专四英语语法考点串讲及真题再现

高校英语专业四级

语法考点串讲

（内部资料）

贵工程外国语学院

二零一六年四月

语法回顾篇：

专四语法考点虚拟语气、情态动词、非谓语动词、复合句、倒装、小语法（省略，时态，反义疑问句，代词，强调句，主谓一致，冠词，形容词及副词）、as的特殊用法。

专四英语语法考点串讲之一虚拟语气

一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意(十考点及两备考点）

考点1. 与现在事实相反

从句谓语动词用did(be用were)，

主句谓语动词would(should,could,might)+do；

考点2. 与过去事实相反

从句谓语动词用had done，

主句谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+ have done；

例如：43. I _________the party much more if there hadn‘t been quite such a crowd of people there.

A. would enjoy

B. will have enjoyed

C. would have enjoyed

D. will be enjoying

49. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _________ quite such a crowd of people there.

A. weren‘t

B. hasn‘t been

C. hadn‘t been

D. wouldn‘t

考点3.与将来事实相反，

从句谓语动词用：did(should do或were + to do)，

主句谓语动词用：would(should,could,might)+do。

例如：43. If your car ___ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer. (08年）

? A. shall need C. would need B. should need D. will need

考点4. 时态的交叉现象，也就是主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段

例如：If you had gone to see the doctor，you would be all right now.你要是早去看病,你现在就没事了。

考点5.虚拟条件句if可以省略，但从句的语序要用到装，即将were, had或should移至主语的前面形成倒装，但否定词not不前移。

例如：65.___, he would not have recovered so quickly.（05年）

? A. Hadn't he been taken good care of

? B. Had he not been taken good care of

? C. Had not he been taken good care of

? D. Had he been not taken good care of

考点6. insist(一个坚持）；order command(两道命令）；suggest，advise, propose（三条建议）；ask, require, request, demand(四点要求）及相应的名词的从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形

例如：58. It was recommended that passengers ___ smoke during the flight. (04年) ? A. not B. need not C. could not D. would not

考点7.It is +advisable, essential important,, imperative, incredible,等等相关的从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形

例如：46. It is imperative that students ____ their term papers on time.（04年） ? A. hand in B. would hand in C. have to hand in D. handed in

考点8.it is high(about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式

例如:54 It‘s high time we __ cutting down the rainforests.（06年）

A stopped

B had to stop

C shall stop

D stop

考点9.much as尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done 表示假设，可以是说话人的语气变得十分委婉，真诚。

例如：52. Much as ____, I couldn‘t lend him the money because I simply didn‘t have that much spare cash.（99年）

A.I would have liked to

B.I would like to have

C.I should have to like

D.I should have liked to

考点10. if only表示要是…就好了相当与wish, as if/as though 的用法。与现在事实相反：动词过去式

与过去事实相反: had + done

与将来事实相反：could/would + do

例如：52. If only I __play the guitar as well as you! （06 年）

A would

B could

C should

D might

备考1. would rather或would sooner后跟宾语从句，从句中使用一般过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟，表示“宁愿某人作某事”

例如：The manager would rather his daughter ____ in the same office now.

A.had not worked

B.not to work

C.does not work

D.did not work

备考2.用于lest,for fear that引导的状语从句。在lest, for fear that等引导的状语从句中，通常用"(should +)原形动词"这一虚拟语气形式

例如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ________ himself.

A.injure

B.had injured

C.injured

D.would injure

专四语法考点串讲之二情态动词

考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：

（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式

（2）某些情态动词的特殊用法

1. must have v-ed

must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事―一定‖发生了。其否定形式为：can‘t / couldn‘t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。

例如：Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.

2. could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了

3. may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。

4.ought to / should have v-ed 和ought not to / shouldn?t have v-ed用于对已发生的情况表示―责备‖、―不满‖，分别表示―本应该…‖和―本不应该…‖表示应完成而未完成的动作用于完成时中的否定句，表示不应完成但已做的动作

5.needn?t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要…”。

例如：You needn‘t have waken me up; I don‘t have to go to work today.

注意：did not need to do 动作并没发生

例：I didn‘t need to get up early, so I got up until 9 a.m.

*特殊用法

(1) can?t表示―不可能‖，may not 表示―不可以‖，mustn‘t(must not) 表示―不许可禁止‖，needn't (need not) 表示―不必‖，dare not ＋动词原形表示―不敢‖

(2) must表推测的否定现在式用can‘t ,过去式用couldn‘t

(3)May I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please don‘t.或No, you mustn‘t. 例如：

―May we leave now?‖ ―No, you mustn‘t. You haven‘t finished your home work yet.‖

(4) need I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为needn‘t

(5)在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn‘t，而要用needn‘t或don‘t

have to

(6)May/might as well may……but….(表转折)

(7) I wish to go home with you, may I?

