关于英语动词的所有

关于英语动词的所有
关于英语动词的所有

第八章动词

8.1 动词概说

一、动词的定义和特征

动词是表示动作或状态的词,例如:play 玩buy 买sing 唱is等。

动词有不同的表现形式,如play, plays, playing, played。动词还有时态、语态和语气等特点。

英语动词是词汇的灵魂,学好和掌握动词的用法,就有了学好英语语言的扎实基础。

二、动词的种类

按照其功能和作用,动词可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词四大类。

1. 实义动词:

实义动词又称作行为动词。实义动词可分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi)。及物动词后面能带宾语,而不及物动词则不带宾语。

例如:We like pop music.

vt 宾语

我们喜欢流行音乐。

2. 系动词:

系动词又称连系动词(link-v),系动词是表示主语是什么或怎么样的词。系动词不能单独作谓语,必须和表语(通常为名词或形容词)一起构成谓语。

例如:1) We are happy and gay. 我们很快乐。

2) They were in the U.S.A. last year. 去年他们在美国。

3. 助动词

助动词(aux. v)本身无词汇意义,它们用来帮助谓语动词构成不同的时态、语态,表达否定与疑问等之意。

例如: 1) Did you see him this morning? 你今天早上看到他了吗?

助动词

2) He doesn’t speak English well. 他英语说得不好。

助动词

3) I have heard too much. 我已经听够了。

4. 情态动词:

情态动词(mod. v)本身虽有词义,但词义不完整,不能单独作谓语,必须

与实义动词一起构成谓语。

例如: 1) Who can solve the problem? 谁能解决这个问题?

情态动词

2) You mustn’t play with fire. 你不能玩火。

情态动词

三、动词的词形变化

在英语中,动词有着丰富多彩的词形变化。动词最常见的词形有五种,即动词原形、一般现在时的第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词,这五种形式与助动词、情态动词一起连用就构成了动词的各种时态、语态和语气。

例如:work(原形),works(一般现在时第三人称单数),worked(过去式),

worked(过去分词),working(现在分词)

work →works →worked →worked →working

原形三单过去式过去分词现在分词

四、谓语动词与非谓语动词简介

1. 谓语动词:

在句子中充当谓语的动词叫谓语动词。谓语动词可以是单一的动词,也可以是动词加介词或副词构成的短语。

例如:1) He reads English every day. 他每天读英语。

谓语动词

2) Who takes care of these young trees?

谁照料这些小树?

谓语动词

就动词而言英汉两种有很大差别。在汉语里除了动词以外,形容词、名词、各种词组与结构均能作谓语,而在英语中只有动词才能作谓语。因此,初学者在做汉译英练习时最容易犯的错误就是把谓语动词漏掉。

例如:1) 书在桌子上。

The book on the desk. (错)

The book is on the desk. (对)

2) 树上有一些鸟。

Some birds in the tree. (错)

There are some birds in the tree. (对)

2. 非谓语动词:

非谓语动词顾名思义是不能作谓语的动词,而只能作主语、宾语、定语、状语等。

非谓语动词有四种形式:

playing playing to play played

现在分词动名词不定式过去分词动名词的构成与现在分词构成形式相同,动词不定式由to加动词原形构成。

非谓语动词动词的两个基本特点是:

1) 当形容词、名词、副词用:

例如:We are working hard to make our country stronger.

我们努力奋斗使祖国更富强。

2) 有时态和语态变化:

例如:The thief escaped being caught by police.

小偷逃脱了警察的追捕。

8.2行为动词和系动词

一、行为动词

表示动作行为的动词叫行为动词。行为动词在句子中能独立担任谓语。行为动词按其语法结构又分为及物动词与不及物动词。

1. 及物动词:

及物动词后面带宾语,即动作的承受者。在汉语中这种动词也称作及物动

词。

例如:Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

注:有些及物动词常常带双宾语。

例如:1) She offered me some help. 他给了我一些帮助。

宾①宾②

2) He taught himself English. 他自学的英语。

宾①宾②

2. 不及物动词:

不及物动词后面不能带宾语,在汉语中这类动词称作自动词。

例如:1) Time goes by without our awareness. 时间在悄悄流逝。

2) It often rains a lot in Shanghai. 上海雨水多。

3) China has changed greatly. 中国变化巨大。

注:有些不及物动词可借助于介词的帮助,从而具备及物动词的功能,也就是说有些不及物动词与相应的介词搭配可带宾语。

例如:He is waiting for the bus now. 他在等公共汽车。

句中的the bus是wait for谓语短语的宾语。

另外,有许多动词身兼双职,既能做及物动词使用,也能做不及物动词使用。

例如:1) The car stopped suddenly. 车突然停了下来。

2) The police stopped the car. 警察让车停了下来。

二、连系动词

连系动词后面接的是表语,它是连接主语和表语的桥梁和纽带,它表明主语和表语的关系,be是最基本的连系动词。

例如:1) I am all right. 我还好。

2) Fire is both man’s friend and enemy. 火既是人类的朋友也是敌

人。

3) They have been in China for 5 years. 他们在中国呆了五年了。

除了be动词以外,还有一些动词可以作连系动词用,具备系动词的功能其

后带形容词作表语。常用作系动词的动词有:

get 成为appear 看起来

look 看上去become 变成

remain 仍然是taste 尝

feel 感觉seem 看似

这些词与行为动词一样有时态的变化,其否定和疑问结构也要有相应的助动词帮忙。

例如:1) They seem happy. 他们看上去很高兴。

2) The dish tastes delicious. 这道菜尝起来很好吃。

3) Y ou don’t look fine. 你今天气色不太好。

4) How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉如何?

