听说考试

1.What are the features of your classmates’ names?

X:Hey, have you finished the homework last night?

Z: Yeah, that is interesting. So I surfed the internet, then I knew sth about Chinese names.

X: I can’t agree more. I truly did the same thing like you, and I found that there’re lots of difference between Chinese family names and Western family names. According to the lecture, Western people classified their family names into four parts: place na mes, patronymics, added names and occupational names. It’s easy to understand them, place names identifies where a person lived or worked, patronymic is the father’s name, plus an ending which means that a child, a boy, is the son of his father. As to added names, linguists sometimes call this category "nicknames," or someone name themselves. And occupational names always show that the origin of the family name was the person's occupation. But when it refers to Chinese family names, one book will come to our mind——The Book of Family Names. For example, my classmate zhaojiafu, his family name is the first one in the book, and this is truly a big family name. Well, for me, I think the book can also be defined into two parts. First is the Big Family Names. These can trace back to times of the emperors, except for Qing Dynasty, each dynasty will create a Big Family Name. You know, at that time, it’s really a great honor to be given the family name by the emperor. Then is the place names like western family names, ancient Chinese family names prefer this way too. Whatever, both this two ways have been lasting for a long time because of Chinese long history.

Z: Well, there also several ways parents choose the first name for their child. And the ways in western country are as similar as those in China.

The first way is by family history. Parents may choose a name because it is passe d from gene-ration to generation. For example, one of my friendszhangXiaoming might be named after his father Zhang Ming. Besides, some traditional Chinese families choose a name, considering the specific word of each generation. Just like one of my names Zhang Minju, chosen by my grandfather. In my generation, the specific word is Min. So my grandfather chosen that name for me. Is it really old fashion, right?

The second way parents choose a name is after a family member or friend who ha s died recen-tly, or after someone they admire, like a well-known leader or a famous a ctor. For example, my little sister’s name is ziwei. I guess my au nt must watch the TV dramas ”Huanzhugege” and admire the princess ziwei.

The third way is to provide a "push" or have a good wish for the child. Parents believe that a good name can help their children in their life, such as wenjie. Her parent must hope that she can become an excellent person. And what interests me is that many people have this name including both two genders. In some sense, this is not a specific gender name.

X: Yes, what an amazing funny discovery.

2. Debate: Arguments for or against Chinese as a global language.

X: Hey, have you listened the lecture English as a global language?

Z: Sure. Any question?

X: Of course! How could people believe English is a global language instead of Chinese? A global language must have enough people saying it. And 13 billion Chinese people who speak Chinese as native language is really a huge amount. Besides, more and more foreigners learn Chinese, and there are about three times as many people who speak Chinese as their first language as those who speak English as a first language. The second reason is that many countries divide a China region for them to speak Chinese such as Chinatown in New York. On the one hand, it means many Chinese people live all over the world, on the other hand, it shows that the government thinks highly of Chinese. Maybe they’ll never use Chinese as their official language, they still like it and want to impress themselves with Chinese. There’s no denying that many people learn English to meet the challenges and seek for opportunities. But this only means they have to do so, because they only use it for official situations, once they are enjoying themselves, they’ll use their own languages.

I don’t say they all use Chinese, but among these languages, Chinese has accounted for a large proportion.

Z: I don’t agree with you. I think Chinese is not truly a global language because it is not the main language spoken by people worldwide. And Chinese has not replaced other languages. First, English is the official language of more than seventy-five countries. This means these countries useEnglish in schools, banks, business, and government. In countries like In dia,you can see how usin-g English as an official language makes it easier for people t o communicate. However, only peoplein China speak Chinese as their first language. Second, English is the dominant language of business, travel, and science. Not Chinese. When people need a common language, they often use English. Think about it. English is often used at tourist information centers, in international hotels. If you travel in Korea and you want use a taxi, you can’t speak Chinese but you can communicate with the taxi driver in English even if you can’t speak their native language. Finally, more and more Chinese learn English or other languages for travel, further education, better jobs and stuff like that. Learning English well can offer a better opportunity to live a good life and get a great achievement, just like Mayun, Wangjianlin and other high achievers.

