【GRE写作利器】名人素材库整理打印版

应用范围领域人名5W&HOW 1.挑战权威

挑战权威失败成功科学John Nash1)American mathematician,1994Nobel Economics laureate,

subject of the book and film titled A Beautiful Mind

2)Game Theory博弈理论

3)Nash equilibrium纳什均衡

4)Questioning the theories in The wealth of Nations written

by Adam Smith

5)in1950,in Princeton University Doctor Degree

Before1950s,the economic theory of Adam Smith(who was

respected as the father of modern economics)was prevalently

accepted in the realm of economics and finance.

In the book of The Wealth of Nations,Adam Smith claimed that

individual ambition serves the common good,which means

that if the individual member of a group just strives to earn

their own interests,the whole group will benefit.It would be

presumptuous to challenge his theory at that time.Yet,John

Nash found the flaws of this theory,hence he questioned

Smith’s theory without any hesitation by insisting that

sometimes the ambitions of individuals are conflicting,which

would lead to negative results to the whole group.

Through insisting this belief and personal persistent endeavor,

Nash developed a systematical theory called“Nash

equilibrium”,which fundamentally changed the realm of

economics.Due to the breakthrough of this magnitude,Nash

won the Nobel Prize of Economics in1994for his eminent

contribution.

挑战权威商人

公司Jack Welch1)the former CEO of General Electric

2)1981--12billion 2001--280billion

3)Market capital

4)No one should allow himself to be the victim of an

institution

5)Bureaucracy--tends to be formal

6)Made General Electric“informal”

7)Through insisting this belief and personal persistent

endeavor,Nash developed a systematical theory called“Nash

equilibrium”,which fundamentally changed the realm of

economics.Due to the breakthrough of this magnitude,Nash

won the Nobel Prize of Economics in1994for his eminent

contribution.

8)adopted Motorola's Six Sigma quality program in late1995

9)Elixir

10)Allow the company to move quickly,to communicate

fluently

11)Welch’s net worth is estimated at$720million

12)1999:was named“Manager of the Century”by Fortune

magazine

By challenging people in authority,Welch injected a fresh,

healthy blood to GE and made it a top company.

During the period of1970s,when Jack Welch first went into

General Electric,he found out that although it was a prominent

company with high reputation,it actually suffered from

numerous problems about management.Most notably,the

bureaucracy,which was characterized as the extreme formality

of everything in the company,resulting in the low efficiency of

management and communication among the different

departments.In the year of1981,when he became the CEO of

General Electric,he was afraid to make changes during the first

months.Nevertheless,believing that no one should allow himself

to be the victim of an institution,

Jack Welch finally decided to change the bureaucratic form of

management,to make GE“informal”.

Ulteriorly,he shut down factories,reduced payrolls and cut

lackluster old-line unit.To destroy the nine-layer management

hierarchy,which was the embryo of bureaucracy,each year,he

would fire the bottom10%of his managers.Despite the

immense opposition from the board of the company at the

beginning,Welch insisted his action.Due to his persistent

endeavor,20years later,the market capital of GE had grown

from12billion in1981to280billion in2001.Likewise,Welch’s

net worth was estimated at720million dollars in that year and

was also named as“Manager of the Century”by Fortune

magazine.

挑战权威公司Henry Ford Model T(500-50)

Assembly Line

Adopt

Greatly increased productivity

$825in1908--$360in1926

Challenging the old and prevalent method of manufacturing

automobiles,

TS:Henry Ford created a miracle in the history,a miracle which

made the luxury automobiles not exclusive to the rich.

Example:At the beginning of20th century,due to the limits of

traditional manufacturing method,which required one

individual to finish the whole process,the average hours spent

on producing one single automobile were500,which led to a

severe problem that the price of each single car was exorbitantly

high.

挑战权威失败与成功价值观

名人效应娱乐界Oprah

Winfrey

脱口秀女王

奥普拉

1)a hardship:be raped at age nine and becoming pregnant at

14;her son died in infancy

2)September8,1986,an American television host of"The

Oprah Winfrey Show"High school:landed a job in radio;19:

began co-anchoring the local evening news;Emotional ad-lib

delivery;Be transferred to the daytime talk show arena

3)“The Oprah Effect”--in1996“Oprah’s Book Club”The book

club became such a powerful force that whenever Winfrey

introduced a new book as her book-club selection,it instantly

became a best-seller;for example,when she selected the classic John Steinbeck novel East of Eden,it soared to the top of the book charts.

3)the world's first black billionaire--Forbes'international rich list ranked Winfrey as the world’s black billionaire worth over$2.7billion in Sept,2010

4)the greatest black philanthropist in American history--In 1998,Winfrey created the Oprah’s Angel Network，a charity that supported charitable projects and provided grants to nonprofit organizations around the world.Oprah's Angel Network raised more than$80,000,000

失败成功TS:Oprah Winfrey’s experience assures that,through persistent endeavor,any misfortune or hardship in our lives are really the indispensible routes to success.

挑战权威失败后成功娱乐界Charlie

Chaplin卓别

林

1)an English comic actor,film director and composer best-

known for his work during the silent film era--mime;

slapstick

Chaplin was knighted in1975at the age of85as a Knight

Commander of the British Empire(KBE)by Queen Elizabeth

II

2)1952--McCarthy era(麦卡锡主义)迫害

3)hardship--father died at37;mother mental disability

His parents were entertainers in the music hall tradition;his

father,Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr,was a vocalist and an actor

while his mother,Hannah Chaplin,was a singer and an

actress.(父母对孩子的影响)

挑战权威追求完美合作娱乐界James

Cameron

《阿凡达》

导演詹姆斯.