8.3 助动词与情态动词

一、助动词

助动词的特征:

助动词是为句子中的谓语动词服务的,它能帮助谓语动词构成疑问式、否定式,帮助谓语动词构建时态、语态、语气,因此助动词不可单纯使用

二、情态动词

1. 情态动词的定义及特征:

情态动词是表示情感、态度的动词。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有词义,但不能单独作谓语,它们必须与句子中的实义动词一起构成谓语。常见的情态动词有:shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, dare,need, ought to, had better 等。

2. 情态动词的用法:

1) can与could的区别与用法:

can“能,能够”,多用于表示现在或将来可能或能够做某事。

例如:He can use a computer.

他会用电脑。

Can you help me with my English?

你能帮我学习英语吗?

could是can的过去式,多用来指过去能够或可能做的事。

例如:I could speak excellent French as a child.

我孩童时,能够说一口流利的法语。

但could 也可用于指现在,是表示礼貌的一种说法。

例如:Could you answer my question?

你能回答我的问题吗?

(1) can与could表示能力:

例如:①She can speak a little Chinese now.

她现在能说一些汉语。

② Tom could cook when he was a small boy.

还是一个孩子时汤姆就会做饭。

当can表示能力时可用be able to 代替,二者的区别是can只有

过去式,而be able to 有更多的时态形式,而且还有人称变化。

例如:①You will be able to run again after the operation.

你手术以后将可以再次跑步。

②My little brother has been able to dress himself.

我的弟弟已经可以自己穿衣服了。

以上两例句中均不可用can代换be able to。

(2) 表示允许、准许时can与may可互换:

例如:①C an /May I borrow your bike tomorrow?

我明天可以借你的自行车吗?

②You can’t smoke here.

你不可以在这里吸烟。

(3) 表示可能性时can/could常用于否定句、疑问句表示说话人的怀疑、

猜测和不肯定:

例如:①Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗?

②This news can’t be true. 这条消息不现实。

2) may与might的用法及区别:

may多指现在,而might是may的过去式,既可指过去也可指现在。

(1) 表示请求许可时might比can正式:

例如:①M ay I borrow your bike?

我可以借你的自行车吗?

②May I take these magazines out of the reading room?

我可以把这本杂志拿出房间吗?

③He asked me if he might go there.

他问我他是否可以去那。

(2) may和might表示可能性时,常用于肯定句,这时might与may都

暗含不确定的意思,might比may更为不确定:

例如:①A: Where is John? 约翰在哪里?

B: He may be at the library.他可能在图书馆。

②Mike hasn’t come to school. He might be ill at home.

迈克没有来上学,他可能病了。

(3) might 在口语中常代替may,语气更加缓和、委婉:

例如:①M ay I speak to him now? 我现在可以和他讲话吗?

②Might I leave a message for him? 我给他留口信好吗?

(4) 在用may提问时否定回答常用mustn’t或may not,表示“不行,不

可以”:

例如:A: M ay I go now? 我可以走了

吗?

B: No, you mustn’t/may not. 不,不可以。

3) must与have to的用法及区别:

(1) must 表示人的一种主观意志;表示必须要做的事:

例如:We must protect our environment. 我们必须保护环境。must也可以表示过去情况,一般用在间接引语和宾语从句中。

例如:He told me he must go to school today.

他告诉我他今天必须上学。

(2) must可以表示一种推测(只有在肯定句中):

例如:①T hey must be very happy because they have won the game.

他们一定很高兴,因为他们赢了这场比赛。

②He must be working for the light is on.

他一定在工作,因为灯还亮着。

(3) have to 也有必须之意,但must 表示说话人的主观看法,而have to 则表示客观义务和需要,即“不得不”。must的否定式是

mustn’t ,而have to 的否定式是don’t have to/doesn’t have to/didn’t have to。must无人称时态变化,have to 则有。mustn’t 表示禁止、

不许、不要,而don’t have to 表示不必:

例如:①I must go now.

我现在必须走。

②You must tell me the truth. 你得对我说实话。

③I have to go now because I will attend an important meeting.

我不得不走,因为我将参加一个重要的会议。

④You will have to stay at home for it is going to rain.

你得呆在家里,因为要下雨了。

⑤She has had to read the letter for 3 times for my granny.

她只好给奶奶将信读三遍。

⑥You don’t have to explain any more. I have understood.

你不必再解释,我明白了。

(4) 在回答must引起的问句时,肯定回答用must,而否定回答要用

needn’t 或don’t/doesn’t have to:

例如:A: Must I come back in 5 minutes?