(8) Do help yourself to have fruit, won‘t you/ will you? （表示一种委婉的请求）

*情态动词短语的使用

would like to do…

would rather do…

would rather + 从句

would prefer to do...

had better do...

*情态动词: will（愿意）, shall（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should(应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不）

*dare, need 也可作一般（行为）动词

*情态动词一般用法的否定：

mustn‘t 不准, 禁止，不要can?t(couldn?t) 不会；不能；

may (might) not 不可以;

needn‘t 没必要( = don‘t have to )

used not／usedn‘t to或didn‘t use to… 过去不…

dare not 不敢

*情态动词推测用法

Must 一定，肯定can?t (couldn?t) 不可能

Can/ could 可能Can?t (couldn?t) 不可能

may/ might ―可能，也许‖ May (might) not 也许不，可能不

*推断用法

should／ought to―按理应当，应该是；s houldn‘t 不应该( = ought not to )

*情态动词＋have ＋done结构表示对过去动作的推测

1.must have done：对过去的肯定推测，译作―一定做了…‖，只能用于肯定句中。

其否定形式为can?t／couldn?t have done

It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy

2.can/ could have done：对过去的可能性推测，译作―可能做了…‖。只能用疑问句中

Can／Could he have said it? 他可能说过那种话吗？

3.may / might have v-ed：对过去的可能性推测，译作―也许能，有可能。

It‘s too late. I think he may have gone to bed.

*情态动词＋have＋过去分词结构表示轻微的责备和后悔

肯定：过去应该做而没有做；

否定：过去不该（不必）做而做了。

⑴ might／could＋have＋过去分词：―本来可以，早就应该‖

（只用于肯定句，且不能用may, can）

You could have told me you were going to be late!.你应当早告诉我你会晚到的！

⑵should（ought to）＋have＋过去分词：―本应‖（没做）

should not（ought not to）＋have＋过去分词：―本不该‖（做了）

You should not have handed in your composition yesterday morning.你本不应把作文交了。

You should have been here earlier.你应该早点来才对。

3. needn't＋have＋过去分词：―本不必，本不须‖（need只用于否定句）（做了）

You needn't have woken her up. It's only six．你其实不必叫醒她。现在才六点。

注意：did not need to do 动作并没发生（没做）

例：I didn‘t need to get up early, so I got up until 9 a.m.

*八大注意点

1.在以could, might 表示征询对方意见或表示请求时，回答应相应使用can, may

— Might I watch TV after supper? — Yes, you ________.

A. may

B. must

C. might

D. can

2. May I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please don‘t.或No, you mustn‘t. 例如：

―May we leave now?‖ ―No, you mustn‘t. You haven‘t finished your home work yet.‖

3. need I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为needn‘t

4. 在回答must引起的问题时，肯定must; 如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn‘t，而要用needn‘t

或don‘t have to

5. I wish to go home with you, may I?

6. Do help yourself to have fruit, won‘t you/ will you? （表示一种委婉的请求）

7.Shall 用于第三人称，表示许可，允许

8. let‘s do this job, shall we? Let us do this job, will you?

9. should 也表示惊讶的语气，

例如：I was shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.(她竟然对你说那样的话,…) *四大特殊结构

1.may/ might as well + 动词原形‖意为―最好，满可以，倒不如‖，相当于had better

You may as well do it at once.

2.may well + 动词原形‖是一种常见的结构，意为―（完全）能，很可能‖

He may well be proud of his son.

他大可为儿子高兴。

3. cannot … too / enough 表示―无论怎么……也不算过分‖、―越……越好‖

You cannot be too careful.

4. had better 最好

You had better not wake me up when you come in.

*两大类区别：

一、表示能力: can, be able to

be able to 能用于各种时态。

can / could 只能表示现在或过去的能力

*was / were able to : ―设法做成某事‖

相当于managed to do sth succeeded in doing sth.