卡梅隆

1)a Canadian film director,producer and inventor

2)achievement--Cameron's Titanic and Avatar are the two

highest-grossing films of all time at$1.8billion and$2.7billion

respectively.Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards.

3)interest--Cameron enrolled at Fullerton College at17,a2-

year community college,in1973to study Physics.He switched

to English,then dropped out before the start of the fall1974

semester.

After seeing the original Star Wars film in1977,Cameron quit

his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry

4)Avatar delay--in1995,James Cameron wrote an80page

scriptment for Avatar and announced in1996that he would

make the film after completing Titanic.

But the plan was delayed to due to the technology.In

December2006,Cameron explained that the delay in

producing the film since the1990s had been to wait until the

technology necessary to create his project was advanced

enough.

5)Cooperation--It is composed almost entirely of computer-

generated animation,using a more advanced version of the

"performance capture"technique used by director Robert

Zemeckis in The Polar Express.

挑战权威名人崇拜文化+

艺术

Lady Gaga1)an American pop singer-songwriter,5Grammy Awards

2)At age17,Gaga gained early admission to the New York

University's Tisch School of the Arts,she soon signed with

Interscope Records

3)The Queen song"Radio Ga Ga"inspired her stage name,

"Lady Gaga".She commented:"I adored Freddie Mercury and

Queen had a hit called'Radio Gaga'.That's why I love the

name.Freddie was unique—one of the biggest personalities in

the whole of pop music."

4)unconventionality"highly entertaining and innovative"

blood-spurting performance of"Paparazzi"at the2009MTV

Video Music Awards was described as"eye-popping"by MTV.

She continued the"blood soaked"theme in The Monster Ball

Tour,in which she wore a revealing leather corset and is

"attacked"by a performer dressed in black who gnaws on her

throat,causing"blood"to spurt down her chest,after which

she lies"dying"in a pool of blood.

5)2010MTV Video Music Awards wearing a dress

supplemented by boots,a purse and a hat—each fabricated

from the flesh of a dead animal.The dress,named Time

magazine's Fashion Statement of2010and more widely

known as the"meat dress",was made by Argentinian

designer Franc Fernandez and received divided opinions—

evoking the attention of worldwide media but invoking the

fury of animal rights organization PETA.

挑战权威文化+

艺术Alexandre

Gustave

Eiffel

埃菲尔铁塔

1)a French structural engineer and an architect

2)Eiffel Tower:Named for its designer,engineer Gustave

Eiffel,built in1889,a global icon of France;stands324meters

tall

The tower was much criticized by the public when it was built,

with many calling it an eyesore.Newspapers of the day were

filled with angry letters from the arts community of Paris.

However the beautiful structure leading to a novel

architectural design age has aroused people’s serious attention

more than anything else.Its aesthetics,beyond the original

doubt has attracted tourists too numerous to mention,

completely creating a new epoch of structural technology.

Moreover the design has triggered in-depth study of what the

essence of beauty is,followed by modern aphorisms like:

“form follows function”.

文化+艺术Louvre

pyramid

Louvre pyramid:The construction of the pyramid triggered

considerable controversy because many people felt that the

futuristic edifice looked quite out of place in front of the

Louvre Museum with its classical architecture.Certain

detractors ascribed a"Pharaonic complex"to Mitterrand.

Others lauded the juxtaposition of contrasting architectural

styles as a successful merger of the old and the new,the

classical and the ultra-modern.It has been accepted by more

critics alongside the understanding of the juxtaposition

leading to a new era of architecture and urban planning.

文化+艺术Zaha Hadid

扎哈·哈迪德

1)born in1950in Baghdad,Iraq.She received a degree in

mathematics from the American University of Beirut before

moving to study at the Architectural Association School of

Architecture in London.

2)In2004Hadid became the first female recipient of the

Pritzker Architecture Prize

3)the designer of the Dongdaemun Design Plaza&Park in

Seoul,South Korea,and Guangzhou Opera House(2010)

4)by Time magazine as influential thinker in the2010TIME

100issue.

失败成功英雄Temple

Grandin美

国传奇自闭

症患者天宝.

葛兰汀博士

1)an American doctor of animal science--“Animanls are not

Thins”

2)diagnosed with autism(自闭症)in1950at the age of3

3)autism advocacy and inventor of the hug machine designed

to calm hypersensitive persons.

4)She has described her hypersensitivity to noise and other

sensory stimuli.She claims she is a primarily visual thinker

(视觉思考者)and has said that words are her second

language.Temple attributes her success as a humane livestock

facility designer to her ability to recall detail,which is a

characteristic of her visual memory.

Roosevelt The great depression of1929brought into existence,the

numerous finance laws which made sure that such disastrous

economic recession would not hit the society to a extent it did

in1929.It regulated many banking policies and financial

decisions which curbed the aggressive ambition of money-

makers and made it possible for a middle class man to achieve

economic growth.The finance laws underwent changes

because of the circumstances.

挑战权威失败成功Mohandas

Gandhi

1)Indian nationalist leader,who established his country's

freedom through a nonviolent revolution.

2)In1891,after having been admitted to the British bar,

Gandhi returned to India and attempted to establish a law

practice in Bombay(now Mumbai),with little success.

3)Two years later an Indian firm with interests in South Africa

retained him as legal adviser in its office in Durban.Arriving in

Durban,Gandhi found himself treated as a member of an

inferior race.He was appalled at the widespread denial of civil

liberties and political rights to Indian immigrants to South

Africa.He threw himself into the struggle for elementary rights

for Indians.

挑战权威政治Winston

Churchill温

斯顿·丘吉尔1)a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War.