我必须五分钟后回来吗?

B: No, you needn’t/you don’t have to. 或Yes, you must.

不,没有必要/是的,你必须。

4) need和dare的用法及区别:

need 和dare既可作情态动词又可作行为动词。

(1) need 和dare作情态动词用时只用于否定句和疑问句。need和dare

用作情态动词无词形变化:

例如:①It’s shiny today. You needn’t take your umbrella.

今天天气晴朗,你不需带雨伞。

②Need I help you with these boxes?

我需要帮你拿这些盒子吗?

③How dare you say it’s unfair.

你怎么能说这是不公平的。

④I dare not drive on the busy street by myself.

我不能独自在拥挤的街道上驾驶。

(2) need 和dare 作实义动词时,后面常跟动词不定式用作实义动词,

need 和dare有人称、数和时态变化。在构成否定句时与其它及物动

词一样,其前面加do/does/did再加not,变成疑问句时用do/does/did 来提问:

例如:①W hen the bear came at him he didn’t dare to breathe.

当熊朝他们走来时,他们不敢呼吸。

②You don’t need to hand the paper today.

你今天不必写论文。

③Does he need to see a doctor?

他需要看医生吗?

5) shall与will的区别:

(1) shall 与will可以用作助动词,帮助动词构成一般将来时,shall, will

可用作情态动词,表示请求或建议:

例如:①We’ll start a new lesson.

我们将学新课。(将来时)

②Will you close the window?

将窗子关上好吗?(表建议请求)

③Shall I play computer games?

我可以玩电子游戏吗?(表示建议)

6) would的用法:

would是will的过去式,would可以和动词原形一起构成过去将来时,也

可以用作情态动词,表示一种礼貌的请求和委婉的语气。would常用在以

下三个句型中。

(1) Would you… ? (would you…?比will you…?更客气一些) :

例如:①W ould you tell me how I can get to the Summer Palace?

您可以告诉我怎样到颐和园吗?

②Would you help me translate it into English?

您可以帮我把它翻译成英语吗?

(2) 主语+ would like to …的结构,表示“想要……”:

例如:I would like to sing an English song for all of you.

我想要为你们大家唱一首英文歌曲。

(3) Would you like sth. 或Would you like to do sth.表示礼貌地请求或劝说:

例如:①Would you like some coffee? 来点咖啡好吗?

②Would you like to enjoy a concert this weekend?

这个周末参加一个音乐会好吗?

7) should与ought to 的用法及区别:

should与ought to 两者都是“应该,应当”的意思,二者常可以互换。

ought to 的否定式是oughtn’t to。ought的疑问式只把ought 提到主语之

前即可。

例如:(1) You ought to tell him the bad news.

你应该告诉他这个坏消息。

(2) Ought I to finish the work before Friday?

我非得在星期五之前完成工作吗?

(3) You should/ought to study hard.

你应该努力学习。

3. 情态动词完成式的用法:

情态动词+do或+be doing表示对现在的动作或者状态的一种猜测或指责。

例如:1) You must be on time next time. 你下次切不可迟到。

2) They must be practising spoken English now.

他们一定是在练习英语口语。

情态动词+动词完成式表示对过去事实或情况的一种猜测。

must have done ... 一定是做了……

should have done ... 应该做……(而实际没有做)

ought to have done ... 应该做……(实际未做)

shouldn’t/oughtn’t have done sth.

本不该做(实际已做了)

ne edn’t have done ...没有必要做……(已经做了) could have done ... 可能做了……

might have done ... 或许做了……

例如:1) You should have told me earlier.你应早告诉我。

2) They shouldn’t have blocked the street for fear of SARS.

他们不该因害怕非典就阻塞道路。

3) They must have planted a lot of trees in the city, for the

environment is getting better and better.

他们一定是在城里植了许多树,因为环境得到极大改善。

情态动词练习:

Choose the best answer:

1. There are so many CDs here, and I really don’t know which one I ______ choose.

A. should

B. can

C. may

D. must

2. You ______ make the decision now.. You ______ think it for some time.

A. can’t ,can

B. mustn’t , may

C.needn’t , can

D. may not , must

3. There ______ someone in the room, for we heard the sound just now.

A. can’t be

B. can be

C. must be

D. may be.

4. --______ it be Li Gang who took my note book away?

--No, it ______ be him, and it ______ be Wang Lei who did it.

A. Can, mustn’t, may

B. Must, mustn’t, can

C. May, may not, must

D. Can, can’t, must

5. ______ you like to have dinner with me tonight?

--yes, ______.

A. Would, I’d like to

B. Do, I will

C. Will, I will like to

D. D o, I’d like to see

6. George left the office five minutes ago. He ______ at this time.

A. mustn’t be working

B. can’t be working

C. can’t work

D. may not working

7. Your mother must be a teacher, ______ she?

A. mustn’t

B. is

C. must

D. aren’t

8. ---______ I borrow your recorder?

---Yes, but you _______ lent it to others.

