lecture2

lecture2
lecture2

Review

What’s sonnet?

What’s Shakespearian sonnet? And how many sonnets did Shakespeare write in his lifetime?

What’s Italian sonnet?

What’s humanism?

Lecture two

Images

Poetry is a speaking painting.

But how does the painting-like poem speak?

through image and sound.

Poetry should be particular and concrete. It presents to us a world that appeals to our senses by giving us a more or less vivid and recognizable impression of some natural scene or natural object---a register.

Poem appreciation

She dwelled among untrodden ways

----by William Wordsworth

She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways

A maid whom there were none to praise

And very few to love

She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways

A violet by a mossy tone

Half hidden from the eye!

---Fair as a star, when only one

Is shining in the sky.

She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways

She lived unknown, and few could know

When Lucy ceased to be;

But she is in her grave, and, oh,

The difference to me!

Questions for Discussion

?What are the three stanzas about?

?What’s significance of the girl to the speaker “I”?

?If we omit the second stanza, what has left in the poem?

What’s the function of the second stanza?

?Why does the speaker compare Lucy to a violet, not a

rose?

?Do you think the image of star is contradictory to the

image of violet?

Question 1

?What are the three stanzas about?

?In memory of a country-girl named Lucy

?An elegy : a lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or

public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject

------Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms

Question 2

?What’s significance of the girl to the speaker “I”? How do you know?

?Lucy lived unknown and few to love

?She is important and her death is a great shock to “me”.

?A violet, fair as a star shining in the sky

?When she ceased to me,/ the difference to me

Question 3

?If we omit the second stanza, what has left in the poem?

She dwelt among the untrodden ways

Beside the springs of Dove,

Maid whom there were none to praise

And very few to love:

She lived unknown, and few could know

When Lucy ceased to be;

But she is in her grave, and, oh,

The difference to me!

?Narration left; in regular rhyme scheme: abab cdcd

?Lucy lived remote from the world, and her death p assed unnoticed. Yet, Lucy’s passing made no

difference to the world, it has made all the difference to her lover.

Question 3

?What’s the function of the second stanza?

?Core stanza

?Lyric by using two dominant images

1) Violet half hidden

2) Star shining in the sky

Question 4

?W hy does the speaker compare Lucy to a violet, not a rose?

?The rose will not do to supply a vague enhancement to Lucy. Lucy’s

natural charm, like that of the violet, was derived from her modesty.

She, too, was “half-hidden from the e ye”, obscure and unnoticed.

Question 5

?The prominence of the star suggests Venus as evening star, normally the first star to shine forth after the sunset. Do you think the image of star is contradictory to the image of violet?

?Paradoxical?

?Violet-Lucy: obscure, modest to the world

?Star-Lucy: bright and unmatched to the eye of her lover:

?no contradiction!

Episode Summary

?W e notice that the imagery is not something

additional---merely decorative. If poetry does bring together idea and emotion, rendering an experience dramatically in concrete terms, then stanza 2 of the poem is the core---the very heart---of the poem.

Wordsworth’s Poetics

Definition:

A good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. Function of poetry:

The function of poetry lies in its power to give an unexpected splendor to familiar and commonplace things.

In the station of the metro

by Ezra Pound

The apparition of these faces in the crowd

Petals on a wet, black bough

Questions

What are the dominant images in this poem?

What relationship between these images?

What effect may be created by using the images?

Question 1

What are the dominant images in this poem?

faces petals

apparition -face

petals on wet and black bough

Question 2

What relationship between these images?

juxtaposed/ juxtaposition,

without further explanation and any logic connection, the two images are placed side by side to let readers’ imagination fulfill the blanks and their own understanding.

Question 3

What effect may be created by using the images?

beautiful or ugly?

moving thoughts

complex sentiment

exotic poetic influence: 人面桃花相映红; 豆蔻梢头二月枝

Imagism

"An 'image' is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time”.

Exact diction, inventiveness in rhythm, clarity in images.

"Use no superfluous word, no adjective, which does not reveal something."