2)1929political isolation

“the wilderness years”Churchill became estranged from the Conservative leadership over the issues of protective tariffs and Indian Home Rule and by his political views

3)Prime Minister(1940-45;1951-55)

4)Second World War,Britain over Nazi Germany,Hitler His steadfast refusal to consider defeat,surrender or a

compromise peace helped inspire British resistance,especially during the difficult early days of the War when Britain stood alone in its active opposition to Hitler.Churchill was particularly noted for his speeches and radio broadcasts,which helped inspire the British people.He led Britain as Prime Minister until victory had been secured over Nazi Germany.挑战权威Martin Luther King 1)American clergyman,activist and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement through disobedience and non-violent means 2)led the 1955Montgomery Bus Boycott 3)delivered his “I Have a Dream”speech at Lincoln Memorial on Washington,March 19634)Raised the public consciousness of the civil rights movement End racial segregation and racial discrimination 5)1964:the youngest person to receive Nobel Peace Prize 6)1986:Martin Luther King,Jr Day was established as a U.S.national holiday TS:Through the process of questioning the racial view held by the majority of American society,Martin Luther King ended racial discrimination and therefore became one of the human

rights icons.Example:Before the time of 1950s,the major society of United States held a stubborn prejudice that due to the color of their

skin,African Americans were destined to be discriminated,which led to numerous discrimination and persecution towards this vulnerable group.

Martin Luther King,Jr.(1929-1968),American clergyman and Nobel Prize winner,one of the principal leaders of the American civil rights movement and a prominent advocate of nonviolent protest.King’s challenges to segregation and racial discrimination in the 1950s and 1960s helped convince many white Americans to support the cause of civil rights in the United States.After his assassination in 1968,King became a symbol of protest in the struggle for racial justice.

2.追求完美

Avatar 追求完美科学Thomas Edison Electric light bulb Carbonized bamboo Filament

“Genius is one percent of inspiration,and ninety-nine percent of perspiration.”“We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles.”

“If you wish to succeed,you should use persistence as your good friend,experience as your reference,prudence as your brother and hope as your sentry.”TS:By seeking after perfection,Thomas Edison endeavored to

find the most suitable filament.

追求完美公司McDonald’s1)1940:The business began with a little restaurant opened by

brothers Dick and Mac McDonald in San Bernardino,

California.

2)The world‘s largest chain of fast food restaurant

3)serving47million customers daily.

4)“QSCV”principle

Q:quality

S:service

C:cleanliness

V:values

5)Beef>40steps

Milk<4℃

Onion:4hours→trash

Fries>7minutes

Hamburger>10minutes

6)Main policies

Policy1:The customer is always right.

Policy2:If the customer is ever wrong,read the policy1.

TS:Striving to achieve a superior goal,even if it might be

unreachable right now,McDonald’s disciplines itself by an

extremely harsh principle,a principle called“QSCV”,which

means that quality,service,cleanliness and values.

Example:To ensure the quality of its hamburgers,the beef must

be processed at least40steps before being sold.Similarly,for the

freshness of the milk,its milk must be reserved under four

centigrade in refrigerator.

Likewise,to make the better taste of its onion and fries,if the

onion has been reserved more than4hours after being chopped,

it must be thrown away and if the fries has been kept more than

7minutes after being fried,it also must be treated as trash.

Starbucks1)A“third place”besides home and work

2)1971:a local coffee bean roaster and retailer opened in Pike

Place Market in Seattle,Washington

3)The largest coffeehouse company in the world

4)With16,120stores in49countries

5)Expansion:After1990s,Starbucks was opening a new store

every workday.

6)Logo:Twin-tailed siren

7)To ensure that coffee aroma is not adulterated

Non-smoking policy

Refrain its employees from wearing strong perfumes

Almost70%of the coffee used by Starbucks comes from the

sixth major coffee producer in the world,Guatemala.

Educates employees in coffee tasting,growing regions,

roasting,and purchasing

追求完美孟德斯鸠Baron de Montesquieu，法国启蒙思想家

追求完美的政治体系

反对神学，提倡自然科学

他最重要的贡献是对资产阶级的国家和法的学说作出了卓

越贡献，提倡资产阶级的自由和平等，但同时又强调自由

的实现要受法律的制约，政治自由并不是愿意做什么就做

什么。他说“自由是做法律所许可的一切事情的权利；如果

一个公民能够做法律所禁止的事情，他就不再有自由了。乔托Giotto,意大利文艺复兴时期杰出的雕刻家，画家和建筑师突破了中世纪绘画缺乏艺术生命力的缺陷，创作了许多具

有生活气息的宗教画。

《中世纪的圣母》

1.反对僵硬的拜占庭绘画风格﹝ltalo-Byzantine﹞，他认为

宗教人物如圣母和耶稣，也是有血有肉的人，因此他特别

加强了人物画中的肌理感

2.也将过去平板的金或蓝色背景改为简单朴实的背景。废

除了金碧辉煌的修饰

对宗教界有深远影响，使得圣母人性化。他认为画画的关

键在于观念，不在于技法。

他使得西方艺术家了解到，只有可视的，具体的客观世界，

才能使人获得真知

追求完美的艺术，体现人的价值

圣母人性化

梵高Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch post-Impressionist

painter whose work had a far-reaching influence on20th

century art for its vivid colors and emotional impact.He

suffered from anxiety and increasingly frequent bouts of

mental illness throughout his life and died,largely unknown,at

the age of37from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.Little

appreciated during his lifetime,his fame grew in the years

after his death.Today,he is widely regarded as one of history's

greatest painters and an important contributor to the

foundations of modern art.