X: Well, maybe what you said is right, but there’s no official declaration to say which language is truly a global language.

Z: Yeah. Em… everything is changeable. Maybe Chinese will become the official language one day.

3. Retell the lecture on phobias.

Z: You know, I have a fear of dogs. When I see a dog, I will get nervous and avoid it.

X: That’s just a common phobia.

Z: Yeah, you are right. Well, a phobia is not a common fear. It is an extreme fear-a very strong fear. Psychologists have come up with three characteristics of a phobia. Now, first, a phobia is not a ration response. It is a very strong reaction, too strong for the situation. For example, I knew a person who had a fear of swimming. If someone asked her to swim, she had a very strong physical reaction. She started

shaking violently and had trouble breathing. Once, she even started choking. Second, a phobia often lasts a long time, for months or even years. Third, the action is too strong for a person to control. So, those are the three characteristics of phobias. It is an extreme, irrational response. It is long lasting and it is uncontrollable. Then, there are some classifications of phobias. Phobias are classified by the things or situations that the person fears. Greek or Latin names are usually used to describe the fear. Here are an example, hypno, H-Y-P-N-O, means sleep, so fear of sleep is hypnophobia. Cyno, C-Y-N-O, means dogs, so a fear of dogs is cynophobia. Here are another example. Aerophobia. Aero as in airplane-areophobia is fear of flying.

X: Well, I get it. Besides, there’re two related theories. One is that a phobia is learned which means the phobia is the problem itself, the other is that a phobia is only a sign of a deeper problem. Maybe it’s a little puzzling, the first one is easy to understand. This kind of phobia is that phobia itself is the real reason to be afraid like electric, swimming and so on. Maybe at one time he or she saw someone hurt by these things, or he learned the theories of its danger and got a phobia. Really easy, right?

Z: Sure.

X: What really cannot be distinguished with learned phobia, is the second one. We all know that kids are afraid of darkness, but just afraid. It’s not a phobia. Once their parents punish them and send them into a dark room, a few of kids might get a phobia. There’s no denying, he’s afraid of darkness before, but what really give him a phobia is his parents. What he truly afraid of is his parents!

Z: Really? But how could the second one be resolved?

X: Now that we get the real reason, we could chat with their parents to change their ways of teaching, and teach the kids to react different instead of solving the obvious problems. And this is why the differences between the two theories are so important.

Z: Yes. And I think psychology is really an amazing subject!

4. What types of TV shows do you like to watch best? Why ?

Z: Last night, a new Korean drama was started. Did you watch it?

X:Actually, it’s not my style, why are you so addicted to it?

Z: Well, first, the actors always have a physical attractiveness. The leading actor is extremely handsome and the leading actress is so beautiful in that drama. I wish I could look like her. And they have a good performance. Sometimes I felt I was just her. When she is happy, I will feel happy too. However, when she is sad, I will also have a bad mood. Second, the dramas can give me a sense of identify. I can relate my life to the story in the dramas. I will feel I am not the only one who suffered in relationships, having trouble in work and stuff like that. And, they also can give me a sense of satisfaction. The romantic story can satisfy my wish for the happy life and love. Besides, the Korean dramas are not very long. The stories are so compacted and move along so fast that I couldn’t stop watching once I got started. What’s more, the scenario is beautiful and I think almost every one can be used as a wallpaper.

X: Yeah, it cannot be denied that Korean drama has its way to appeal to young girls like you, but I truly think it’s too na?ve to me. I prefer American movies. Every time I watch them, my heart skips a beat! You know, the theme of these kind of

movies are disasters or heroes. When it refers to disaster movies, I always realize the smallness of being human and raise a strong emotion of protecting the earth. As we all know, most of the disasters are because of humans’ behavior. On the other hand, the deep sentiment in the movies always makes me cry, which attracts me more. As to heroes, their super abilities really attract me! I want to be a flash woman like Barry Allen too! Except for their themes, the special effects are another advantage. Unlike those so-called special effects in domestic drama, they make me feel reality whatever virtual figure or the scene in it. Have you seen Avatar before?