A. May, needn’t

B. May, can’t

C. Can, can’t

D. May, mustn’t

9. Every one ______ to do his best to make contribution to the society .

A. can

B. may

C. should

D. ought

10. It’s Sunday today. So I ______ up early this morning,

A. needn’t to get

B. don’t need to get

C. shouldn’t get

D. can’t get

11.It’s getting dark. We have to go home, ______?

A. don’t we

B. haven’t we

C. mustn’t we

D. shouldn’t we

12. —May I go out to have a look at the lightening? No, you ______.

A. needn’t

B. do n’t

C. had better not

D. might not

13. How many times I told you to stop smoking, but you just ______ listen.

A. won’t

B. wouldn’t

C. might not

D. may not

14. There ______ no problem in getting there before dark.

A. ought to have

B. should to be

C. mustn’t be

D. ought to be

15. ______ you mind my turning off the air-conditioner? It’s not so cold today.

A. Should

B. Shall

C. Won’t

D. Would

16. You ______ for Alice for she made a phone call and told me she would not come here just now.

A. don’t have to wait

B. needn’t have to wait

C. don’t need wait

D. shouldn’t wait

17. Let’s go for a walk together, _______?

A. will you

B. shall we

C. don’t we

D. do we

18. --Nothing ______ stop you from doing what you really want to do.

A. will

B. would

C. must

D. shall

19. My grandpa ______ live in his old flat than in the new one.

A. had better

B. would like to

C. would rather

D. would better

20. We must obey the traffic rules, ______?

A. mustn’t we

B. didn’t we

C. haven’t we

D. don’t we

Key:

1-5 ACCDA 6-10 BBDDB 11-15 ACBAD 16-20 ABABA

8.4 动词的时态

时态的定义,学好时态的意义:

前面在概说里我们概说了时态的意义和基本表现形式,所谓时态就是指动词在不同时间里的表现形式,也可以说是句子的主语在不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态。下面我们具体介绍几个基本时态:

一、一般现在时

1. 一般现在时的用法:

一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态以及客观事实和真理。例如:1) My father watches TV every day.我父亲每天看电视。

2)We like to see English films. 我们爱看英文电影。

3) The moon moves round the earth.月亮绕着地球转。

2. 一般现在时的表现形式:

一般现在时的表现形式是主语+动词原形,或主语加动词+ s (es)

(此种情况只限于主语是第三人称单数)。

例如:1) They go to school early. 他们上学很早。

2) He takes a bus to school. 他乘车上学。

3. 常与一般现在时连用的时间状语:

我们常说时间决定时态。因此,学习时态时抓住时间很关键。常与一般现在时连用的时间状语有:always(总是); often(经常); usually(通常); sometimes(有时); every week/day/month(每周/日/月)…等。

例如:1)Tom is always ready to help others.

汤姆总是乐于助人。

2) My grandma usually gets up early.

奶奶通常早起。

3) Sometimes he is very quiet ,and sometimes he is very excited.

有时候他很沉静,有时候他却很激动。

4) The postman delivers a paper to us every morning.

邮递员每天清晨为我们送1份报纸。

4. 一般现在时的三种基本结构:

依据说话的特点,时态一般都有三种基本表达方式,即陈述式、否定式、疑问式。

请看下边例句:

肯定式:We share the same rights.

我们享有共同权利。

She enjoys music very much.

她非常喜欢音乐。

否定式:They don’t often go travelling.

他们不经常旅行。

He doesn’t like fast food at all.

他根本不喜欢快餐。

疑问式:Do you/they want to learn to use the computer?

你们/他们想要学电脑吗?

Does it require much attention?

这事需特别小心吗?

由上面的句子可以看出,一般现在时的陈述句主要由单复数人称之分。而否定式与疑问式则要靠助动词do和does,来帮助构成疑问和否定。其实英语各种时态的否定与疑问式主要都是靠助动词来完成的。在以后几个时态的学习中,我们会逐步地体会到助动词的重要性。

5. 学习一般现在时值得特别注意的几点:

1) 一般现在时可以用在状语从句中表示将来时:

例如:If you come tomorrow afternoon, we will have a meeting.

如果你明天下午来,我们将开一个会议。

2) 表示按计划、规定将要发生的动作:

例如:—When does the last train leave for Nanjing?

最后一班火车什么时候发往南京?

—At 12:30.

十二点半。

3) 在here, there开头的句子中,表示将来时态:

例如:(1) Here comes a tax. 出租车开过来了。

(2) There flies a kite in the sky. 天空正飞着一只风筝。

(3) There goes the bell. 铃响了。

二、一般过去时

1. 一般过去时的用法:

一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态。

例如:1) My uncle showed me around Beijing last Sunday.

上周日我叔叔带我游览了北京。

2) Mary was a lazy girl one year ago.

一年前玛丽曾是一个懒惰的女孩。

2. 一般过去时的表现形式:

一般过去时时态由主语加动词过去式构成。实义动词的过去式无人称和数的

变化,通常是在动词的后面加ed。但be动词的过去时时态有人称的变化,例如am, is 的过去时形式应是was,而are的过去时形式则是were。

请看一组过去时时态的例句:

1) Qu Yuan was an old Chinese poet.