不被承认，依然追求心中的艺术

3.失败与成功

莱特兄弟；诺贝尔；曼德拉；丘吉尔；贝多芬；舒伯特；朗

朗；Liz Murray；杰克韦尔奇；毕加索；罗斯福；奥普拉Ludwig van

Beethoven

1)German composer

2)26:suffered a severe form of tinnitus

3)a"ringing"in his ears that made it hard for him to perceive

and appreciate music

4)his habit of immersing his head in cold water to stay awake

5)Beethoven's hearing loss did not prevent his composing

music

6)to increase his perception of the sound;bite a special rod;

attached to the soundboard on a piano;the vibrations would

then transfer from the piano to his jaw

7)Ninth Symphony

Fourth Symphony

Sixth Symphony

“Moonlight”Sonata

莱特兄弟1896年李林塔尔试飞失事。这个时期，航空事业连连受挫，飞?技师?尔机毁?亡，重机枪发明?马克沁试飞失败，航

空学家兰利连飞机带?摔??中，这使?多数?认为飞机依

靠??动?的飞?完全不可能。

莱特兄弟却没有放弃??的努?。从1900年?1902年期

间，他们除了进?1000多次滑翔试飞之外，还?制了200

多个不同的机翼进?了上千次风洞实验，修正了李林塔尔的

?些错误的飞?数据，设计出了较?升?的机翼截?形状。

滑翔机的留空时间毕竟有限，但假如给飞机加装动?并带上

?够的燃料，那么它就可以?由地飞翔、起降。于是，兄弟

俩?开始了动?飞机的研制。莱特兄弟废寝忘?地?作着，

不久，他们便设计出?种性能优良的发动机和?效螺旋桨然

后成功以把各个部件组装成了世界上第?架动?飞机。他们

在1903年制造出了第?架飞机

诺贝尔Alfred Bernhard Nobe，瑞典发明家。

299种发明专利中有129种发明是关于炸药的，?称“炸药?

王”

制造液体炸药硝化?油。1864，??爆炸。最?弟弟埃?尔

被炸死

政府禁?重建??，他向朋友借船在湖?上进??作

1865，建?硝化?油??

世界各国买了他制造的硝化?油，经常发?爆炸：美国的?

列?车，因炸药爆炸，给炸成了?堆废铁；德国的?家?

?，因炸药爆炸，?房和附近?房，全部变成??废墟；“欧

罗巴”号海轮，在??洋上遇到?风颠簸，引起硝化?油爆

炸，船沉?亡。世界对硝化?油失去信?

1867年，在英国矿?上做实验，?雷管引爆炸药，最终成功Liz Murray父母吸毒、8岁开始乞讨、15岁母亲死于艾滋病、父亲进入收容所

17岁开始用2年的时光学完高中4年课程，每天坐车一个半

小时从住处到达学校，一个学期要学8门课程，同时还要打

工洗盘子。

获得1996年纽约时报一等奖学金，进入哈佛学习

毕加索Pablo Picasso，西班牙艺术家

小时候家境不好

14岁与父母移居巴塞罗那，见识到当地新艺术和思想。正要

跃跃欲试，却碰上殖民地战争失利。战争笼罩人民。

迁至巴黎，住进破旧的洗衣船

但是，正是由于兴奋与绝望的双重刺激，激发了他潜意识的动力。他的话反映现实，又超脱现实

成就：第二次世界大战时，毕加索作油画《格尔尼卡》抗议德、意法西斯对西班牙北部小镇格尔尼卡进行狂轰滥炸。这幅画是毕加索最著名的一幅以立体主义、现实主义和超现实主义手法相结合的抽象画，剧烈变形、扭曲和夸张的笔触以及几何彩块堆积、造型抽象，表现了痛苦、受难和兽性，表达了毕加索多种复杂的情感

罗斯福Franklin

Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt,美国第32届总统

1)August1921(39)contracted an illness

Poliomyelitis--which resulted in his total and permanent paralysis from the waist down;refused to accept that he was permanently paralyzed;

2)tried a wide range of therapies

Fitting his hips and legs with iron braces

laboriously taught himself to walk a short distance by swiveling his torso

while supporting himself with a cane.

3)created the New Deal

“3R”Policies

provide relief for the unemployment

Provide recovery of the economy

Provide reform of the economics and banking systems

4)Was elected to four terms in office(1933-1945)

the only United States president who has served more than two terms.

1.1905，与共和党西奥多.罗斯福总统侄女结婚，因总统来

婚礼隆重，萌发从政想法

2.1910，以民主党身份开始竞选。

3.每天进行10多次演说–纽约州参议员

4.1921，度假。换上脊髓灰质炎症。高烧、疼痛、麻木以

及终生残疾折磨他。但他笑对苦难。他用以疗病的佐治亚温泉被众人称之为“笑声震天的地方”。

5.1932，竞选总统，经济危机时期

共和党攻击他的残疾，但是他政绩和口才以绝对优势击败胡佛。

4.个人价值观Michael

Jackson

诺贝尔;巴菲特；

Mother

Teresa

1)Who:was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun with Indian

citizenship

What:founded the Missionaries of Charity

Where,when:in Kolkata,India in1950

How:over45years

ministered to the poor,sick,orphaned,and dying

guided the Missionaries of Charity's expansion,first throughout India and then in other123countries.

Why:“We ourselves feel that what we are doing is a drop in the ocean,but the ocean could be less because of that missing drop.”

2)Nobel Peace Prize in1979

At the time of her death:4,000sisters,an associated brotherhood of300members

a crucifix,a pair of scandals and three old clothes

TS:For over forty five years,Mother Teresa did charity works all over the world,choosing conscience over money and fame. Example:Before1950s,large parts of India were filled by those people,suffering from famine,epidemics,homelessness and death.Although they lived miserably,they were actually ignored by the government and the upper class of the society.

