1.2.4《大河流域的古老文明》教案(冀教版九年级上) (5)

1.2.4《大河流域的古老文明》教案(冀教版九年级上) (5)
1.2.4《大河流域的古老文明》教案(冀教版九年级上) (5)

大河流域的古老文明教学设计

●教学设计思路

本课以“大河流域的古老文明”为主题,讲述了古代埃及、巴比伦、印度三国的文明历史。由于课时的限制,因此本课实际上只讲了四个问题:即大河流域文明的产生、埃及金字塔的建造、巴比伦汉谟拉比法典、印度种姓制度。

●教学目标

(一)知识与能力

通过本课的学习,使学生了解大河流域人类文明的历史,包括埃及、巴比伦、印度等文明古国的相关历史知识。

(二)过程与方法

1.通过引导学生思考与探索金字塔的建筑历史,认识古代人民的聪明才智,培养学生的科学探究精神和创造能力,确立马克思主义的唯物史观。

2.通过汉谟拉比法典、印度种姓制度等相关知识的教学,使学生认识奴隶制度的实质,提高学生认识历史事件本质特征的能力。

(三)情感态度与价值观

1.通过本课的学习,使学生认识金字塔是人类建筑史上的奇迹,是古代埃及劳动人民卓越智慧和辛勤劳动的不朽纪念碑。

2.通过本课的学习,使学生认识汉谟拉比法典比较全面地反映了当时的社会情况,是了解和研究古巴比伦社会的重要资料。

●教学重难点

(一)教学重点

1.金字塔的建造。

2.汉谟拉比法典。

(二)教学难点

1.古代文明为何产生在大河流域。

2.对印度种姓制度的认识。

●教学方法

1.看图分析法。本课图片较多,在教学过程中,应用好这些图片,使学生对课文内容有一个较深的了解。

2.讲解法。对于印度的种姓制度等内容,需要教师作出具体的讲解。

3.比较法。在教学过程中,教师可以引导学生把埃及的金字塔和中国的万里长城作一比较,培养学生的爱国主义情感。

4.影视辅助法。可以用一些影片资料(比如有关尼罗河风光的)在课堂上播放,增强直观的教学效果。

●教学媒体

图片:巴比伦“空中花园”,金字塔及狮身人面像等。

●课时安排

1课时。

●教学结构与过程

[出示图片]巴比伦“空中花园”。

[导入]同学们,我们在投影中看到的是“炮火下岌岌可危的空中花园”。英美联军以B—52轰炸机等“震慑战术”滥炸伊拉克首都巴格达等地,将使得世界最早的文明发源地之一的两河流域陷入浩劫!包括世界七大奇景之一的巴比伦空中花园等古迹,在炽烈战火下恐怕岌岌可危。

世界著名七大奇景之一的巴比伦空中花园,位于伊拉克首都巴格达的西南方90公里,已经有两千多年的历史。打从英美联军开始攻打伊拉克起,不少历史学家就忧心忡忡,担心人类古文明会面临一场大浩劫。两河流域是人类最早的文明发源地之一。公元前3500年,苏美尔人就懂得烧制陶器,更发明了楔形文字;距今4000年前,南方的巴比伦帝国,以及后来的亚述帝国,更缔造了盛极一时的古文明,伊拉克境内可以说遍地是古迹。据说原本萨达姆认为英美联军不可能破坏人类遗址,才把行宫盖在神庙建筑附近,不料,联军锁定海珊住所强力轰炸,阿拉伯神话一千零一夜中的巴格达已经弹痕累累。人为盗采、时间风化,都是人类遗址可能面临的威胁,但为了擒拿萨达姆,高科技武器所带来的强力破坏,却让古文明遭受池鱼之殃。

有关巴比伦“空中花园”的具体情况,我们通过这一节课来做一个了解。

[板书]第2课大河流域的古老文明

一、尼罗河的赠予

[教师引导]请同学们看课本上第7页到第8页有关埃及的内容,了解埃及文明的特点。

[学生看书]……

[教师引导]从课本中能获得哪些有效信息?

[学生回答]埃及文明的出现与尼罗河有关,尼罗河蜿蜒北流,每年定期泛滥。水退后留下了肥沃的黑土,便于农业种植。约公元前3500年开始,河流两岸陆续出现了几十个奴隶制小国。约公元前3000年,初步统一的埃及国家建立起来。

埃及是金字塔的国度,埃及国王自称是神的化身,他们的陵墓金字塔是权力的象征。

[教师组织](利用多媒体手段,放映有关尼罗河风光、金字塔及狮身人面像的资料片,让学生尽可能多角度地获取课本外的知识信息,拓展学生的思维空间)

[教师引导]在看完有关尼罗河风光等内容后,我们来看一组投影。

[投影显示]

问题一:为什么说埃及是“尼罗河的馈赠”?

问题二:金字塔是通过什么方式建筑的?