二、used to 和would 的区别

used to过去常常（但现在已无此习惯，would无此含义）

He used to drink beer, now he drinks wine.他过去喝啤酒，现在喝白酒。

would只能用来谈动作；used to用来谈动作或状态（可与be, live, like, stay等状态动词连用）：

He would get up early when he lived in the country.他住在乡下时总是早起。

We used to live in a small town.（不能用would）

Be used to doing sth: 习惯于做某事

专四语法考点串讲之三非谓语动词

◆非谓语动词是历年专四测试的重中之重，每年试题一般一到两道（1-2分）。

◆命题特点

1. 非谓语动词的时态与语态；

2. 非谓语动词的否定式；

3. 动词不定式的各种形式及应用；

4. -ing结构的各种形式及应用；

5. -ed结构在句中的不同用法；

6.非谓语动词作状语、宾语等的辨析；

7.非谓语动词的固定结构或习惯用法等。

【非谓语动词基础知识】一个句子当中，已经存在谓语动词,又没有连词的情况下，需要非谓语动词来修饰句子的其他成分。

动词不定式; 现在分词; 过去分词; 动名词

I．不定式的时态及语态

一般式to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或

进行式to be doing 表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行完成式to have done to have been done 先于谓语动作的发生

用途：表将来表某一次具体的动作表目的

I have a lot work to do; I do not like to dance; To learn English well, I practice more.

2. 动名词

一般式doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生

完成式Having done having been done 在谓语动作之前

用途：抽象、习惯性（his hobby is painting; I am proud of being a Chinese）

3.分词的时态和语态

现在分词一般式doing being done

完成式having done having been done

过去分词done

用途：现在分词：主动、进行、令人……的

过去分词：被动、完成、感到……的

The swimming boy is Tom. (主动、进行）

the room facing south（主动）

The film is disappointing. Tom is disappointed（令人……的)/(感到)

Look at the broken glass.(被动、完成)

注意* 所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not放在非谓语动词的_前面_

*如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动词的完成时态。

●考点一

不定式做结果状语的固定搭配

too +adj/adv to do，so +adj/adv as to do ，

such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do

only to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。

●考点二―使……怎么样”之类的动词

amuse, astonish, excite, frighten, interest, move, relax, satisfy, shock, surprise, encourage, disappoint, puzzle, tire, please, inspire, terrify, worry，它们的ing形式表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。一般情况下“人”用过去分词，“物”用ing形式。

*考点三除….之外的介词but except,前面有行为动词do时，不定式不带to,否则带to.

*考点四why not do sth (为何不做某事)

●固定搭配

cannot / hardly / never / scarcely too …to…

―越……越好；无论……也/都不过分‖。

Y ou cannot be too careful to cross the street.

你过街时越小心越好。

can?t (help/choose) but 不得不,只能,不禁

I cannot help but tell her the truth. 我只能告诉她真相。

*解题思路：看似纷繁复杂的各种非谓语动词考题实际上是有解题规律可寻的,

非谓语动词解题四步曲：

一、首先抓住主谓结构，确定主句没有连接词只有一个主语

二、分析主动被动

分析语态就是在确定主语之后，分析非谓语动词和主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。

三、分析动作先后要考虑动作发生的时间先后，即时态。

独立主格

独立主格: 句中没有连接词，逗号分开两个句子，存在两个主语

形式：名词/代词＋分词

在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为:

独立主格的分类：

(1) -ING分词(还有-ED分词)短语作状语时，有自己独立的逻辑上的―主语‖。相当于各种形式的状语，表示一种伴随的动作或情况,或表原因

There being nothing more for discussion,the meeting was over half an hour earlier.

(2).介词（with）+名词+形容词，副词+现在分词或过去分词，表示陪村行动做或补充说明

例如：He lay on his back, with his arm behind his head

(3)独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如：

He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况)

The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间)

So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因)

Weather permitting, w e‘ll have an outing tomorrow. (条件)

All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.

The job done, we went home.

The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.

专四语法考点串讲之四—不定式、动名词作宾语（非谓语补充）

*常跟不定式做宾语的词

三个w、h、c ，二a领着四d 、p, 一r 、m，二l、b, 外加三个o, u, e。

3 w: want(想要), wish(希望), wait(等待)

3h: hope(希望), help(帮忙), hesitate(犹豫)

3c: care(愿意), choose(选择), claim(声称)

2a：agree(同意), afford(担负得起),

4d: dare(敢于), demand(要求), determine(决定), decide(决定)

4p: plan(计划), pretend(假装), promise(允诺), prepare(准备)

1r: refuse(拒绝)

1m: manage (设法)

2l: learn(学会), long(渴望)

2b: beg(乞求), bear(忍受)

1o: offer(提出)

1u: undertake(答应；同意)