Z: Yes, really shocking.

X: That’s it. Besides, I like entertainment programs too. I really like talk shows such as Jinxing Show and 80s Talk Show Tonight. They always reveal the truth by the satiric method. And their ways of speaking are really interesting. Do you like entertainment programs?

Z: Yes, I like the happy camp most. Today is Saturday, it will be played at 8 pm. I heard that my idol Li Minhao would join the show. I cannot wait to see it.

X: I like it too, how about watching it together this night?

5. Retell the lecture on the Immigration to the U. S.

X: Well, you know, it’s really hot to immigrate to America, the Green Card seems to become a symbol of status. It’s a little weird, isn’t it?

Z: Of course not! You won’t say that after you learn the history of U.S. immigration. Before that, I want to talk about the immigration. To immigration means to move from one country to another.

X: Wow, when you explain the immigration, I surf the Internet and find a real long history! In the Wikipedia, it says that the U.S. immigration starts with the colonial period, the first wave of immigrants in the 17th century. At that time, most immigrants were from Western Europe. The first permanent settlement in North America was one that the British started in 1607. And at that time, there’s no limit, anyone could come. At that period, life is really hard, and people immigrate for a better life. Later the French, Spanish, and Dutch also came in smaller numbers. What should be pointed out is that 20 percent of it are not immigrants, they are slaves bought from African American. I mentioned that there’s no limit, as a result, by 1775, the U.S. population had grown to about 2. 5 million. The country was growing too fast. Then in the 1790s, laws were passed to control immigration for the first time. The Naturalization Act of 1798 required immigrants to live in the U.S. a certain number of years before they became citizens. And this is the colonial period. Then there still has another period called a melting pot between 1840 and 1920. At this period, about 37 million people came to the U.S. About 80 percent of these second wave immigrants were from all over Europe. Chinese workers also came to the U.S., mostly as contract workers. Then laws were passed in the 1880s to keep most contract workers out. In 1891, the U S. Congress created the INS to control immigration. Then, each state had its own laws and could decide which immigrants could enter. In 1892, the INS opened Ellis Island in New York Harbor.

Z: And, it is really interesting now that Ellis Island has been made into a museum. It is an important part of American history. Between 1892 and 1954, when Ellis Island

was closed, about 12 million immigrants entered through there, most from Europe. In order to limit the number of immigrants, there are a series of new laws. First, the Immigration Act of 1917 was passed to restrict who could enter. Then in 1921, the U.S. Congress passed a quota system. This meant they decided that a certain number of people from each country could enter the U.S. each y ear. During this period, until the 1960s, the U.S. Was called a “melting pot”. It meant that immigrants had to give up their traditions and cultures in order to create a uniform society. Well, the third wave is from 1965 to the present time. In 1965, the quota system was abolished. Instead, a limit of 290,000 was set on the total number of people who could enter each year. Ea ch year, after 1965, many people wanted to immigrate to the U.S. many more than the 290,000 limit. This led to the Immigration Act of 1990. The Immigration Act of 1990 raised the yearly limit from 290,000 to 700,000. In recent years, many people in the U .S. have come to realize that the country's greatest strength is the diversity of its peopl e. So, the old melting pot ideal has been replaced with the ideal of cultural diversity, with recognizing the importance of Americans’ many different cultural backgrounds.

X: Yes, what a wonderful immigration history!

6. What are your “Ten Commandments of Ethical Use of Such Social Media as weibo and weixin?

X: Have you seen the news that the actor QiaoRenliang committed suicide?

Z: What a pity!

X: Yeah, and I really think we should give ourselves some commandments when we use social softwares like weibo and weixin even if it’s not compulsory. As for me, the first one must be that thou shalt not say words to hurt others. Like Qiao, he got depression because of others abuse. Besides, thou shalt not say things that are untrue, this is a support to the first commandment. And we have a law that if we separate untrue things on the Internet and reproduce over 500, we’ll be sent into the prison. Then the third one for me is that thou shalt not see one’s weixin WeChat moments in other ways if you don’t have the permission. In my opinion, if he or she doesn’t want you to see it, you’d better not to respect other’s secrets. The forth one is that, thou shalt not reproduce other’s words presenting it’s yours. We all know if this ha ppens when you write a paper, you’re copying. Then there’s no difference between words on the Internet and a paper! And I think the four commandments before contribute to the fifth commandment, thou shalt think about the social consequence. I think only if we behave well can we have a peaceful net life.