Florence Nightingale 1)A pioneering nurse;British;be known as“The lady with the lamp”;“Crimean War”

2)The ally of Britain and France versus Russia

Turkey

thorough observations linking sanitary conditions and healing the mortality rate dropped from42.7%to2.2%.

Diana Spencer 1)Princess of Wales

2)homeless,youth,drug addicts and the elderly.

3)April1987:one of the first public figures to be photographed touching a person infected with HIV.

4)Changed the public opinion of AIDS sufferers during the subsequent years

5)not only in the United Kingdom but in North America,Africa and Asia as well.

诺贝尔Alfred Bernhard Nobel,a Swedish innovator

诺贝尔一生的发明极多，获得的专利就有255种，其中仅

炸药就达129种，就在他生命的垂危之际，他仍念念不忘

对新型炸药的研究。

诺贝尔财产丰厚，遗产变换为现金的总额33，233，792

瑞典克朗，约为920万美元。不仅在当时，就是在现在，

诺贝尔的这笔遗产确实都是一笔巨额遗产。

在他遗嘱中，他将自己的全部财产用于设立奖励基金。分

为五份：物理，化学，生理，医学以及和平。

他认为：在颁发这些奖金的时候，对于授奖候选人的国籍丝

毫不予考虑，不管他是不是斯堪的纳维亚人，只要他值

得，就应该授予奖金。

诺贝尔奖的建立，为人类社会发展做出了贡献，鼓励人们

不懈努力，用于创新。

巴菲特Warren Buffett,a famous investor and philanthropist

热衷慈善事业，被称为：除父亲之外最值得尊敬的男人。

2006,捐助375亿美元给比尔盖茨基金，用于战胜第三世界

的贫穷和疾病。

这是美国迄今为止数目最大的一笔私人慈善捐款

此外，巴菲特将向为已故妻子创立的慈善基金捐出100万股股票，同时向他三个孩子的慈善基金分别捐赠35万股的股票

he announced a plan to give away his fortune to charity,with 83%of it going to the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation

草根慈善家阿里木Grass-root hero

出生于新疆，一家9口，全靠父亲工资养活。读到高二，辍学

1.2002年，阿里木路过贵州镇远县，参与扑灭了一起山

火，当地政府奖励他300元现金。随后，他通过毕节地区妇联组织，将这笔奖金连同自己身上的200元钱，捐给毕节学院一位因贫濒临辍学的女生

2002-2010，中国网事?感动2010”年度网络人物，并被授予“新疆青年五四奖章”。8年间，他卖了30多万串烤羊肉串，资助了百余名贫困生，资助金额达10万元以上。“要能在鸟巢边上摆个羊肉串摊，生意肯定火爆，就能赚到更多钱帮助贫困孩子了”。在北京领奖期间，游览鸟巢，阿里木还挂念着“老本行”。

Mark Zuckerberg 快乐来源于做自己喜欢做的事情，与金钱无关

高中时，他为学校设计了一款MP3播放机。之后，很多业内公司都向他抛来了橄榄枝，包括微软公司。但是扎克伯格却拒绝了年薪95万美元的工作机会，而选择去哈佛大学上学.

the Facebook在2004年2月推出，即横扫整个哈佛校园。2004年年底，Facebook的注册人数已突破一百万，Zuckerberg干脆从哈佛退学，全职营运网站

马克·扎克伯格因此成为全球最年轻的亿万富翁，但是他依然住着租来的一套一室一厅的小公寓，地板上放一个床垫，两张椅子、一张桌子就是全部家具。他的早餐通常都是一碗麦片。每天，他走路或骑自行车上班.

曾登上《新闻周刊》封面的扎克伯格接受采访时，依然是T 恤和便鞋的休闲打扮，甚至在2007年的一次科技论坛上，他面对采访露出虎牙的同时也翘起了二郎腿，秀出了穿着阿迪达斯拖鞋的脚丫

2010年9月23日，扎克伯格宣布捐赠1亿美元，赞助新泽西州纽瓦克市修缮学校

On December9,2010,Zuckerberg,Bill Gates,and investor Warren Buffett signed a promise they called the"Giving Pledge",in which they promised to donate to charity at least half of their wealth over the course of time,and invited others among the wealthy to donate50%or more of their wealth to charity.

5.主观与客

观

Roosevelt

失败成功Helen

Keller 1)was not born blind and deaf

it was not until she was nineteen months old

Scarlet fever--The illness did not last for a particularly long time,but it left her deaf and blind.

2)Anne Sullivan

teach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand 3)“We could never learn to be brave and patient,if there were only joy in the world.”

A prolific author,political activist and lecturer

4)12published books and several articles

The Story of My Life

The World I Live in

Light in My Darkness

5)campaigned for women's suffrage,workers'rights

the first deaf-blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree

Stephen Hawking 1)British theoretical physicist1942.1.8

2)21:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化

A chronic,progressive disease[marked by gradual degeneration of the nerve cells in the central nervous system (that control voluntary muscle movement).]The disorder causes muscle weakness and atrophy and usually results in death.

contracted a neural muscular dystrophy,a condition that has progressed over the years and has left him almost completely paralyzed.

3)A Brief History of Time,which stayed on the British Sunday Times bestsellers list for a record-breaking237weeks.

is known for his contributions to the realms of cosmology and quantum gravity,especially in the context of black holes.

Hawking has a motor neurone disease that is related

to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,a condition that has progressed over the years and has left him almost completely paralysed.

