奥本海默英文简介

罗伯特·奥本海默（J. Robert Oppenheimer，1904年4月22日—1967年2月18日），美国犹太人物理学家，曼哈顿计划的领导者，1945年主导制造出世界上第一颗原子弹，被誉为“原子弹之父”。曾在美国普林斯顿高等学术研究所工作。

早年经历：

奥本海默1904年4月22日生于纽约一个富有的德裔犹太人家庭，自幼就有着优裕的生长环境。父亲是德籍犹太人，从小就移民到美国，后来在纺织界致富。母亲是一个天才画家，她鼓励奥本海默接触艺术和文学，却在奥本海默九岁时去世。他天资聪颖，兴趣广泛，幼时广泛涉猎文学、哲学、语言等领域，尤其爱好诗歌，对道德和艺术有着相当高的敏感性，而所有这些在他日后思想和事业的发展中都留下了久远的影响和痕迹。1921年，奥本海默以十门全优的成绩毕业于纽约菲尔德斯顿文理学校，因病延至次年入哈佛大学化学系学习。他三年读完哈佛大学，1925年以荣誉学生的身份提前毕业，他父亲很高兴，送给他一艘三十英尺长的帆船。随后他到英国剑桥大学深造，想跟卢瑟福（E. Rutherford，1871-1937）从事实验物理研究，但卢瑟福不愿收他为学生，这时他迷上了量子力学，于是开始攻读理论物理，加入到著名的卡文迪许实验室，1926年，转到德国哥廷根大学，跟随玻恩（M. Born，1882-1970）研究，1927年以量子力学论文获德国哥廷根大学博士学位，据称论文发表当天，在座的评审教授竟无一人敢发言反驳。接下来的两年他在瑞士的苏黎克（Zürich）和荷兰的莱登（Leiden）作进一步的研究。1929年夏天，奥本海默回到美国，不幸感染了肺结核，在新墨西哥州洛塞勒摩斯（Los Alamos）镇附近的一个农场上养病。

后来他在伯克利大学和加利福尼亚大学任教，即使是上课，烟斗仍片刻不离嘴，又经常咳嗽，成为学生模仿的对象。奥本海默不看报纸、不看新闻报导，也不听收音机，对政治也缺乏兴趣。奥本海默的研究范围很广，从天文、宇宙射线、原子核、量子电动力学到基本粒子。他有辩才，擅长于组织管理能力，精通八种语言，尤爱读梵文《薄伽梵歌》经典，为此自修梵文

1940年，他跟生物学家凯塞琳·哈利生（Katherine Harrison）结婚，凯塞琳是左翼份子。奥本海默的妻子、前女友、弟弟等人和共产党有深浅不一的关系。

Robert Oppenheimer (J. Robert Oppenheimer, April 22, 1904 - February 18, 1967), American Jewish physicist, head of the Manhattan project in 1945, leading to create the world's first atomic bomb, known as "the father of the atomic bomb". Once the work American higher academic research in Princeton.

Early experiences:

Oppenheimer was born in April 22, 1904 in New York, a wealthy German Jewish family, since the baby has good growth environment. Father is German Jews, had emigrated to USA, later in the textile industry to become rich. Mother is a talented artist, she encouraged Oppenheimer to contact the arts and literature, has died at the age of nine Oppenheimer. He was bright, the interest is extensive, childhood dabble in fields of literature, philosophy, language, especially like poetry, there is a fairly high sensitivity of morality and art, and all of these in the development of his later thought and career has left a far-reaching influence and traces. In 1921, Oppenheimer to ten full excellent result New York graduated from the Fieldston grammar school, was extended to the Harvard University Department of chemistry learning. He read of Harvard University for three

years, in 1925 to honor the identity of students graduate in advance, his father is very happy, gave him a thirty foot sailboat. Then he went to study at the University of Cambridge, wanted to talk to Lu Sefu (E. Rutherford, 1871-1937) in experimental physics, but Lu Sefu refused to accept him as a student, he hooked on quantum mechanics, then began studying theoretical physics, adding to the famous Cavendish laboratory, University of Gottingen in 1926, go to Germany, following Born (M. Born, 1882-1970) study on quantum mechanics, in 1927 the German doctor degree of University of Gottingen, the papers published on the same day, Professor review here and there is no one dare to speak retort. The next two years in the Swiss Su like (Z ürich) and Lydon of Holland (Leiden) for further study. The summer of 1929, Oppenheimer returned to American, unfortunately infected with tuberculosis, in New Mexico Luosaile Moss (Los Alamos) works on a farm near the town of.

He teaches at Berkeley University and University of California, even school, pipe still did not for a moment from the mouth, often cough, become students of the object. Oppenheimer do not read newspapers, do not look at the news, nor listen to the radio, is also a lack of interest in politics. The scope of the study of Oppenheimer's is very wide, from astronomy, cosmic ray nuclei, quantum electrodynamics, the elementary particles. He is eloquent, good at organization and management ability, fluent in eight languages, especially love to read Sanskrit Bhagavad Gita "classic", this study Sanskrit

In 1940, he told the biologist Katherine Harry (Katherine Harrison) married, Katherine is a leftist. The relationship between Oppenheimer's ex girlfriend, wife, brother, and the Communist Party there are varying shades.