[学生讨论]……

(讨论时让学生畅所欲言,自由发挥,最后选派小组代表发言。教师在学生发言的基础

上作最后总结)

[教师讲述]埃及是“尼罗河的馈赠”,这是古希腊历史学家希罗多德的话。这句话一语道出了尼罗河与埃及文明两者的关系。在东非广阔的土地上,尼罗河由南向北倾泻而下,注入地中海。古埃及人的活动范围,南起尼罗河第一瀑布,北至尼罗河三角洲。尼罗河每年定期泛滥,不仅使河流沿岸的土地得到灌溉,而且水退后留下肥沃的黑土,便于农作物生长,这就给古埃及人的生存、繁衍提供了条件。尼罗河不仅养育了埃及人民,而且也孕育了埃及文化,马克思说:“计算尼罗河水的涨落期的需要,产生了埃及的天文学。”古埃及的科学文化知识正是在利用和改造尼罗河的生产实践中产生的。因此,尼罗河是埃及的母亲河,尼罗河河水犹如母亲甘甜的乳汁,养育了世世代代的埃及儿女。

金字塔建筑群,散布在尼罗河下游两岸的基萨和萨卡拉一带,位于开罗以南十多千米,大大小小的金字塔共有80座。其中以第四王朝第二代国王(法老)胡夫的金字塔规模最大。金字塔约用巨石230万块砌成,平均每块重约2.5吨。塔底占地约52900平方米。绕大金字塔一周,约有一千米。胡夫的儿子哈佛拉的金字塔,比胡夫的大金字塔低8米。建筑金字塔,耗费了大量的人力和物力。据说建筑胡夫的金字塔,就有10万人头顶烈日在监工的皮鞭之下劳动,整个工程历时30年。本课引言篇中选用的插图《狮身人面像》是埃及的著名建筑。狮身人面像希腊人称它为“斯芬克斯”,它是古代埃及国王威严的象征。其目的也在于使人们相信,国王凌驾一切的权威是永世不可动摇的,妄图以此震慑人民的心灵,维护奴隶主专政。在埃及吉萨附近哈佛拉金字塔旁的一座狮身人面像是最著名的。石像的面部是按哈佛拉的相貌塑造的,它面向东方,高达20米,长73米,加上被埋没的前爪,全长70多米,一只耳朵就有2米长,下额的胡须长达6米,除狮爪是用石块砌成之外,整个狮身人面像是用建筑金字塔时留下的一块天然巨石雕成的。1798年,拿破仑率军远征埃及时,曾用大炮轰击狮身人面像,希望打开通往内部的入口,破坏了雕像的面部,鼻子崩落,眉目模糊,形成一种奇特的“笑容”。每当风沙弥漫、日影昏暗的时候,出现一种朦胧的神秘感。它至今已有4500多年历史。

金字塔的建筑,从古到今都给人留下了许多不解之谜。传统的说法,特别是史书(希罗多德的著作)的记载,都认为是依靠奴隶的集体劳动建成的。但是在当时生产力水平非常低的情况下,埃及人是如何用原始的工具将一人来高、两吨半重的巨石从山上凿出?又是如何将巨石从几英里甚至几十英里外运来,再吊上甚至高达一百多米的塔顶?对于这些问题,无人能作出令人信服的解释。一些学者推断,古埃及人是借助畜力和滚木,把巨石运到建筑点的,他们又将场地四周天然的沙土堆成斜坡,把巨石沿着斜坡拉上金字塔。就这样,堆一层坡、砌一层石,逐渐加高就是金字塔。近年来,又有一些学者推断金字塔并非地球人所造,而是外星人所为。当然,要真正揭开金字塔的建筑之谜,还得依靠人们的不懈努力和勤奋研究。

[教师小结]古埃及的国王(法老)们不仅仅满足于生前统治着人世,而且幻想死后复活成神,仍是阴间的统治者,永远庇护着他的子孙后代。根据埃及的神话传说,只有保存好尸体,灵魂才有寄托的地方,才能复活。因此,他们把尸体挖去内脏,浸以盐水等防腐剂,填以香料,然后用麻布裹紧。这种可以保存很久很久的尸体叫做“木乃伊”。金字塔便是存放木乃伊的地方,是他们死而“复活”后的“永世的城堡”。这便是每个国王继位后就着手为自己建筑陵墓的宗教方面的原因。金字塔是人类建筑史上的奇迹,是古代埃及劳动人民卓越智慧和辛勤劳动的不朽纪念碑。同时,金字塔也是无数劳动人民血汗的结晶,它给古埃及人民带来了无尽的苦难。

[板书]3.古埃及象形文字

[教师过渡]除金字塔外,古埃及人还创造了一种用图形表示事物的象形文字。这种文字产生于公元前3000年左右,是世界上最古老的文字之一。请同学们阅读教材小字部分了解象形文字。

[学生看书]……

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冀教版九年级英语教案精修订

冀教版九年级英语教案标准化管理部编码-[99968T-6889628-J68568-1689N]

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新版冀教版九年级英语教案

’s wrong,Danny? 备课时间:2015年 8 月 30 日 授课时间:2015年月日 学习目标: 1、能够掌握课标要求的“四会”词汇;examination,stomach,regret,fever,pale,pain. 2、能了解情态动词should 的用法。 3、理解课文意思并能回答课后的问题。 4、学生分角色表演对话。 学习重点: 1、了解课文中的相关的单词和短语。 2、重要句型。 (1)I don’t feel well. (2)You look pale. (3)You will be all right. (4)How are you feeling?. 学习难点: 掌握重要句型。 学习过程: 一、导入: Discuss the following questions: When you don’t feel well .what do you usually do? If you don’t feel well ,what shoud you do first? 二、自学指导: Listening: Listen to the tape and find the answers to the questions: 1、What is wrong with the woman? 2、Did the medicine help her get well? 3、What advice did the man give to the woman? Reading: Read the dialogue and answer the questions 1、Why does Danny wake up his parents early in the morning? 2、What does Danny regret doing? 3、How do they get to the hospital? 4. Why does ask Danny to stay in the hospital? Finish the task in class orally. 三、精讲板书: 知识点一: What is the worst illness you have ever had? Worst 是bad/ill/badly的最高级。 知识点二:It is 3:00 . Danny wakes up his parents. Wake up 意思是“醒来,叫醒某人” Eg;When he is sleeping .Don’t wake him up.

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