1e：expect(希望)

*接不带to的不定式的特殊动词

一感：feel

二听：listen to; hear

三让：make, have, let

四看：watch, see, look at, observe

被动句里to还原。

*接不定式作宾语，动名词作宾语均可，且意思基本不变的词

双方一旦开始(begin, start),无论喜欢(love, like, prefer )与否(hate, dislike)，都得继续(continue)下去。都不能企图（attempt）忽视（neglect）开始的爱（love）。习惯也好，害怕也好，难以容忍( can‘t bear/ stand/ endure)也好。

*可以动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同的词

四“记”力争不后悔

①四―记‖

(记住)remember,(忘记)forget, (计划/打算)mean, (继续)go on,

②力争：try

③不后悔: stop regret

①remember to do sth. 记得要做某事

remember doing sth.记得曾做过某事

②forget to do sth 忘了要做某事

forget doing sth. 忘了做过某事；

③mean to do sth 打算做某事

mean doing sth. 意味着，就是

④go on to do 继续做另一件事

go on doing 继续做同一件事

⑤try to do sth 试图做某事，

try doing sth. 尝试做某事

⑥stop to do sth 停下来做某事

stop doing sth. 停止做某事。

⑦regret to do sth 对要发生的事表示―遗憾‖，

regret doing sth.对发生过的事表示―后悔‖。

*常接动名词做宾语的词

MP\2r\ café\ disk （military policeman）

宪兵带着2把手枪在咖啡馆里看光盘

M指mind(介意), miss(逃过), mention(提及)

P指prevent, postpone, practice

2r指risk(冒险), resist(抵制)

c指consider(考虑）

a指admit(承认), avoid(避免), appreciate(感激),

f指fancy(幻想), finish(完成)，feel like(喜欢)

e指enjoy(享受), escape(逃脱), ensure(确保)

d指delay(延迟), deny(否认), detest(痛恨)

i指imagine(想象)

s指suggest(建议)

k指keep(保持)

*介词后的ing

have difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事有困难

be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事

succeed in doing sth… 成功做某事

give up doing sth 放弃做某事

prevent/stop/keep sb /sth from doing 阻止…做…

spend/waste time /money in doing 在做…方面花钱、浪费时间或金钱how /what about doing sth 做…怎么样了？