辉煌成就：

1942年8月，奥本海默被任命为研制原子弹的“曼哈顿计划”的实验室主任，在新墨西哥州沙漠建立洛斯阿拉莫斯实验室（Los Alamos Laboratory），洛斯阿拉莫斯实验室成功地制造了第一批原子弹，随后在阿拉摩高德沙漠上空引爆，并发出耀目闪光及冒起巨型蘑菇状云。1945年8月6日上午8时15分17秒，美国在太平洋蒂尼安岛上的空军基地朝日本广岛投下了第一枚原子弹。奥本海默领导着整个团队完成了这场杜鲁门所盛赞的“一项历史上前所未有的大规模有组织的科学奇迹”，从而不仅验证了科学技术的巨大威力，为尽早结束战争作出了贡献，也为自己赢得了崇高的声誉，成了举国上下人所共知的英雄。他被人们誉为“原子弹之父”。

巨大自责：

然而，面对着成功和荣誉，奥本海默的心情是苦涩而复杂的。科学的目的不仅仅在于求真、探索大自然的奥秘，也在于致善、改善人们的生活条件并增进人类福祉。然而原子弹的研制，却很难与此目标一致，且包含着危及人类自身生存的潜在危险。尤其是当纳粹德国已经战败且已知其并不具备核能力。当现场目击第一颗原子弹试爆成功所展现的世界末日般情景时，科学家们体验到的绝不仅仅是成功的喜悦，更有着对于其未来前景的难以抑制的恐惧和担忧，因为他们清楚，这个孽障一旦被他们从潘多拉魔盒中亲手“释放”出来，其对于人类生命价值的肆虐和威胁，就不再为他们所能控制掌握了。

当原子弹试爆成功时，奥本海默本“对自己所完成的工作有点惊惶失措”，而在心中浮起了“我成了死神，世界的毁灭者”的感觉。

当原子弹在广岛和长崎掷下以后，奥本海默心中的罪恶感就愈发难以解脱了,以至于作为美国代表团成员在联合国大会上脱口而出：“主席先生，我的双手沾满了鲜血”。气得当时美国总统杜鲁门大叫“以后不要再带这家伙来见我了。无论怎么说，他不过只制造了原子弹，下令投弹的是我。”而面对记者，奥本海默则坦言：“无论是指责、讽刺或赞扬，都不能使物理学家摆脱本能的内疚，因为他们知道，他们的这种知识本来不应当拿出来使用。”

1965年，奥本海默患了肝炎，身体不佳。他于1966年退休，1967年2月18日在普林斯顿死于喉癌，许多科学家参加他的葬礼，遵照他的遗嘱，将他火化，骨灰撒到维尔京群岛。

奥本海默一生中所追求的目的：他曾经在一次演讲中对此做了精彩的阐述：在工作和生活中，他们应互相帮助并帮助一切人……我们应该保持我们美好的感情和创造美好感情的能力，并在那遥远的不可理解的陌生的地方找到这个美好的感情。

Brilliant achievements:

In 1942 August, Oppenheimer was appointed as the director of the laboratory of the development of the atomic bomb "Manhattan plan", establish Los ala Moss laboratory in New Mexico desert (Los Alamos Laboratory), Los ala Moss laboratory successfully created the first atomic bomb detonated over the Alamo, with high moral desert, and issued a dazzling flash and take play a huge mushroom cloud. Eight fifteen in the morning of August 6, 1945 17 seconds, American Air Force Base in the Pacific island of Hiroshima Dinian toward Japan dropped the first atomic bomb. Oppenheimer led the team to complete the highly praised by Truman "organized a large-scale hitherto unknown history of the wonders of science", which not only shows the tremendous power of science and technology, contributing to an early end to the war, also won a lofty reputation for himself, the whole nation and people were known hero. He became known as "the father of the atomic bomb".

Great remorse:

However, in the face of success and honor, Oppenheimer mood is bitter and complicated. The aim of science is not only truth, to explore the mysteries of nature, is also good, the improvement of people's living conditions and the improvement of human welfare. However, the development of the atomic bomb, but it is very difficult to the same goal, and contains endangering the potential risk of human existence. Especially when Nazi Germany was defeated and known does not have a nuclear capability. When the scene witnessed the first atomic bomb test explosion successfully show the doomsday scenario, the scientists to experience is not only the joy of success, more fear and worry unbearable for the future, because they know, this evil creature once they are from Pandora's box in hand "release", the value of human life, abuse and threats, is no longer as they can control.

When the atomic bomb test explosion success, Oppenheimer this "a little be thrown into a panic" for their work, but in mind floated "I am become death, the destroyer of the world" feeling.

When the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to throw down, Oppenheimer feeling of guilt is increasingly difficult to escape, so as USA delegation escape one's lips at the United Nations General Assembly: "Mr. President, my hands are stained with blood". Gas was America President Truman shouted "don't take this guy came to see me. No matter how to say, but he made only the

atomic bomb, ordered the bombing is my." In the face of the reporter, Oppenheimer said: "whether it is accused, ironic or praise, cannot allow physicists to get rid of the instinct of guilt, because they know the knowledge, they should not have been put to use."

In 1965, Oppenheimer suffered from hepatitis, poor health. He retired in 1966, February 18, 1967 died of throat cancer in Princeton, many scientists attending his funeral, according to his will, he will be cremated, the ashes in the virgin islands.

Oppenheimer pursued the purpose of life: he once in a speech made a brilliant exposition: in work and life, they should help each other and help all people...... We should keep our good feelings and the ability to create good feelings, and find the good feelings in that distant incomprehensible strange place.