屈原是中国古代诗人。

2) Ten years ago Mr. White and Mr. Blown were neighbours.

十年前,怀特先生和布朗特先生是邻居。

3) The factory shipped many machines abroad by ship.

那家工厂用船运送了许多机器到国外去了。

4) My little dog carried 3 birds home.

我家小狗叼回了三只小鸟。

3. 与过去时连用的时间状语:

时间决定时态,常与过去时时态连用的时间状语有:

last month /year /night (上个月,去年,昨晚); a few days ago (几天前); in 1990 (1990年); the other day (前几天); yesterday (昨天); the day before yesterday (前天)等。

例如:1) I fell asleep just now.

刚才我睡着了。

2) He learnt 300 new English words last month.

上个月我学了300个新单词。

3) He met the boss on the street the day before yesterday.

他前天在街上遇见了老板。

4. 一般过去时的基本结构:

按说话方式一般过去时可分为这三种基本结构:肯定式,否定式,疑问式,如:

肯定式:1) China set off another satellite last year.

中国去年又发射了一颗卫星。

2) There were several floods and air crashes in the world.

世界上发生了好几次洪水和空难。

否定式:1) Mother wasn’t at home this morning.

母亲上午不在家。

2) Mr Smith didn’t say anything at the meeting.

史密斯先生在会上什么也没说。

疑问式:1) Were you good friends as children?

你们小时候就是朋友吗?

2) Did anybody call me when I was out?

我不在时有人给我打电话吗?

由以上例句不难看出,谓语动词是be时,其否定式直接在was/were之后加not。疑问式则将was/were提到主语之前。当谓语是实义动词时,由did +主语+动词原形构成疑问式。否定式由主语+didn’t+动词原形构成。

5. 学习一般过去时值得特别注意的几点:

1) 表示按先后顺序接连发生的动作都用过去式。可归纳为“动词,动

词,…and动词”结构:

例如:The little boy came in, closed the door, took off his shoes and threw them on the floor. 小男孩进了屋,关上门,脱了鞋扔在地上。

2) used to do 与would do 都表示过去常做某事,但两者含义不同。

used to do 暗含过去常常如何,而现在已经不这样了。而would do 则无此含义。比较下面例句:

例如:(1) When I was young, I used to listen to the radio.

我小的时候常听广播。

(2) When I was young, I would listen to the radio.

我小时侯就爱听广播。

3) 过去式用在虚拟语气中,表示与现在事实相反:

例如:(1) If only I were a bird!

如果我是一只鸟就好了。

(2) If I were you, I would take his advice.

如果我是你,我将接受他们的建议。

(3) It’s high time that we went to school.

现在是到上学的时间了。

4) 在状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来时:

例如:Th teacher made a promise that if he was free, he would come to take part in our party.

老师承诺如果他有空,将参加我们的宴会。

三.一般将来时

1. 一般将来时的用法:

一般将来时表示主语所陈述的对象在将来某个时间所要发生的动作或存

在的状态。

例如:1)You will feel better after taking this medicine.

吃了这药后你将会感觉好一些。

2) We will/ shall know the result tomorrow afternoon.

明天下午我们将得到考试结果。

3) I’m going to be a scientist when I grow up.

我长大后要做一名科学家。

4) We are going to have a picnic in the mountain.

我们打算下周六到山上去野餐。

2. 一般将来时的表现形式:

一般将来时由主语+ will 或shall + 动词原形构成,shall只用于第一人称I/we后。或主语+ be (am/is/are) going to +动词原形构成。be根据主语的人称变化而变化。

例如:1) It will be April Fool’s Day tomorrow.

明天将是愚人节。

2) I shall try my best to make them feel at home.

我将尽最大努力使他们宾至如归。

3) Mary is going to tell the teacher the truth.

玛丽打算跟老师讲真话。

3. 常与一般将来时连用的时间状语有:tomorrow, next week/month/year/term, soon, this afternoon, the day after

tomorrow, in an hour, on Thursday, before long, in(the) future, some day等。

例如:1) People will go travelling on the moon some day.

人类将在某天登上月球。

2) Don’t worry, he will be back soon.

别着急,他很快就会回来的。

3) The breakfast will be ready in half an hour.

早饭将在半小时内完成。

4) He is going to do nothing but play video games this afternoon.

他今天下午什么也不打算做只打电子游戏。

4. 一般将来时的基本结构:

同其它时态一样,一般将来时也有三种基本结构:肯定式、否定式、疑问式。肯定式由will/shall + 动词原形或am/is/are + going to do构成;

否定式由will/shall + not do或am/is/are not going to do构成;

疑问式将will/shall或Am/Is/Are提到句首引起疑问。

肯定式:Uncle John will leave for Nanjing the day after tomorrow.

I will wait in the office for the meeting this afternoon.

我今天下午在办公室等着开会。

否定式:We shall not have sports meeting this term.

我们这学期没有运动会。

She isn’t going to follow her mother.

她不打算跟随她妈妈。

疑问式:Will they agree with each other?

他们彼此赞同吗?

