A Comment on hep-th0608078

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A Comment on hep-th/0608078

S.Deser

Department of Physics,Brandeis University Waltham,MA 02454,USA and Lauritsen Laboratory,California Institute of Technology Pasadena,CA 91125,USA.(February 5,2008)Abstract The above hep-th posting purports –erroneously –to be a comment on a Note by me in gr-qc.In a brief pedagogical Note [1],I discussed some pitfalls in expressing D=3models in lower-order (Palatini)form.In the cited submission,the authors instead construct a baroque,but not lower-order,reformulation of a subcase,free-?eld topologically massive electrodynamics [2].The above perhaps per-mits a comment on the authors’previous six papers –all on D =2gravity:had they read my [3],their e?orts might have been averted.I thank R.Jackiw for (unlike these authors)advising me of their hep-th

submission.My work was supported by NSF Grant PHY 04-01667.

[1]S.Deser,gr-qc/0606006;Class.Quantum Grav.23(5773)2006.

[2]S.Deser,R.Jackiw &S.Templeton,Ann.Phys.140(372)1982.

[3]S.Deser,gr-qc/9512022;Found.of Phys.26(617)1996.

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# 43. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The table below shows CO2 emissions for different forms of transport in the European Union. The Pie Chart shows the percentage of European Union funds being spent on different forms of transport. You should write at least 150 words.

model answer: The chart shows CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre for variuos methods of transport in the European Union while the pie chart shows European Union spending on transport. Flying by air produces by far the greatest CO2 emissions, approximately three times as much as passenger cars which are the next largest producers. Very little is spent by the EU on air travel while roads make up more than half of the EU transport budget. Trains produce about three times less CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre than passenger cars and eight times less than air travel. Nearly a third of EU transport funds are spent on railways. Ships are a clean form of transport and produce about the same amount of CO2 per passenger kilometre as trains do. However, only 2 percent of EU funds are spent on ports. A further one percent is spent on inland waterways. Coaches are the cleanest form of transport. Emissions of CO2 per passenger kilometre from coaches are half those of buses. Buses emit less than half as much CO2 per passenger kilometre as cars. The European Union spends 10 percent of its transport budget on public transport, such as buses and coaches. (197 words)

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雅思大作文模板【篇一：雅思范文：考官9分雅思大作文模板】雅思范文：考官9分雅思大作文模板编者按：这是一篇新鲜出炉的考官simon9分雅思大作文。以小编几十篇simon作文的阅读量，大致总结了他最为习惯的行文结构，通过对这个考官所喜欢的9分“模板”的解读，希望大家能在自己的雅思写作备考中，对写作模板的使用能有一个新的认识。 ielts writing task 2: positive or negative essay heres my full essay for the positive or negative development question that weve been looking at over the last few weeks. in some countries, many more people are choosing to live alone nowadays than in the past. do you think this is a positive or negative development? 9分范文： in recent years it has become far more normal for people to live alone, particularly in large cities in the developed world. in my opinion, this trend is having both positive and negative consequences in equal measure. the rise in one-person households can be seen as positive for both personal and broader economic reasons. on an individual level, people who choose to live alone may become more independent and self-reliant than those who live with family members. a young adult who lives alone, for example, will need to learn to cook, clean, pay bills and manage his or her budget, all of which are valuable life skills. from an economic perspective, the trend towards living alone will result in greater demand for housing. this is likely to benefit the construction industry, estate agents and a whole host of other companies that rely on homeowners to buy their products or services. however, the personal and economic arguments given above can be considered from the opposite angle. firstly, rather than the positive feeling of increased independence, people who live alone may experience feelings of loneliness, isolation and worry. they miss out on the emotional support and daily conversation that family or flatmates can provide, and they must bear the weight of all household bills and responsibilities. secondly, from the financial point of view, a rise in demand for

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雅思作文八分经典范文：环境、资源与交通问题 The unlimited use of cars may cause many problems.What are those problems?In order to reduce the problems,should we discourage people to use cars? The fast increase in the number of cars have brought along many related problems which are well worth our greatest attention. First of all,urban traffic is getting from bad to worse.I’d like to cite my own experience as an example.Five years ago,it took me about30minutes to drive from home to office.One year later,I needed to spend about40minutes on the way.Then two years later,I had to start out from home at least1hour earlier in order to get to my office on good time for work.And then,since last year,it has just been too normal for me to spend about one and half hours to make it.The traffic just moves like a worm! Second,with the ever growing number of cars,air quality in urban areas is deteriorating with each passing day.We used to see clear blue sky and breathe fresh air,but now this would be a real luxury.Car exhaust has seriously polluted the air and people’s health is greatly endangered.It seems certain that we human beings have already made a fatal mistake that could only be remedied by bringing down the number of cars hugely. Sure,we can not deny the fact that cars have brought us speed,comfort and greater mobility.However,these have already been history.We are suffering much more from cars than benefiting from them.Our health conditions are going down rapidly both due to the polluted air that we have to breathe every second and our lack of exercise as a result of the ever increasing amount of time we have to spend behind the wheel! What can we do?From the foregoing discussion,I’m sure we have already found a solution:to discourage people to use cars!I know very well that science and technology are also developing very fast and there might be better solutions coming up in the future,but, before that,let’s first salvage ourselves in such a passive way! 雅思写作八分经典作文：计算机的利与弊 Some people claim that public museums and art galleries will not be needed because people can see historical objects and works of art by using a computer.Do you agree or disagree with this opinion? It is simply absurd to assert that with historical objects and works of art being able to be

