understand how a regime prospers or collapses, helping you draw useful lessons and develop more wisdom. By reading books of science, you can keep yourself informed in the field of scientific endeavors, thus appreciating how science creates wonders. In a word, reading can enrich your knowledge and get whatever information you need. In addition, you can get mental encouragement from reading and improve yourself in all aspects. For instance, the stories of well-known people in books help turn an aimless person into an ambitious one, setting up a short or long-term goal for himself. If the daily troubles make you feel desperate, then you will be mentally stroked and encouraged by reading how famous people such as Beethoven made miracles in the face of insurmountable difficulties. Books are a great source of mental encouragement, giving you motives to move forward. Finally, reading good books is one of the greatest pleasures in life. It increases our joy when we are in high spirits, and lessens our sorrow when we are discouraged. Reading will always bring us enjoyment and satisfaction. Good books also serve as gentle companions or faithful friends that will never betray us. While reading, we don’t feel lonely. Books are ready to give us whatever we need such as knowledge, friendship and encouragement. To sum up, reading is undoubtedly beneficial to you. To open a book is like opening a door, through which you will enter a museum, where all man-made wonders and unique wisdoms are available for you to appreciate; to open a book is like opening a window, through which you can enjoy fresh air、blue sky and wonderful natural landscapes , making you feel refreshed

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英语作文万能开头结尾

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1．结尾万能公式一：如此结论说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型： Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that… 2．结尾万能公式二：如此建议如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！ Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 很明显,现在正是时候,我们采取了一些措施来解决这个问题。这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？更多句型： Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken. Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. 写作的“七项基本原则” 一、长短句原则工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题： As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。二、主题句原则国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！

上大学的好处英语作文

TheUsefulnessofCollege Thepictureshowsthatamigrantworkerssittingonthestonessaidtoacollegestudentswearingi nwesterndressandleathershoes"youspendmoneyonUniversity,butyouhavethesameincomewithme". Thisremindsmeoftheattractivehotpostonnetwork 《afterreturninghome,Ihavenofacetothings:howdocollegestudentsasmigrantworkers.》. Inmyopinion,thisthingofcollegestudentsandmigrantworkersarenotcomparable,becausethe formeristhementallabor,'tusethewagetojudgethevalueofaperson,,oursalaryisnothighatthebe ginningofworkindeed,weneedtoaccumulatesomeexperience. Infact,wecanlearnalotofthingsintheUniversity,otherwisetherewon'?Firstly,上大学的用处图片显示的是一个坐在石头堆上的农民工对身着西装革履的大学生说的一句话“你花钱上大学，却和我这没上学的收入一样”。这让我想起了网络上一篇引人热议的帖子《回家后，我无颜面对的事情：怎么大学生不如农民工呢》。这件事情在我看来大学生和农民工是没有可比性的，因为前者是做脑力劳动的，后者是做体力劳动的。我们不能用工资的高低来判断一个人的价值，这是不公平的。对于大学生来说开始工作的工资确实不高，需要积累一定的经验。其实我们在大学里可以学到很多东西的，不然也不会有那么多的人挤破头也要上大学了。在大学里我们能学到什么呢？第一，建立有效的同学网。在大学里可以交到良师益友，良师益友可以有效地提升学习与职业成长效率，他们将是我们人生中的宝贵财富。第二，实现爱好的平台。大学可以提供给我们足够的资料，做任何想做的研究。大学把各个地方与各个方面的人汇集在一起形成了很有价值的交流中心。在大学里我们对自己的了解逐渐接近真实，我们不再狂妄自大，不再妄自菲薄，逐步走向成熟。第三，促进个人气质的变化。从一个农村孩子到城市职业人士的蜕变，大学充当了很好的培训所与初步养成机构的作用，这会表现在谈吐、衣着与沟通修养上。第四，培养独立思考能力。在大学里我们有了思考自己思考社会的时间和能力，我们不再人云亦云，拥有了独立思考能力，会自己判断对与错。我们明白了社会与人性的复杂性，多面性，更加理性了。总之，上大学是一种投资，盈亏全在于自己，我们大学生应利用现有资源努力提升自己。

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