----Ezra Pound.

The Tyger

by William Blake

Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright

In the forests of the night,

What immortal hand or eye

Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

In what distant deeps or skies

Burnt the fire of thine eyes?

On what wings dare he aspire?

What the hand dare seize the fire?

And what shoulder, & what art,

Could twist the sinews of thy heart?

And when thy heart began to beat,

What dread hand? & what dread feet?

What the hammer? What the chain?

In what furnace was thy brain?

What the anvil? What dread grasp

Dare its deadly terrors clasp?

When the stars threw down their spears,

And water’d heaven with their tears,

Did he smile his work to see?

Did he who made the Lamb make thee?

Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright

In the forests of the night,

What immortal hand or eye,

Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?

Questions for discussion

What parts of the tiger have been described in the poem?

Is it a realistic description of the tiger?

What does the tiger stand for or symbolize?

What does the poem glorify?

In which year was the poem written? Any connection with the historical background?

How to interpret the two lines “when the stars threw down their spears/ and water’d heaven with their tears”?

Question 1

What parts of the tiger have been described in the poem? eyes: burning bright in darkness/ fiery

figure: in fearful symmetry

heart: hard to twist its sinews; sturdy

hand and feet: dreadful

brain: framed in furnace; strong

Question 2

Is it a realistic description of the tiger?

more than a literal animal

Question 3

What does the tiger stand for or symbolize?

powerful force

with terror, mystery and violence

eg: fearful symmetry, dread hand

obscure in symbolic meaning

Question 4

What does the poem glorify?

the tiger? the maker of the tiger?

the magic of the creation?

Question 5

In which year was the poem written? Any connection with the historical background?

in 1794

French Revolution

political and social upheaval

Accompanied by violent turmoil (trial of the king, bloodshed and warfare

From 1792-1797, France launched wars with Austria and Prussia

Blake’s political views

Blake never tried to fit into the world, he was a rebel innocently and completely all his life.

He was politically of the permanent left & mixed a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine and William Godwin.

Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left men unemployed, killed children and forced prostitution."

He cherished great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution, and regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets.

Question 6

How to interpret the two lines “when the stars threw down their spears/ and water’d heaven with their tears”?

heavy touch of religion

allusion

Satan’s revolt against God

Summarize the musical beauty of the poem

trochaic (stressed syllable with unstressed syllable) to imitate the sound in a forge;

alliteration (burning bright);

assonance (tiger and night);

sounds rhythmical;

regular end rhyme

repetition

Supplementary knowledge Lake poet

Romanticism and its main features

Imagism

Wordsworth’s main works

William Blake’s main works

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翻译概论课后参考答案完整版

翻译概论课后参考答案 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】

翻译概论课后习题答案 第二章 P41-1? 试对中西传统译论作进一步研究和比较,并指出其异同之处。 西方 (1)公元前46?年,罗马帝国时期的西塞罗撰写了《论最优秀的演说家》中区分了翻译的两种基本方法——直译和意译,堪称西方译论之源。 (2)公元380?年圣哲罗姆的翻译集所作的序中,认为对词序、文采、辞格、韵味的处理存在着客观上的困难。 (3)文艺复兴时代的法国翻译家艾蒂安·多莱在1540年发表了《论佳译之方法》提出了五条翻译原则,都是从怎么译的角度来探讨翻译的。 (4)德国马丁·路德提出翻译的七条细则。 (5)以翻译《伊利亚特》与《奥赛德》而驰名译坛的英国翻译家乔治·查普曼提出了具体的译诗的原则。 中国? (1)陈福康将中国传统译学理论的发展分为古代、晚清、民国、1949?年以后四个时期。 (2)三国时支谦写的《法句经序》主张的翻译方法“因循本旨,不加文饰”。 (3)东晋、前秦时期的高僧、翻译家道安的“五失本”、“三不易”。 (4)张思洁在《中国传统译论范畴及其体系》一书中所言,自《法句经序》起,中国传统翻译思想大略经历了形成、转折、发展和鼎盛四个阶段。