21岁时不幸患上了会使肌肉萎缩的卢伽雷氏症，被禁锢在轮椅上，只有两根手指可以活动。

1985年43岁，因患肺炎做了穿气管手术，彻底被剥夺了说话的功能，演讲和问答只能通过语音合成器来完成。

他要用很大努力才能举起头来。在失声之前，只能用非常微弱的变形的语言交谈，这种语言只有在陪他工作、生活几个月后才能通晓。他不能写字，看书必须依赖于一种翻书页的机器，读文献时必须让人将每一页摊平在一张大办公桌上，然后他驱动轮椅如蚕吃桑叶般地逐页阅读。

他因患卢伽雷氏症，禁锢在一把轮椅上达40年之久，他却身残志不残，使之化为优势，克服了残废之患而成为国际物理界的超新星。他不能写，甚至口齿不清，但他超越了相对论、量子力学、大爆炸等理论而迈入创造宇宙的“几何之

舞”。尽管他那么无助地坐在轮椅上，他的思想却出色地遨

游到广袤的时空，解开了宇宙之谜。

Lang Lang1)The most influential pianist

2)9years old:went to Beijing's Central Conservatory of Music

He had difficulties with his lessons,and was expelled from his

piano tutor's studio for lack of talent

His father forced him to end up his life

Due to his love of the instrument;Practiced over9hours

everyday

3)1993:Xing Hai Cup Competition in China

1994,Germany:the Fourth International Young Pianists

Competition

1995,Japan:the Tchaikovsky International Young

Musicians‘Competition

4)Time magazine's annual list:“the100Most Influential

People in the World”

the first Chinese pianist to be engaged by those far famed

orchestras

the Berlin Philharmonic,the Vienna Philharmonic and the top

American orchestras.

塞万提斯Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra,西班牙伟大作家

出生于贫困家庭，从小和7个兄弟姐妹四处颠簸。16岁才

定居马德里。仅受过中学教育

23岁，参加军队，在勒班多大海战中，带兵战争，被截取

左手。4年后乘船回国，有联军统帅胡安的推荐信

途中遇到土耳其海盗，被掳到阿尔及利亚做人质以换取赎

金。

1580，34岁，才被亲人赎回

回国后，没有收到腓力国王重视。他不止一次被捕下狱，

原因是不能缴上该收的税款。

《堂吉诃德》也有一部分是在监狱里构思和写作的。

1616年他在贫病交加中去世。

成就：塞万提斯５０余岁开始了《堂吉诃德》的写作。

《堂吉诃德》是宝贵的文化遗产。书中堂吉诃德在游侠生

活中的遭遇，揭露了社会的黑暗，抨击教会的专横，揭示

人民的困苦。他塑造的堂吉诃德和他的仆从桑丘，是西方

古典文学中的两个典型形象。

书中描写了封建社会的罪恶以及西班牙下层民众生活的贫

困，肯定人性与个性自由，对社会的不公正发出了愤怒的

抗议。这些充满了人文主义思想的现实主义短篇在西班牙

文艺复兴文学中占有重要的地位.

COCO

A pioneer French fashion designer

Chanel

名人效应政治Bill Clinton1)42nd President of the United States(1993—2001)--the

third-youngest president(47)

失败与成功A崇拜名人B，最终A 也成为了对社会有益的名人。1978:the Governor of Arkansas--32:the youngest governor 2)hardship Father:died in a car accident3months before he was born

Stepfather:a gambler;an alcoholic;regularly abused his mother

3)1963:as a Boys Nation senator,he visited the White House to meet President John Kennedy.

Due to the enthusiastic admiration for President John Kennedy, Bill Clinton strived to become one of the most prominent presidents in American history.

4)education:Georgetown University:Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service;Rhodes Scholarship,Oxford:Philosophy, Politics and Economics;Yale Law School:Jurisdiction Doctor 5)The Lewinsky scandal(谎言)

名人效应A崇拜名人B，最终A 也成为了对社会有益的名人。历史Napoleon

Bonaparte

Julius Caesar

1)a military and political leader during the latter stages of the

French Revolution,noted for the“Napoleonic Wars”

2)Admire Julius Caesar

His application of conventional military ideas to real-world

situations effected his military triumphs,such as creative use

of artillery as a mobile force to support his infantry.He

referred to his tactics thus:"I have fought sixty battles and I

have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning.

Look at Caesar;he fought the first like the last."

The story of Napoleon has demonstrated that the admiration for

celebrities is beneficial.

If he had not admired Caesar like that way,he would have never

been the extraordinary leader in western history.

名人效应因为民众对于名人A 的崇拜,社会发生进步。娱乐Oprah

Winfrey

September8,1986,an American television host of"The

Oprah Winfrey Show"

“The Oprah Effect”--in1996“Oprah’s Book Club”The book

club became such a powerful force that whenever Winfrey

introduced a new book as her book-club selection,it instantly

became a best-seller;for example,when she selected the

classic John Steinbeck novel East of Eden,it soared to the top

of the book charts.

艺术Lang Lang has inspired over35million Chinese children to learn classical

piano–a phenomenon called“the Lang Lang effect”

因为对名人A的过分崇拜,社会产生了不良影响政治

军事

Adolf Hitler1)a German politician,remembered for his central leadership

role in the rise of fascism in Europe,World War II and the

Holocaust.

2)1919joined he precursor of the Nazi Party;1921leader

3)establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony

in continental Europe

The majority of German were all deluded by Hitler’s Jingoism

沙文主义.

4)World War II

The result was an outburst of destruction;consumed the lives

of millions

Nazi forces engaged in numerous violent acts during the war,

including the systematic murder of as many as17million civilians,including an estimated six million Jews,Soviet prisoners of war,people with disabilities,homosexuals,and other political and religious opponents.

