2019高考英语构词法(完美总结)
英语构词法（表格完美总结版）
构词法-派生词
派生词多数是由词根（Base）加后缀（Suffixes）构成。构成名词的后缀常用的有下面这些：
构成形容词的后缀常用的有下面形式：
a classic performance 难忘的演出classical music 古典音乐
a comic masterpiece 喜剧杰作comical behavior 滑稽的举动
an economic miracle 经济上的奇迹economical arragement 节约的安排
a historic building 有历史意义的建筑historical research 史学研究
an electric fan 电扇electrical energy 电能
此外，还有构成动词、副词和数词的后缀：
前缀（prefiles) 一般不造成词类的转变，而只是引起意思上的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词：
另外还有一些表示其他意思的前缀：
有个别前缀可引起词类的变化。en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词：
enslave endanger enpower enrage enlarge
be-也可以和一些词构成动词：
belittle bedim befriend behead besmear
此外，前缀a-可以：
1）和名词构成形容词或副词：
asleep aboard aside ashore abase
2）和一动词构成另一动词，意思有少许变化：
arise awake arouse abide
还有out-可以和不及物动词构成及物动词：
outshine outlive outrun outvote outwit
也可构成名词如outcome, outlet, outlook, outlaw等。
此外，还有一些次要的前缀。如with-( withdraw, withhold), hemi- (hemisphere, hemicycle), sur- (surcharge, surtax), centi- (centimetre, centigrade), milli-(millimetre, milligram)等.
构词法—转化词
转换构词法（Conversion）就是由一个词类转换为另一词类或几种词类，产生新的词义。如：water（名）水—— water（动）浇水
（一）、转换为名词
1、动词转换为名词
有大量动词可以转换为名词，这些转换的名词一般表示原来的动作或状态，意思没有太大变化，如下面的划线词：
Let me have a try. 我来试一试。
We stopped there for a swim. 我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。
This is for winter wear. Don't make it to tight. 这是冬天穿的，别做的太紧。
I like a quiet read after supper. 晚饭后我喜欢静静地看一会儿书。
这类名词常可和一动词构成短语，表示一个动作，如：
have a look (chat, talk, wash, swim, rest, try, quarrel, smoke, lie, read, dream, run, fight, walk, ride, drink, laugh, dance, bathe, wish, win, fear, love, shave, debate, interview, taste, etc.)
make a study (guess, visit, call, survey, jump, slip, change, search, stay, start, answer, reply, remark, fight, arrest, appeal, purchase, sacrifice, demand, show, deal, an attempt, an attack, an advance, etc.)
有时意思有一定的变化：
He was about the same build as his brother. 他的体形和他哥哥差不多。
Last year's catch was four times that of 1986. 去年的捕鱼量为1986年的四倍。
This was a decisive move. 这是一个决定性的步骤。
They can be used as stock feed. 它们可以用作牲口饲料。
Women have an equal say in everything. 妇女在各方面都有同等的发言权。
He won two games; the other two were draws. 他赢了两局，另外两局打平了。
2、形容词转换为名词
部分形容词特别是表示颜色的形容词常可转换为名词；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。
You should be dressed in black at the funeral. 你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。
The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
He didn't want to disturb the quiet needed by patients. 他不愿打扰病人需要的安静环境。
He's a dear. 他是个招人喜欢的孩子。
Their jobless total reached a record high since 1940. 他们的失业总人数达到1940年以来的最高峰。
There is only one black in my class. 我们班上只有一个黑人学生。
When is your French oral? 你什么时候上法语口语课？
She is investigating the ancients' conception of the universe. 她在研究古人对宇宙的概念。
He is a natural for the job. 他是一个天生适合干这工作的人。
It is necessary to make a distinction between right and wrong. 必须分清是非。
They're running in the final. 他们正在进行（赛跑的）决赛。
Our six-year-old is at school. 我们六岁的孩子在上学了
（二）、转换为动词
1、名词转换为动词。也有相当多名词可以用作动词。
①许多表示物件的名词可以用作动词来表示动作：
Have you booked your ticket? 你的票订好了吗？
Who chaired the meeting? 谁主持会议？
He pinned great hopes on us. 他对我们寄托了很大希望。
It can seat a thousand people. 它能坐一千人。
We have mapped out plans for their utilization. 我们制定了使用它们的计划。
It pictures the life of overseas Chinese students. 它描绘海外中国留学生的生活。
By noon he had bagged three hares. 到中午时他已捕获了三只野兔。
The machine bottles 5000 jars of cold cream a day. 这台机器一天能装五千瓶冷霜。
The money was all pocked by corrupt officials. 这钱都进了腐败官吏的腰包。
He hammered a nail into the wall. 他在墙上钉了一只钉子。
②一些表示身体某部分的名词也可用来作动词：
Hand in your exercise-books, please. 请把练习本交上来。
We'll back you up. 我们将作你们的后盾。
Who headed the delegation? 谁任代表团团长？
We should shoulder these responsibilities. 我们应当负起这些责任来。
She fingered the silk gently. 她轻轻地抚摩着这块缎子。
I'm never interested in nosing out the details of someone else's private life. 我从不喜欢探听别人私生活的细节。They eyed him with suspicion. 他们带着怀疑的目光注视着他。
③一些表示某类人的名词也可用作动词：
If so, we shall be badly fooled. 如果这样我们就会上大当。
He insisted on staying up to nurse the child. 他坚持不睡觉来护理这个小孩。
We were hosted by members of the embassy. 我们受到大使馆成员的款待。
Our aim is to save the patient and not to doctor him to death. 我们的目的是把他的病治好，而不是把他治死。The equipment was manned by three workers per shift. 这个设备每一班由三个工人操作。
He has soldiered in France in his youth. 他年轻时在法国当过兵。
The army was officed by brave man. 这支军队由勇敢的人担任军官。
He fathered many inventions. 他有过许多发明。
④一些表示其他实物的名词也可用作动词：
Each apartment can house a family of six. 每套房间可以住一户六口之家。
I hope we can room together. 我希望我们能住同一个房间。
This helped to bridge over our difficulties. 这帮助我们度过了困难。
They flowered well but bore little fruit. 它们花开得很好，但果结的不多。
He floored the room. 他给房间装上地板。
We decided to dam the river. 我们决定筑一道拦河坝。
He is busy oiling the bicycle. 他忙着给自行车上油。
He wolfed down three great bowls of rice. 他狼吞虎咽吃了三大碗饭。
The pill is coated with sugar. 药丸外面包有糖衣。
⑤一些抽象名词等可用作动词：
Where do swallows winter? 燕子在哪里过冬？
We summered by Lake Geneva. 我们在日内瓦湖畔度过夏天。
For six days and nights they battled to save his life. 他们苦战了六昼夜来抢救他的生命。
Through my childhood, I had hungered for education. 我从小就盼望上学。
This so angered us that we beat him up. 这使我们气愤得把他痛打了一顿。
The actual labor force numbered 12000. 实际劳动力有一万两千。
They breakfasted (lunched) at the guesthouse. 他们在宾馆吃了早饭（午饭）。
Over 1000 students stormed into the Senate building. 一千多学生冲进了参议院大楼。
2.形容词转换为动词有少部分形容词也可用作动词：
The train slowed down to half its speed. 火车速度慢了一半。
This is the chief way of narrowing the difference between them. 这是缩小他们之间差距的主要办法。
Please warm up the dish over the stove. 请把菜放在炉子上加热一下。
The room gradually quieted down. 屋里慢慢静了下来。