(5)罗新璋从张思洁的长轴中理出四个概念,高度概括了传统译论的历程: “案本—求信—神似—化境”。 (6)王宏印对中国传统译论有五个特点:“一、以道德为本位,强调译者道德修养和敬业从业为本的主体性意识。二、服务公众和社会的群体本位思想。三、人文主义的语言观而不是科学主义的语言观,始终是中国传统翻译实践的潜在的理论导向。四、人文社科类作为主要文本翻译的类型,在材料内容、语言类型和运思方式上都倾向于文学翻译的艺术性,而不是科学翻译的科学性。五、哲学的而非科学的,美学的而非宗教的,是中国传统译论的始终如一的理论基础。 异: 中西方翻译理论译者的主体意识与客体意识。西方译论强调客体意识,注重保持“物”(文本)“我”(译者)之间的距离,注重对文本进行冷静、客观的解析。而中国传统译论强调译者的主体意识,以“人”为出发点,重视译者的主观能动性在翻译过程中的作用。中西方翻译理论表述的含蓄性与明确性。西方翻译理论以西方语言之间的翻译为研究对象,在用来指导西方语言文字之间的翻译时具有较强的解释力,并且逻辑严密,具有很强的明确性。中国传统译学理论的倡导者注重一切尽在不言中的意境,给予人们较大的联想和领悟空间,但无法给翻译实践作出精确的规定,具有含蓄性。 同: 我们发现在很长一段历史时期里,人们对翻译活动的认识主要停留在经验和文本层面,更多的是从翻译的得失与困难以及对翻译方法与技巧的探讨这两个方面来认识翻译。如何译译得如何这些可以说是从古代到近代的各国翻译家苦苦思索的一个永恒的主题。 P41-3 翻译中要达到完全等值是否可能为什么

主谓一致 答案 解析 (2)

主谓一致练习题答案解析(30题) 1. There is always a possibility that the infection will return, but so far there __ been no signs of trouble. A. has B. have C. are D. had 答案:B. 解析:在由not only…but also…, not just…but…, or, either…or…, neither…nor…连接主语的句子中及在there be句型中,谓语动词的单复数按就近原则处理,即按与谓语动词最靠近的那个主语来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。 2. This kind of stories ____ instructive while stories of that kind ____ harmful to children. A. is; seems B. are; seem C. is; seem D. are; seems 答案:C. 解析:this kind of stories的中心词为kind,是单数;stories of that kind的中心词为stories,是复数,故选C。 3. The number of people invited ____ fifty, but a number of them ____ absent for different reasons. A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were 答案:C. 解析:“the number of+复数名词”意思是“……的数量”,谓语用单数;“a number of+复数名词”意思是“许多……”,谓语用复数。 4. A poet and artist ____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. A. is B. are C. was D. were 答案:A. 解析:当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事,and后的名词前没有冠词,谓语动词应该用单数形式;在and后面的名词前有冠词,谓语就用复数形式。 句意:一位诗人兼艺术家明天下午要来给我们作关于中国文学和绘画方面的报告。 5. The average of students of the school going to university each year ____ over 600. A. are B. has been C. have been D. is 答案:D. 解析:“the average of+复数名词”作主语与单数动词连用,排除A、C。根据时间状语each year“每年”,句子应用一般现在时,选D。 6. Jack, as well as his friends who ____ football games, ____ travelled with the team. A. likes; has B. like; have C. like; has D. likes; have 答案:C. 解析:as well as连接的名词作主语所强调的是它前面的名词,故谓语动词要和该名词保持一致。本题的主语是Jack,故谓语动词要用has travelled;who之后从句的实际主语是先行词his friends的,故第一空格要填like。 7. Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after another. A. is B. are C. am D. be 答案:B. 解析:not only…but also…连接两个并列主语时,句子的谓语根据就近的原则处理。 8. One-third of the area ____ covered with green trees. About seventy percent of the trees ____ been planted. A. are; have B. is; has C. is; have D. are; has

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