因为我们过分崇拜名人A,最后导致媒体对于A过分关注,对其自身产生负面影响。

价值观4)娱乐Michael

Jackson

1)Jackson's personal life,including his changing appearance

(plastic surgery),personal relationships and behavior,

have generated controversy.

2)In1993,he was accused of child sexual abuse,but the case

was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought.

3)Jackson died on June25,2009,after suffering from cardiac

arrest.Sony Music Entertainment signed a US$250million deal

with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his

recordings until2017,and to release seven posthumous

albums over the decade following his death.His first

posthumous album of new material,simply titled Michael,will

be released on December14,2010.

Due to people’s excessively enthusiastic admiration,Michael

Jackson had become the target of mass media and tabloids,

which led to the perdition of his occupation and life.

4)Heal the World Foundation

Founded in1992;sent millions of dollars around the globe to

help children threatened by war and disease

The Dangerous World Tour

June27,1992---November11,1993.

performed to3.5million people in67concerts.

All profits from the concerts went to the“Heal the World

Foundation”.

谎言政治

历史事

件The

Watergate

scandal水门

事件

The Watergate scandal was a1970s United States political

scandal resulting from the break-in to the Democratic National

Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in

Washington,D.C.Effects of the scandal ultimately led to the

resignation of the President of the United States,Richard

Nixon,on August9,1974,the first and only resignation of any

U.S.President.It also resulted in the indictment,trial,

conviction and incarceration of several Nixon administration

officials.

谎言政治

历史事

件The

Lewinsky

scandal莱温

斯基和克林

顿

The Lewinsky scandal was a political sex scandal emerging

from a sexual relationship between United States President

Bill Clinton and a then22-year-old White House intern,Monica

Lewinsky.The news of this extra-marital affair and the

resulting investigation eventually led to the impeachment of

President Clinton in1998by the U.S.House of Representatives

and his subsequent acquittal on all impeachment charges of

perjury and obstruction of justice in a21-day Senate trial.

谎言政治President

John F.

Kennedy肯

尼迪1)肯尼迪丑闻--梦露与肯尼迪

Marilyn Monroe did reportedly have an affair with President John F.Kennedy and his brother Senator Robert Kennedy. According to one of her former lovers and friend,Robert Slatzer,she scheduled a press conference for Monday,Aug.7, 1962.Monroe was planning to reveal details of her affair with the Kennedy brothers.She also made an appointment to meet with her attorney right before the press conference because

she intended to revise her will.It’s highly assumed that the Kennedys are associated with the death of Monroe.

2)肯尼迪对经济的影响

The economy turned around and prospered during the Kennedy administration.GDP expanded by an average of5.5% from early1961to late1963,while inflation remained steady at around1%and unemployment eased;industrial production rose by15%and motor vehicle sales leapt by40%.This rate of growth in GDP and industry continued until around1966,and has yet to be repeated for such a sustained period of time.

谎言文学Hamlet哈姆

雷特Hamlet---prince of Denmark

Claudius---Hamlet’s uncle,who killed Hamlet’s father and usurped the throne

King Hamlet(ghost)

Gertrude---queen of Denmark,married to Claudius after King Hamlet died

Find out his father was killed by his uncle from the ghost of King Hamlet;swear to revenge

In order to disguise his feelings,his behavior appears to everyone to be a form of madness.

鬼魂揭开秘密又在他心灵上增加了极其沉重的负担。哈姆雷特生怕这样下去会引起克劳狄斯的注意,认为哈姆雷特知道许多内情而要对付他,因此存起什么戒心来。于是王子就作出了一个奇特而大胆的决定假装发疯。这样,克劳狄斯可能就不会认为他有什么图谋。而且,假装发疯不但可以巧妙地掩盖他内心中的真实的不安,也可以给他机会冷眼窥视克劳狄斯的一举一动。

Much Ado About Nothing《无事生非》William Shakespeare

还没找到骗局的点Hero,Claudio--are to be married in a week

To pass the time before their wedding day

Trick their friends

Beatrice and Benedict

Intelligent,hate males;arrogant

The reason why she/he treats you so unreasonably is that she/he likes you

Fall in love

这一出发生在田野乡间的浪漫喜剧，场景壮观而华丽，片中充满了精巧的骗局与美丽的爱情故事，描写希萝Hero（凯特柏金赛尔饰演）与克劳底欧Claudio（劳勃史恩李奥纳德饰演）是一对即将步入礼堂的恋人，在准备婚礼期间，两人闲来无事，便计划撮合双方好友班奈迪克Benedict与碧翠丝Beatrice的婚事（由当时为夫妇的肯尼斯布莱纳与艾玛汤普逊饰演）。班奈迪克是一个性情豪放又机智的年轻贵族，自负的他抱定了单身的打算，而碧翠丝则是一个性格活泼、伶牙俐齿的姑娘，两个嘴快的人一见面，都要展开一场挖苦讥笑的舌战。不过，在周遭好友善意的骗局下，两人唇枪舌剑的背后，慢慢滋生起爱苗，最后终于由冤家变为夫妻，为整片带来愉悦而温馨的结局。

The Last O.Henry an American Novelist

Leaf Johnsy&Sue Mr. Behrman Pneumonia肺炎

She makes up her mind to die when the last ivy leaf falls. When she sees the last leaf still clinging to the vine after two nights’rain and wind,she decides not to give up her life. Faking the truth,in the book of The Last Leaf,Mr.Behrman saves the little girl’s life.