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15句逻辑框架 Some people think that universities should provide graduates with the knowledge and skills needed in the workplace rather than pure knowledge. To what extent do you agree or disagree. 第1句：背景介绍

Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the purpose of university education. 现在，越来越多的人关心大学教育的目的。 Explanation: ●Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the phenomenon that … ●Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the purposes that university education serves. ●Nowadays, more and more students are concerned about what they will learn in the universities. ●Universities are one of the most important institutions in modern society. 如果很难再短时间内想出第一句内容，就直接表达观点，两句话写完首段。 ●I agree with this opinion. Reasons are as follows. 我赞同的观点是……原因如下。第2句：交代辩论话题 A. “是否应该……” However, whether universities should mainly provide job-related skills to graduates is a controversial issue. 但是，大学是否应该主要提供给学生工作相关的技能是一个饱受争议的话题。

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1、From a more pragmatic standpoint, evidence abounds that A is still an indispensable part 从一个更务实的角度看,证据丰富,仍是一个必不可少的重要部分 2、In the first place, it goes without saying that ….. More exactly, …. 2 In the second place, ……。 3、However，I should admit that C still palys a pivotal role，The reason for this is that C…… 然而,我必须承认C还起到了举足轻重的作用，其原因是C…… 4、In summary, I would admit that C……. In spite of this, speaking for myself, I insist that…… 总之,我会承认C……。尽管如此,为自己说话,我坚持认为…… 5、This issue has widespread repercussion on society. 这个问题已经获得了广泛的社会影响。 6、Given the severity of this phenomenon, we have no alternative but to take immediate steps to address this situation. First, we must do our utmost to enhance people’s awareness of A . Second, We should spare no effort in doing sth. For instance. Lastly, C should strive to encourage D to do sth. 这一现象给予的严重性,我们别无选择,只能立即采取措施应对这种情况。首先,我们必须竭尽全力提高人们……的意识，第二,我们应该不遗余力的去做某事。例如……最后,我们应该努力鼓励D去做某事。 7、Since we have embraced upon information era, the way we live, work, play, and learn has undergone noticeable and profound transformation. Whether has been a breeding ground for heated debate. People from all walks of life can hardly reach on absolute consensus. For my part, my view will be identical with the advocates/opponents. 既然我们已经接受了在信息时代,我们的生活方式、工作、娱乐和学习经历了引人注目、深刻的变革。是否已孳生地为上演一场激烈的辩论。各行各业的人,很难找到完全的共识。至于我,我的观点将相同的提倡者/对手。 8、only under this circumstance can be establish a scientific, harmonious and progressive society. 只有在这种情况下,可以建立一个科学、和谐、进步的社会。

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IELTS Writing Task2 模板 In the con temporary society, …sparked spirited debate. There is ample（充足的）evide nee suggesti ng that …,which means that … Furthermore （此外）, it is manifest （明白的、明显的）that … By contrast, some others may claim that …Admittedly, … . As far as I am concerned, this view may be based on the consideration that … . Nevertheless （然而）, To sum up, due to the above-mentioned reasons, we may safely reach the conclusion that …. 雅思task2 模板首句： 1. The debate these days draws our attention about whether 2. It goes without saying that 不言而喻 3. There is no avoiding the fact that 4. There has been a long-term dispute over whether 长期争议 5. have found their popularity and acceptance among citizens. 6. in my country have become the focus of public concern.

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10个雅思小作文的万能模板雅思小作文对很多考生来说都是一个非常复杂而重要的任务，事前准备雅思小作文模版可以为大家节省很多的时间。现在就为大家总结了10个雅思小作文的万能模板，希望会对大家有所帮助。 1、通过第一个曲线图，我们可以知道____,也说明了结果是___ According to the first graph, it can be seen that ______________, it can also be concluded from it that ______________. 2、一张有趣、有教育意义的、(内容)的图片(这句模板在雅思小作文中的应用非常的广泛。) There is an interesting and instructive picture which goes like this: __________. 3、当前有一张涉及______的增长曲线图，许多人______，然而其他人倾向于___ Nowadays there is a growing concern over ______________. Many people like ______________, while others are inclined to ______________. 4、目前，共同之处是_________,许多人喜欢______因为_______除此之外还由于_____ Nowadays, it is common to ______________. Many people like______________ because ______________. Besides, ______________. 5、(图表所示)_____，就像许多其他事物，被____更加喜爱，然而这一观点正被________所抨击，一些人认为_________，他们指出___________ ______________, just like many other things, are preferred by ____________. While being attacked by the idea that ______________, some people consider ______________. They point that ______________. 6、每种事物都有两面性和________，是没有异议的，包括利和弊 Everything has two sides and ______________ is not an exception, it has both advantages and disadvantages. 7、_____作为_____被观察了许多年，但是人们现在像发现新大陆一样注视着它 For years ______________ had been viewed as ______________. But people are taking a fresh look at it now. 8、政府保证________，对于这份保证，大多数人做出了强烈地回应，因为_____ It has stipulated by the government that ______________. To this stipulation, many people respond actively because ______________.