Have some difficulty/trouble in doing 在…方面有些困难

There is no sense in doing (做…是没有理由的

Thank / admire /praise/blame /scold/ punish sb for doing sth

因做某事而感谢、羡慕、表扬、责备、惩罚某人

*to是介词，不是不定式标志，接动名词做介词to 的宾语?apply oneself to 致力于

?be accustomed to 习惯于

?confess to 供认

?come to 谈到

?devote oneself to 献身于

?get down to 着手做

?give way to 对…让步

?lead to 导致

?look forward to 期待

next to 几乎

12. object to 反对

13. pay attention to 注意

14. stick to 坚持

15. stand up to 勇敢面对

16. turn to 求助于

17. be used to 习惯于

*用于“b e+过去分词+to”结构中的过去分词常见的有：accustomed/used（习惯）

addicted（沉溺于）

astonished（惊讶）

devoted（致力于）

determined（决定）

engaged（订婚）

exposed（遭受）

known（已知）

married（结婚）

opposed（反对）

prepared（准备）

related（相关）

*用于“be+过去分词+with”结构中的过去分词常见的有：armed（配备）

connected（相关）

covered（覆盖）

crowded（挤满）

faced（面对）

fed up（厌烦）

filled（充满）

pleased（高兴）

satisfied（满意）

tired（劳累）

*用于“be+过去分词+in”结构中的过去分词常见的有：absorbed（全神贯注）

engaged（从事）

involved（参与）

lost（陷入）

seated（坐在）

situated/located（位于

*用于“be+过去分词+of”结构中的过去分词常见的有：convinced（相信）

informed（了解）

tired（厌烦）

*几组易错的现在分词、过去分词

lie vi. lay lain lying 躺

lie v. lied lied lying 撒谎

lay vi. laid laid laying 放；下蛋

found vt. founded founded 成立

find vt. found found 发现

Wind wound wound 盘旋蜿蜒

Wound wounded wounded 受伤

rise vi rose risen 上升

raise vt. raised raised 上升

fall vi.fell fallen 落下

fell vt. Felled felled 砍

feel vt. felt felt 摸；感觉

hang vi hung hung 悬挂

hang vt. hanged hanged 绞死

light vt.lit （一般作谓语）

light lighted （作定语）燃着的

burn vt. /vi burnt 烧焦的，

burning 正在燃烧的

专四语法考点串讲之五复合句

一、定语从句

五大概念：

概念一、什么是定语从句？

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。

在定语从句中，被修饰的这一名词或代词叫做先行词。

在定语从句中的引导词叫做关系词。关系词又分关系代词和关系副词。

概念二、关系词有哪些？

1、关系代词：which（指sth 作主语或宾语），that（指sb或sth 作主语或宾语），who（指sb作主语或宾语），whom（指sb作宾语），whose（指sb或sth，作定语）,as（指sb,sth 作主语或宾语）;注意: 做宾语的时候，关系代词可以省略。

2、关系副词：when（指时间on which），where（指地点at which），why（指原因for which）概念三、关系词通常有下列三个作用？

1.引导定语从句；

2.代替先行词；

3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。

Eg. The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.

概念四、关系代词和关系副词有何区别及方法？

主要是它们在从句中所起的作用不同。关系代词在从句中一般作主语或宾语。而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。

Focus in：

方法一：句子成份法：关系代词在句中充当主语、宾语；关系副词在从句中作状语。

方法二：句子完整法：关系代词引导的定语从句不完整；关系副词引导的定语从句是完整的。

I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.

I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.

概念五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

A. 限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号―，‖与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。

B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语“．．．的” 通常译成主句的并列句。在非限制性定语从句中，通常用who, whom, whose 指人，用which 指物。

Eg. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.

她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）

Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.

她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：她只有一个哥哥。）

五大考点：

考点一. 先行词为人时引导词who和that

a. 用who不用that的情况：

(1)当先行词为one, ones, anyone, those时。(2)当先行词为人称代词时。

He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.

Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practice more.

b. 用that不用who的情况：

1)当主句已经出现who时。2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。

Who is the man that spoke to you just now?

Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.

考点二. 先行词为物时引导词that和which

a.只用that不用which 的情况：

(1)先行词为much, little, few, nothing, none, anything, no, all等不定代词（2）先行词既有人又有物。

（3）先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰。

（4）先行词被the very, the only, the last, just, all, any, every, no等修饰

（5）关系代词在从句中作表语．

(6) 在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中

(7) 主句是there be句型：

This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.

China is no longer the country that it used to be.

All that can be done has been done.

He spoke of the things and persons that he had seen abroad.

This is the very book that I am looking for.

Who is the man that is talking to Jim?

There is a man that lives in that village.

b.只能用which不用that的情况: 1.介词后面 2.逗号后面

1. 定语从句中的介词前置时关系代词只能用which

2. 引导非限制性定语从句时只能用which,其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分.

(1) The machine, which I have looked after for many year, is still working perfectly.

(2)My glasses, without which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.

考点三：★★★★★介词+关系代词(which/ whom)

**** 关系代词前介词的确定方法：

1. 定语从句的动词与先行词的逻辑关系，或者从句的动词、形容词的习惯性搭配。

Eg. The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new look

Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands?

Ours is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud.

2.非限制性定语从句中，表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+ of + 关系代词”的结构，

e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.

3. Whose从句可转换为“ of +关系代词‖型，whose的先行词指物时, 可用of which代替,

但词序不同，即whose+n=the +n + of which =of which + the + n.

e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.

They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.

Of which the door open to the south.

考点四:关系副词的运用

⑴先行词为―时间的名词‖用when：time（day, night, morning, week, month, year等）＋when…Eg. I don‘t remember the day when he left.(on which)

⑵先行词为―表示地点的名词‖★★★★★ where：place（case, point, situation, condition, scene, stage, country, room, house, hotel, museum, school, street等）＋where…

Eg. That is the house where he lived two years ago. (In which)

⑶先行词为―表示原因的名词‖why：reason＋why…（表示原因的名词只有一个）

That's the reason why I helped him.（why =for which）

考点五：★★★★★ as与which引导的定语从句

两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，as 放在句首句中都可以，which 必需放在句中，但下列情况多用as。

1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。e.g. As we all know, the earth is round.

2. 当与such , as或the same连用时，一般用as。

e.g. That‘s the same tool as I used l ast week.

I am not so strong a man as I was.我已经没有从前那么强壮了。

3. 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。

Eg.Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.

三大区别：

1.the same... as 和the same ...that的用法辨异.