Z: You are right. And, thou shalt not interfere with other people’s social softwares like weibo and weixin. What I mean is that don’t use the software in any way that will affect a friend list in weixin that someone else is doing. Don’t edit or change someone else’s talk in weibo or weixin. Then, thou shalt not use weibo or weixin to cheat. There is a situation on the weibo in which you have to decide if you are cheating or not, like publishing false information. Beside, Thou shalt not use improper way to get some privileges that you should not have. In other word, if you become a vip by paying for it, that is okay. However, it is not okay to use someone else’s vip ID and password through Internet, because you didn’t spend money. What’s more, thou shalt

not

appropriate someone else's ideas. Appropriate means to take words someone else wrot e and say

they're yours. Uh, for example, you have to publish an article in QQ or something like that. If you copy a log from the Internet or other people’s article and hand it in, you're breaking the rule. At last, thou last ,shaltalway comment someone else’s articles in ways that are respectful of others. For example, commenting with negative messages and unfriendly words are examples of breaking this rule.

X: Yes, I really think it’s necessary to obey these invisible rules.

7. Describe the chart

Good Morning, professor. My test topic today is to talk about the causes of soil degradation in… First, let’s look at the ch art from the International Soil Reference and Information Center, and we know that it’s a survey of causes of soil degradation from the World Resources Institute.

As we can see, they have identified several ways human activities contribute to the problem. The first is (1). They say about…percent of the loss of productive land is due to (1). And you know, (1) is…The second is (2) which leads to about…percent of the loss. (2) is… And lastly… percent of the loss of good land is from (3). It’s… Let's look at these one at a time.

Deforestation. We all know that forest is the lung of the earth, and it helps us to strengthen the soil. When it rains heavily, it can take lots of dry soil away, but the soil attach to the root of a tree can be saved.

Overexploitat ion for fuelwood. Em… this is a serious problem, the population is too large which makes the needs of fuelwood large either.

Overgrazing. As we know, that’s because of the farm animals which cannot be avoided. You know, we have the demands. And this makes the grazing more important. And then we’re trapped in a bad circle, the more we develop our animal husbandry, the more grass is going to destroy.

Agricultural activities. In my opinion, this can harm our soil just in two ways. One is the fertilizer farmer uses and the other is the wrong methods.

Industrialization. When it refers to this, I think it is mostly because of the city’s buildings and factories. This will take up a lot of farming land.

8. Describe the cause effect in the picture

Good Morning, professor. My topic today is the cause of the Greenhouse Effect. First I divide this picture into three parts, the input, react and output. Then I am going to explain these three parts one by one.

First part, as I have mentioned before, is obviously the easiest part. The sun gives us its incoming solar radiation as the input, that’s the source of the heat, without that, the Greenhouse Effect would never happen.But not all of the heat can be absorbed. Then the most important part is the second part, which is just a chain of absorbing and re-radiating, and the atmosphere is playing an import role in this part. Allow me to explain the chart from the left to the right. When the solar radiation comes, the atmosphere absorbs a few of it and some solar radiation is simply reflected back to space, but there is still a large amount of solar radiation can reach our surface. And that’s not all, even absorbed by atmosphere, some radiation re-radiate back to our surface. Then a circle comes into being. If the heat stores because of the sun, the atmosphere and itself, then the temperature rises. When it rises, the heat radiates back from our surface. As it radiates back, the atmosphere absorbs some of it. Because the atmosphere absorbs some of it, it re-radiated back to surface. And this results in the heat storing. And this will be over and over again.

The Last part is the output. As I mentioned before, most of the heat output is from the earth itself, the others are from the atmosphere absorbed from the sun and the earth. And now the cause is clear.That’s it. Thank you for listening to my report.