Are you going to have a football match next week?

你们下周举行足球赛吗?

5. 学习一般将来时时态值得特别注意的几点:

1) will/shall + 动词与be going to + 动词的区别:

(1) be going to + v 可表示有某种迹象,表明某事要发生,而will/shall + v 无此用法:表示将来必然要发生。

例如:Look at these black clouds. It’s going to rain now.

看天上的乌云,要下雨了。

I’ll be sixteen next year. The radio says there will be a heavy rain tomorrow.

(2) 两者都可表示说话人的意图,但will/shall + v往往指说话人临时想到

要做的事,而be going to + v通常指事先经过考虑的,侧重计划或安

排做某事。此时两者不可互换:

例如:①A: Why are you taking down all the pictures?

为什么取下那些画?

B: I’m going to hang the new ones.

我想挂新的。

②A: Oh, terrible! I can’t work out this problem!

哦,惨极了!我做不出这道题了!

B: Don’t worry. I will help you with it.

不要着急。我来帮你。

2) “be + 动词+ ing”这一现在进行时形式也可以用来表示将来时,表示按计划安排将要发生的动作:

表示计划、打算、安排、判断将要发生某事时。(主观)

will/shall表示将来必然要发生。(客观)

例如:A: Where are you going?

你要去哪呀?

B: I’m going to the supermarket. Are you coming with me?

我想去超级市场。你打算跟我一起去吗?

A: Yes, I’m just coming. Wait for me.

是的,我也去。等我一会。

3) be + to do也常可表示按计划安排将要发生的事情及官方计划或决定,也

可表示命令、禁止或可能性等:

例如:(1) I’m to visit my old English teacher this morning.

我今天上午将拜访我以前的英语老师。

(2) Where are we to find the book?

我们将到哪里找书?

(3) The sports meet is to take place on Sunday morning.

运动会将在星期天上午举行。

(4) You are to line up at the gate.

你们在门口排队。

4) be about + to do也可以表示将来时,后面不能再跟时间状语。be about

to do一般表示在最近的将来马上就要发生某事:

例如:I am about to make a phone call to you. 我马上给你打电话。

They are about to set out soon. (此题是错的,soon应去掉)

Exercise:

I. 用所给动词的适当形式填空:

1. Our teacher told us that the earth ______(turn) round the sun.

2. If it ______(not rain) tomorrow, I’ll go swimming.

3. When and where______ you born? (be)

4.Y esterday my friend, Leilei ______ (fall)off from the bike and ______ his

leg.(break)

5. Two and five ______ (be) seven.

6. I ______ ______ (leave) here until he ______ (come) back.

7. What ______ your father ______ (do) before he came to this city?

8. When you ______ (visit) him, ______ (give) him my best regards please.

9. How _______ you _______ (like) the concert by SHE at Shanghai Stadium

last night?

10. Bajin ______ (be) a well-known Chinese writer.

11. I’m waiting for a No.18 bus. Look, Here it ______ (come) .

12. I don’t know if he ______ (need) the dictionary. If he ______ (need) it, I

______ (lend) it to him.

II. 句型转换:

1. He put some books on the desk just now. (改为一般疑问句)

______ he ______ ______ books on the desk just now?

2. John had a good time during his stay in Shanghai last summer. (对划线部分提问)

______ ______ John _______ a good time during his stay last summer?

3. Lily has her lunch at home . (变为否定句)

Lily ______ ______ her lunch at home.

4. We shall meet outside the school gate. (就划线部分提问)

______ ______ we meet?

5. That pair of sports shoes cost me 120 yuan. (对划线部分提问)

______ ______ _______ that pair of shoes _______ you?

6. There will not be a heavy rain tonight, ______ ______?

(变为反意疑问句)

7. Y ou will get worse. Y ou won’t follow the doctor’s advice. (合并成一句)

Y ou will get worse ______ you ______ follow the doctor’s advice.

8. Mr Wu hardly ever went traveling last year, _____ _____?(变为反意疑问句)

9. Y ou heard nothing just know, ______ ______ ?(变为反意疑问句)

10. The smiths will go back home in a week. (就划线部分提问)

______ ______ ______ the Smiths go back home?

Key:

I. 1. turns 2. doesn’t rain 3. were 4. fell, broke 5. is 6.won’t eave, comes

7. did, do 8. visit, give 9. did, like 10. was 11. comes

12. will need, needs, will lend

II. 1. Did put any 2. Where did have 3. doesn’t have 4. Where shall

5. How much did cost

6. will there

7. if doesn’t

8. did he

9. did you 10. How soon will

四.现在进行时

1. 现在进行时的用法:

现在进行时表示现阶段或此时此刻正在发生的动作。

例如:1) Ann is sleeping now. 安正在睡觉。

2) The old man is looking at the sky. 那个老人正望着天空。

2. 现在进行时的表现形式:

现在进行时由主语加助动词be (am/is/are)再加上动词现在分词构成,即:主语+be (am/is/are)+ v-ing,

例如:1) Look! The little boy is crying.

瞧,那个小男孩正在哭。

2) I am waiting for my classmates.