That‘s the same tool as I used last week.（同类事物）

That‘s the same tool that I used last week. 那就是我上周用过的工具。（指原物）

2. 定语从句与强调句型的区别判断是否是强调结构的方法是采用删除法

分析：强调句句型：It is/was +被强调的成份+that/who +其它部分．去掉It is/was….that/who… ,句子照样成立。

①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport．

②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works．

3、定语从句与习惯句型的区别

①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai．

（It is／was the first／second ．time ＋that从句）

②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life．

三大注意：

1. the way 做先行词时，定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词。

2. 定语从句中主谓一致问题：从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。He is one of the teachers who know English well.

He is the only one of the teachers who knows English well.(特殊)

3.疑问句的解题思路：先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。

1. Is this factory ____ we visited last week?

2. Is this the factory ____ we visited last Week?

A、where

B、that

C、to which

D、the one

★★小试牛刀

That is the factory where produces 100,000TV sets a year.

That is the factory that his father once worked.

I‘ll never forget the days when we spent on that lonely island.

I‘ll never forget the day when/on which I joined the Party.

二、状语从句

一、时间状语从句

１，连词：when, while, as, till/until, before, after, since, once, as soon as ，every time, the moment, the minute，no sooner ..than hardly…when等

２．五大考点：

考点⑴ when VS while VS as

★当….的时候★当…的时候★当….的时候

when while as ★一边….一边….

★趁着…时候★随着…

考点⑵ till / unti l “直到….为止”

Eg. Mother waited for Tom till/ until it was far into the night. ( 持续性动词)

Eg.Tom didn‘t get bac k till / until everything was all right.(短暂性动词)

考点⑶ when 的两个句型

Sb is about to do sth when / Sb is doing sth when

考点⑷ since“ 自从”

句型：it is/ has been +一段时间＋since +从句

Eg. it is three days since I left Beijing.

It has been 10 years since I smoked.

考点⑸ No sooner than/ hardly ..when/ scarcely..when 一.就..用于句首要求倒装

Eg. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

★几种特殊句型结构的区别：

（1）It is/was + 时刻+ when从句―某事发生时是什么时候。‖

（2）It is/has been + 时间段+ since从句―自从……以来有多长时间了。‖

（3）It will/would be + 时间段+ before 从句―还要过多长时间……才……‖

（4）It will/would not be + 时间段+ before 从句―过不了多长时间……就会……‖

（5）It was + 时间段+ before从句―过了多长时间才……‖

（6）It was not + 时间段+ before从句―没过多长时间就……‖

二、条件状语从句

1,连接词：if , unless( 如果..不，除非), so/as long as（只要）, on condition that（条件是），as (so) far as ( 据..所知), provided that（要是，如果），in case(假使，如果)，等

２．两大考点：

考点⑴ Once --- 一但……就……

Eg. Once you see him, you will never forget him.

考点⑵ In case --- 假使, 如果

The plane cannot take off in case it rains.

三、原因状语从句

1，连接词：

Because, since, as(放句首) ,for, now that(既然，由于）, when(既然), considering that（顾及到

---）, seeing that（由于）。（都表示原因，语气依次减弱）

2，考试聚焦

考点一、Because VS since VS for

Because: 表示―因为‖，表示直接的或明确的原因;

Since: 表示―既然‖，表示已知或显然的原因;

for : 不是从属连词，而是并列连词。它不是用来说明原因，而是用来表示一种附带或补充解释、说明，不放在句首。

Eg: It was because his mother was badly ill that he was unhappy.

Since everyone makes mistakes in life, you needn‘t scold him for it.

The day breaks, for the birds are singing.

考点二、when 既然

Eg. How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen?

四、让步状语：

1.连接词:though/although（虽然）, as /though(虽然), even if/though(即使)whatever（无论什么）, wherever（无论哪里）, while (尽管)等引导。

2，考试聚焦：

考点一：though/although 不与but 连用, 但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以though (alth ough)…yet(still)的格式是正确的

考点二：while 尽管eg. While I have sympathy for you, I can‘t help you.

考点三：Whether ---不管，常与or not 连用

Eg. Whether he is good or not, the company decided to send him abroad.

考点四：no matter +疑问词相当于疑问词+ever: 不管…都…

五、地点状语从句: where/ wherever（wherever --- 无论哪里）

考点聚焦：地点状语从句和where定语从句的区别：

Tips: 判断是定语从句还是地点状语从句，要看从句前是否有先行词，有先行词的是定语从句，否则是状语从句。

Eg. Where there is a will, there is a way. This is the factory where my father works.