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雅思大作文必备高分模板--report型写作本文为大家整理了一篇关于Report类型的雅思写作高分必备模板。Report类型的写作是雅思写作中最常见的一种，所以准备一个这个类型的写作模板还是非常有必要的。下面的模板供大家参考。首段: (引子) 第一句：描述背景(引子) it is indisputable fact that … 替换句型：it is an undeniable fact that … it is an irrefutable fact that 第二句：(可有可无) the serious consequences of are often felt in our life . 第三句：承上启下：In this essay , I intend to explore the sources of this problemalong with some possible solution to it . 替换句型： In the following essay , I aim to identify the sources of thisproblem as well as some viable solution to it . 第二段：分析原因第一句：Chief among the causes of this problem is …. 替换句型：第二句：In the past , … 第三句：Consequently , … 第四句：Another major contributing factor is that …

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雅思作文模板经典

同意与否文体 There is no denying that the specific issue of sth./ 或接whether 从句 has become controversial. However, in spite of those who are against/ for …, I approve wholeheartedly of/ 或 I strongly object to the idea that … Those who hold negative/ positive attitude towards … believe that … may exert adverse/ significant effect on us. … is always top of the list of their argument. For example,… (请用举例子的方法解释). Besides, those critics/ advocates also claim that …（此处写第二个原因）for the reason that …. It is often the case that …(此处总结上段反方提出的几个观点)。But when it comes to …, …, and …,(此处先总结写你所支持的几个理由)，an increasing number of people including me are convinced that .. .For one thing, …。The evidence recently presented in research journals available to the public confirms that …此处写调查结果，通过数字来证明自己所列举的理由1。 Similarly,… should also deserve our special attention. In other words, …(换种说法解释)。If…not, ..(反过来在说一遍)。Last but not least, … Obviously, it is hard for both sides to come to an agreement on this complicated issue, but I still commit to the notion that …(再重申你的立场)。

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15-Sentences Solution to IELTS Writing 第1句：背景介绍 Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the purpose of university educatio n. 现在，越来越多的人关心大学教育的目的。 Explanation: Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the phenomenon that … Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about thepurposes that university ed ucation serves. Nowadays, more and more students are concerned about what they will learn in the universities . Universities are one of the most important institutions in modern society. 如果很难再短时间内想出第一句内容，就直接表达观点，两句话写完首段。 I agree with the view that…Reasons are as follows. 我赞同的观点是……原因如下。第2句：交代辩论话题 A. “是否应该……” However, whether universities should mainly provide job-related skills to graduates is a controver sial issue. 但是，大学是否应该主要提供给学生工作相关的技能是一个饱受争议的话题。 B. “是这样……还是应该那样……” However, whether universities should mainly provide job-related skills or pure knowledge to grad uates has caused a heated debate. 但是，大学是应该主要提供给学生工作相关的技能还是纯粹的知识造成了激烈的争议。Explanation: However, what kind of knowledge and skills universities should mainly provide to graduates is a c ontroversial issue. 但是，大学的应该主要提供给学生哪一种知识技能是一个饱受争议的话题。 C. 一些人认为……;另一些人认为…… Some people state that…; others believe that… Some people state that universities should focus on giving access to knowledge; others believe tha t the knowledge and skills needed in the workplace are more important for university graduates. 一些人认为大学应关注提供知识；另一些人认为工作所需的技能对大学毕业生更重要。第3句：交代你自己的写作观点 In my view, ,… My view is that…(表语从句) I agree with the view that… (同位语从句), for the following reasons. My view is that job-related knowledge and skills should be the mai n focus of universities. I mainly agree with the former/latter view for the following reasons. 第二段第1句：本段中心句这一段的写作目的是以理服人。用it is clear that…这个主语从句写出你认为最重要、最明显的论据。 Firstly, it is obvious that for most students, the purpose of receiving university education is to obta in practical knowledge and skills which will enable them to become qualified employees in the job market in the future.

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雅思小作文高分模版小作文结构开头段1-2句转述原题主体段1 1+X句每个主体段第一句话概括本段，X句介绍数字… 主体段N 结尾段1-2句第一句介绍总数total（如果没有就不写），第二句作结论开头段时态：一般现在时替换词 proportion/ percentage information/ data number/ figures family/ household males/ men females/ women influence/ affect(v.) effect(n.) categories/ kinds/ types demand/ need subway/ underground railway store/ shop university/ college show/ describe/ illustrate/ demonstrate/ summarize/ indicate 国家的替换（如美国，英国等）主体段时态：由题目的时间决定 1.数据按顺序介绍，不要跳跃 2.4类关键数据：maximum最大值，minimum最小值，trend变化趋势，intersection 交叉点（线图） 3. 第一句，由图可见： As can be seen from the table that… It can be seen from the table that…

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