我正在等同学们。

3) They are playing a game between boys and girls.

他们正在男女生之间进行一场竞赛。

3. 常与现在进行时连用的时间状语有:now, at the moment, these days:

例如:1) He is sitting under the big tree at the moment.

现在他正坐在那棵大树下。

2) It’s raining these days.

这些日子阴雨连绵。

4. 现在进行时的基本结构:

现在进行时有三种基本结构:肯定式、否定式、疑问式。其否定式直接在

am/is/are 后加not,疑问式要把am/is/are提到主语之前。

1) listen! Someone is knocking at the door. 听,有人在敲门。

2)We are not kidding.

我们不是在开玩笑。

3)Are you listening to me ?

你在听我说吗?

5. 学习现在进行时值得特别注意的几点:

1) 现在进行时既可表示说话时正在进行的动作,也可表示现阶段正在进行

的事情,未必说话时一定在进行的动作:

例如:(1) What are you doing there?

你正在那边干什么?(询问说话时情况)

(2) The foreign guests are visiting Beijing this week.

这星期,那些外国客人正在参观北京.(说话时可能未必在参观)

2) 现在进行时常与always, continually,等词连用,表示一种感情色彩。

如好恶、赞成、表扬或厌恶与批评等:

例如:(1) He is always practising his oral English.

他总在练习讲英语。(表扬)

(2) She is always crying for her mother.

她总是哭着要妈妈。(厌恶)

(3) The teacher is continually encouraging us to learn English well.

老师不断地鼓励我们学习好英语。(喜欢)

(4) Tom is always borrowing money from me and forgetting to pay me

back. 汤姆总是向我借钱又忘还。 (批评)

3)表示位置转移的词用在现在进行时表示即将发生的事或计划要做的事情。

有此用法的词有go, come, leave, start, arrive动词等:

例如:1) He is leaving for Beijing next week. 他下周去北京。

2) I am arriving this afternoon. 我下午到。

4) 感官动词和表示心理状态的词一般没有现在进行时时态。这些词有see(看见),hear(听到),feel(感到),think(认为),have(有),forget(忘记),want(想要),know(知道),like(喜欢),love(喜爱)。在这些动词中有些词可以用在现在进行时,但词意有所改变:

比较以下例句:

(1) They think he is dishonest. (认为)

他们认为他不诚实。

(2) He is thinking about the problem. (考虑思考)

他正在思考问题。

(3) I see a bird in the tree. (看见)

我看见一只鸟在树上。

(4) Mother is seeing a guest. (正在会见)

母亲正在会见一位客人。

(5) Tom has a new bike. (有)

汤姆有辆新自行车。

(6) The officials are having a meeting. (正在开会)

官员正在开会。

五.过去进行时

1. 过去进行时的用法:

过去进行时表示在过去某个时间正在发生的动作。

例如:1) I was swimming in the lake at 3:00 yesterday afternoon.

昨天下午3点钟我正在湖里游泳。

2) Mother was reading a newspaper when I came in.

我进来的时候妈妈正在看报。

2. 过去进行时的表现形式:

过去进行时是由主语加+助动词be (was/were),再加上动词的现在分词构成。当主语是第一和第三人称单数时,助动词用was;当主语是复数时,助动词用were。动词现在分词的构成在前面一节(现在进行时时态)里已经讲过,此处不再赘述。请看下面过去进行时的例句:

例如:The students were preparing for the match.

学生们正在为比赛作准备。

3. 常与过去进行时连用的时间状语有:then,this time,yesterday,

at that moment,at 7 p. m.,at this time yesterday等:

例如:I was travelling in a train this time last Friday.

上周五的此时此刻我正乘火车旅行。

4. 过去进行时的基本结构:

过去进行时的基本结构有肯定式,否定式,疑问式三种形式:

肯定式:They were building another bridge. 他们正在建另一座桥。

否定式:I wasn’t writing at 8:00 yesterday. 我昨天八点没在写作。

疑问式:Was it raining hard when you woke up?

你起床时正在下大雨吗?上述例句可以看出,过去进行时的肯定式由was/were + doing 构成;否定式直接在was/were之后加not;疑问式则把was/were提到主语之前。其构成形式与现在进行时完全一样。

5. 学习过去进行时值得特别注意的几点:

1) 过去进行时除了表示过去某个时间正发生的动作以外,也可表示过去

某一个阶段一直在进行的动作:

例如:(1) I was playing chess with my cousin yesterday at 9:00 a. m.

我昨天上午九点正和表兄在下棋。

(表示在9:00这个时间点正发生的动作)

(2) They were building a dam last year.

去年他们在修一个水库。(某段时间正在发生)

2) 正如某些动词的进行时可以表示将来时态一样,某些动词的过去进行时也可以表示过去将来时:

例如:(1) They were leaving a few days later.

几天后他们将离开。(过去将来时)

(2) He asked me where I was going.

他问我上哪儿去。(过去将来时)

此类词有go (去)/leave (离开)/come(过来)/arrive(到达))。

3) 当表示在过去某时间里一个动作发生在另一个动作过程中时,也就是说一个动作在进行,另一个动作发生了。这时刚发生的动作用过去时,正在进

行的动作用过去进行时:

例如:(1) It was raining hard when I left my office.