六、结果状语从句

1. 连接词：so that（=in order to 因而）, so…that.（太..以至于），such…tha t（太…以至于）

2.考试聚焦：考点句型

(1) so + 形容词/副词+ that从句；

(2) such a/an + 形容词+可数名词单数+that从句;

(3) so + 形容词+ a/an + 可数名词单数+that从句；

（4）such + 形容词+ 可数名词复数/不可数名词+that从句

七、目的状语从句

1. 连接词：so that（以便）, in order that（为了）, for fear that（为了防止）, lest（以防）

Eg. He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.

八、比较状语从句(倍数+the depth/height/width/weight of )

1. 连接词：A. ….as…as… B. ….adj. + -er than… C. the more…the more…

Eg. This work is not as easy as you think

The more you work, the more you earn. He runs faster than i.

The room is twice as big as that one. The room is twice bigger than that one.

The room is twice the size of that one. The well is three times the depth of that one.

★While 的总结用法：1.当…的时候；2. 而，却；3. 趁着；4. 只要；5.虽然，尽管。

专四语法考点串讲之六倒装句

★倒装考点口诀

倒装两大类，全倒部分倒；

主倒从不倒;

全倒分两种：副词、地点介短在句首;

部分倒装分六种:

否定副词在句首，only加状在句首，

so ... that结构so提前，承前否定/肯定neither nor/so, 状语从句as/ though，省去if虚拟句

一、全部倒装

1. 在以here、there、now、then、off、away等副词开头的句子里。

(1) The birds flew away.→Away flew the birds.

(2) The rain came down. →Down ca me the rain.

2. 表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。

（1）山脚下有一个美丽的湖。At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.

（2）教室外面站着一个男孩。Outside the classroom stood a boy.

二、部分倒装

1. Only+状语位于句首时

(1)He only found it important to get along with others then.

→Only then did he find it important to get along with others.

We can only make great progress in this way.

→Only in this way can we make great progress.

2. 否定副词及短语位于句首时。

常考的这类词或词语有：not, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, by no means, in no time等。

I have never seen such a beautiful place.

→Never have I seen such a beautiful place.

3. 在省略if的虚拟条件从句中。

（1）如果我是你，我会努力学习。

Were I you, I would work hard.

（2）如果明天下雨的话，我们就延迟会议。

Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting.

（3）假如他听从了我的建议，他早就成功了。

Had he followed my advice, he would have succeeded.

4、so\ neither\ nor 位于句首的情况。

1.So + 助动词+主语…也一样。So + 主语+ 助动词…确实如此。

2.Neither 和Nor 用于否定句，表示― 也不，也没有‖。

Neither\ Nor +助动词+主语

5、as/though引导的让步状语从句

名词\形容词\副词\动词+as\though+主语+其他

6、在“so + adj./adv. + that…”句式中，将“so + adj./adv. ”放在句首时的倒装。

So hard does he work that he has made great progress in English.

★特殊倒装句型：

not only … but also… 句式的倒装

Not only is he interested in football but also he plays it well.

(前倒后不倒)

考点倒装四注意：

1、as/ though从句的表语是名词，倒装后其名词前不加任何冠词;

As he is a child---child as he is

2、if 虚拟句Were it not...或者Had it not been..., 但不可以说Weren‘ t it... 或者hadn‘t it been...（not 不提前）

3、承前肯定so, 只能指定一件事情，两件事情用so it is(the same) with sb

4、So + 助动词+主语：也一样

So + 主语+ 助动词：的确如此

专四语法考点串讲之七小语法点

一、反义疑问句的考点聚焦：

1)陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用aren't I. I am a student, aren‘t I

2)陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语I wish to have a word with you, may I?

3)陈述部分用no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?

4) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式It is impossible, isn't it?

5)must在表示"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。

He must be a doctor, isn't he?

You must have studied English for three years, haven't you?

He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he? It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?

6)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。

Don't do that again, will you? Go with me, will you / won't you ?

7) 复合句的反疑疑问句

A .带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：

He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?

B上述部分主句谓语是I /we think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine 等引导的宾语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I don't think he is bright, is he?