In the book of The Last Leaf,it describes a little girl called Johnsy,who suffers from a severe form of pneumonia.Seeing the leaves of ivy outside her window fall down everyday,she makes up her mind to end up her life when the last leaf falls.Her roommate,Sue,after learning about this,tells this to her neighbor,Mr.Behrman,an old painter.Knowing this matter,Mr. Behrman makes a decision to paint an artificial leaf on the tree outside Johnsy’s window,which would never fall down.When Johnsy sees the last leaf still clinging to the vine after two nights’rain and wind,she decides not to give up her life.Fighting against the pneumonia,Johnsy finally gets cured.

竞争与合作Competition:it is the process of trying to win or do better than

others.好处Some social Darwinists claim that competition

also serves as a mechanism for determining the best-suited

group;politically,economically and ecologically.好处例子

Competition helps to bring perfection.In an industry where

there is intense competition,often,there is a tendency that

that industry would become more and more perfect and

efficient.This happens because competition shifters out the

poor performing products or services and leaves only good

and outstanding products for the general masses to consume.

This particular advantage of competition is more likely to

benefit the general population,since they would have better

quality products and services for maybe cheaper prices.

坏处On the negative side,competition can cause injury to the

organisms involved,and drain valuable resources and energy.

Human competition can be expensive,as is the case with

political elections,international sports competitions,

advertising wars and arms races.They may focus on winning

at any cost;this can lead to cheating,and hurting other people.

It may hurt their self-esteem if they always lose.If they are at a

severe genetic advantage(if they are competing at things at

which they are doomed to do poorly;i.e.a child who is not

very bright competing with gifted students)they may come to

feel that they are just a born loser and quit trying.

竞争比合作好生物进

化论

Charles

Darwin

1)the development of all forms of life is through the slow-

working process of natural selection

The young born to any species intensely compete for survival.

Those young that survive to produce the next generation tend

to embody favorable natural variations.

2)Social Darwinists claim that competition also serves as a

mechanism for determining the best-suited group;politically,

economically and ecologically.

经济学Adam Smith

Perfect

Competition 1)a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy

Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.

2)The Theory of Moral Sentiments

The Wealth of Nations

3)Through perfect competition,society is served when the maximum number of goods is produced at the lowest prices. Competition helps to bring perfection.In an industry where there is intense competition,often,there is a tendency that that industry would become more and more perfect and efficient. This happens because competition shifters out the poor performing products or services and leaves only good and outstanding products for the general masses to consume.This particular advantage of competition is more likely to benefit the general population,since they would have better quality products and services for maybe cheaper prices.

De Beers 戴?尔斯钻?Prevent Monopoly

1)De Beers is well known for its monopolistic practices throughout the20th century;used its dominant position to manipulate the international diamond market.

2)Besides De Beers,other major players joined the competition

such as Rio Tinto,BHP Billiton,Harry Winston,and Alrosa. The diamond industry of today is markedly different to that of a decade ago

合作?竞争更好?物界Symbiosis The term symbiosis commonly describes close and often long-

term interactions between different biological species,from

which both organisms benefit.

Clownfish

Anemone海葵

The faecal matter from the clownfish provides nutrients to the

sea anemone

Anemone’s tentacles:provide algae as food for clownfish

The anemones provide the fish with protection from

predators,which cannot tolerate the stings of the anemone's

tentacles

The fish defend the anemones against butterfly fish which eat

anemones

公司Sony

Ericsson

Who--the Japanese consumer electronics company:Sony

Corporation;The Swedish telecommunications company:

Ericsson

Why--March,2000:Philips Facility in New Mexico,Ericsson’s

single supplier of chips got fire

Ericsson faced with a serious shortage of material

Struggled with huge losses

Inability to produce cheaper phones as Nokia

两?性科技科技类科技双刃剑

The problem now facing humanity is:What is going to be done

with all this knowledge?As is so often pointed out,knowledge

is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or

evil．It is now being used indifferently for both．Could any

spectacle,for instance,be more grimly whimsical than that of

gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while,close at

hand,surgeons use it to restore them?We have to ask

ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of

knowledge,with its ever-increasing power,continues.

科技的好处Technology,general term for the processes by

which human beings fashion tools and machines to increase

their control and understanding of the material environment.

In many ways,technology simplifies life.1）The rise of a

leisure class2）A more informed society3）Sets the stage for

more complex learning tasks4）Increases multi-tasking

(although this may not be simplifying)5）Global networking

6）Creates denser social circles7）Cheaper prices8）Greater

specialization in jobs

科技的坏处In other ways,technology complicates life.1）

Pollution is a serious problem in a technologically advanced

society2）The increase in transportation technology has

brought congestion in some areas3）New forms of danger

existing as a consequence of new forms of technology,such as

the first generation of nuclear reactors4）New forms of

entertainment,such as video games and internet access could

have possible social effects on areas such as academic

performance5）Increased probability of some diseases and

disorders,such as obesity6）Social separation of singular

human interaction.Technology has increased the need to talk

to more people faster.

原?弹

atomic bomb

On August6,1945,during World War II(1939-1945),the first

atomic bomb to be used against an enemy position was

dropped on the city by the United States Army Air Forces.

According to U.S.estimates60,000to70,000people were

killed or missing as a result of the bomb and many more were

made homeless.(In1940the population of Hiroshima had

been343,698.)The blast also destroyed more than10sq km

(4sq mi)of the city,completely destroying68percent of

Hiroshima's buildings:On August9,1945,during World War

II,a United States Army Air Force plane released an atomic

bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki.The blast destroyed

about a third of the city and left an estimated40,000people

dead or missing.

克隆技术

(clone)

The possibility of cloning humans also raises a variety of social

issues.What psychological issues would result for a cloned

child who is the identical twin of his or her parent?How will a

cloned child deal with the pressures of being compared to its

genetic donor?A clone will never be identical to the genetic