我离开办公室时雨正下得大。

(2) When you called, I was having supper.

你打电话时我正在吃饭。

4) 当两个延续性动作同时进行时,两者都用过去进行时:

例如:When I was cleaning the windows, my brother was sweeping the floor.

我擦窗户时,我弟弟在拖地。

Exercise

I. 用所给词的适当形式填空:

1. Listen! They ___________ (sing) in the playground.

2. They ___________ (plant) trees from 8 to 11 yesterday morning.

3. Don’t make any noise. Grandma _________ (sleep).

4. The visitors ____________ (come) soon.

5. Tom is always ____________ (smile) .

6. It’s six o’clock. The Green family ___________ (get) up.

7. Lily and Lucy ______ (wash) their clothes at 8 yesterday.

8. He ___________ (walk) in a street when he suddenly heard someone called him.

II. 选择填空:

1.---Where is Mr Green ?

---He _____ with his students in the classroom.

A. is talk

B. is talking

C. talks

D. is talks

2. Professor Zhang ____ a novel this week.

A. will translate

B. translates

C. is translating

D. translated.

3. Someone ______ at the door when I ______ breakfast.

A. knocked, had

B. knocked, was having

C. is knocking, am having

D. was knocking, was having

4. Y ou’re always ____ the same mistake.

A. make

B. made

C. making

D. makes

5. It ______ hard when I ______ up this morning.

A. is raining, wake

B. was raining, woke

C. rained, was waking

D. had rained, was waking

6. He ______ our team teacher after that.

A. was going

B. was going to

C. was going to be

D. was going to do

7. I ______ in a middle school at present

A. study

B. studied

C. will study

D. am studying

8. — I called you at eight last night, but there was no reply.

— Oh, I ______ in my office at that time.

A. will work

B. was working

C. worked

D. had worked

9. Don’t make any noise. The little bady ____.

A. is awake

B. is sleep

C. is sleeping

D. slept

10.I don’t think Lucy saw me. She _______ a sweater for her sister.

A. just chose

B. was just choosing

C. has just chose

D. had just chosen

11. When I ______ the top of the mountain, the sun ______ brightly.

A. got to, was shinning

B. get, shines

C. get to, is shinning

D. got, was shinning

12. It’s Autumn. The leaves on the trees ______ yellow.

A. turn

B. turns

C. are turning

D. are turning.

Key:

I. 1. are singing 2. were planting 3. is sleeping 4. are coming

5. smiling

6. are getting

7. were washing

8. was walking II. 1-5 BCBCB 6-10 CDBCB 11-12 AC

六、过去将来时

1. 过去将来时的用法:

过去将来时表示从过去某一时间来看,即将发生的动作或存在的状态。

例如:1) The teacher said he would teach us English for one year.

老师说他要教我们一年英语。

2) We never thought he would become a doctor.

我们从未想到他会成为医生。

3) He was going to come to the party yesterday.

他昨天原打算来参加这个聚会的。

4) T he foreign guests said they were going to visit the Summer Palace the

next day.

外国客人说他们计划第二天参观颐和园。

2. 过去将来时的表现形式:

过去将来时的表现形式主要有两种,一是主语+would/should+动词原形。should用于第一人称(I/we),二是主语+was/were going to +动词原形。

例如:1) I promised I would/should study hard.

我承诺过要好好学习。

2) Tom told me he was going to study hard and be a good student.

汤姆告诉我他将努力学习做个好学生。

3. 常与过去将来时连用的时间状语有:

the next day/week/month/morning,

the following day/week/month/morning, two days/months later

4. 过去将来时的基本结构:

过去将来时与其它时态一样,有三种基本结构,即肯定式,否定式和疑问式。肯定式由would/shoud或was/were going to+ 动词原形构成。否定式由would/should + not do或was/were + not going to do构成。疑问式是将

would/should等助动词提到句首,引起疑问。

肯定式:She said she would have a computer the next year.

她说明年她将拥有一台电脑。

I supposed he would come.

我认为他会来。

否定式:I knew I shouldn’t become a writer.

我知道我不会成为一名作家。

Lily was sure that she wasn’t going to recieve the letter of appointment.

莉莉知道她不会收到聘书了。

疑问式:Were you going to learn painting at 16?

你是十六岁时打算学画画的吗?

Would his idea be like this 3 years ago ?

三年前他的思想是这样的吗?

5. 学习过去将来时值得特别注意的几点:

would do 除表示过去将干某事,还可表示过去“总是”干某事。

例如:1) This door wouldn’t open.

门老是打不开。

2)I would play with him when I was young.

小时候我总和他一起玩。

Exercises: (过去将来时)

I. 用所给词的适当形式填空:

1. He said he _________ (be) back in an hour.

2. They decided that they _________ (go) to visit the Great Wall the next day.

3. He asked her when she _________ (see) him again.

4. I was sure that they _________ (not do) that.

5. They wondered when we _________ (finish) our composition.

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