二、主谓一致的考点聚焦

1）“就远原则”“主语＋介词短语等”作主语

在―A +(with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, besides, like, including, rather than, more than, no less than)+B‖结构中，谓语动词的单复数与之B一致。

2）就近原则neither…nor…, (either)…or…, not only…but also…, not…but…等并列结构作主语时采取就近原则：谓语动词的数由与其最接近的那个主语的数决定。

3）“a / the number of＋复数名词”作主语

表示―…的数量‖的―the number of +复数名词‖作主语时，谓语动词用单数；表示―一些/ 许多…‖的―a number of +复数名词‖作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

4). more than one + __/ Many a + ___ / Every A and every B / No A and no B/ one and a half + 谓语动词用单数。

注意：more 复数名词+than one 用复数，More members than one are against your plan. 5）.并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式。

注意：整体看待:bread and butter bread and cheese a knife and fork a cart and horse needle and thread law and order fish and chips meat and potatoes

例如: Truth and honesty is the best policy．

注意：adj. + and + adj. + 不可数名词／复数名词＋谓语（复数）

Eg. Chinese (beer) and French beer are served here.

6）.表达时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度、价值,算式的短语通常接动词的单数形式。

eg. Five minutes is enough to do this exercise．

7）.如果主语由“the＋形容词(或过去分词)”结构担任时, 谓语通常用复数,

8).由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数；但所指的内容是复数意义时，谓语动词通常用复数. Eg. What we need are good textbooks.

9).people, police, cattle, militia, 是复数名词, 接动词复数形式。Peoples指民族。

sheep , deer, fish , means, aircraft works单复数同形; clothes +复数动词

10) All 指人，用复数动词；all指物，用单数动词。

11). 集合名词指整体时，用单数代词；指由不同的人组成的集合时，用复数代词。audience couple family public class crowd government

staff (全体职员）committee group team crew(船／飞机全体工作人员）company 12). 书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。

三、强调句的考点聚焦

1. 强调句结构：It is/was+被强调部分+that引导的从句

2. 强调句型的一般疑问句：Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who。

Was it she who said it like that? 是她那样说的吗？

3.强调句型的特殊疑问句：特殊疑问+is/was +it+ that/who。―究竟是谁…，到底在哪里……What was it that started the big fire in the building? 到底是什么原因引起那栋大楼的大火？注意1：当强调not…until结构时，须将not until连用，后面接肯定式。

It is/was not until+时间+that…，“正是直到……才……”。

It was not until at that time that I realized what trouble he was in.

直到那个时候我才意识到他有什么麻烦。

注意二：强调句和定语从句区分

It was in the house that he was born.（强）It was the house where he was born.（定）区分方法：将句子中的―It was… that( when/ where)…‖ 结构去掉：

如若还能成完整的句子，则为强调句；如若不能成完整的句子，则为定语从句。

四、连词与介词

考点聚焦一、并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore 等。重点：常用的几组并列连词

1、and组表示联合关系。属于这一组的并列连词还有：both…and, not only…but also, as well as, neither…nor等。如：

Let‘s go and play basketball.我们去打篮球吧。

2.but组表示转折和对照关系。属于这一组的并列连词还有：however, still, yet ,while, nevertheless。如：

He hasn‘t arrived. He may, however, come later. 他还未到，不过，他可能过会儿来。

3、or组表示选择关系。属于这一组的并列连词还有：or else, otherwise, neither…nor, either…or等。如：

We‘ll go early, otherwise we may not get a seat.得早一点去，不然就没有座位了。

4、so组表示因果关系的连接词还有：so(that),for, therefore, thus, then等。如：

He has broken his leg and therefore he can‘t walk.他摔伤了腿，因此不能走路。

考点聚焦二、at, as, to, by, on, in, of, with, like, along, for, over, up, through, across, except, but, besides, beside, near等。

重点：常用的介词

1、常见介词by的用法。介词by含义较丰富，主要有：靠，凭借，在……旁边等含义。可有by oneself单独，靠自己；by and by不久以后，不一会儿，连续不断地，立刻；by and large 总的说来。

★★2、常见介词with引导的复合结构。with的复合结构，也叫with引导的独立主格结构。由with（也可省略）+名词/代词+现在或过去分词/不定式/形容词/介词短语或副词构成。它相当于一个状语从句，表示行为方式/伴随状况/时间/原因或条件。(更口语话)

with his hand still raised; with a book in his hand( book in hand);

With him sitting next to her，she felt safe.(he sitting next to her, she felt safe.)

Eg. He sat at the table, his nose red, collar off, head down, and pen in position。（独立主格）

3、常见表示时间的on的用法。与时间搭配的介词须注意：在具体某星期几及具体某天的上午、下午和晚上等都用介词on。

4、常见介词as的用法。as作为介词，可表示―充当，作为，如同‖。

5、常见over的用法。介词over有―在……之上，过之，多于‖意思。

五、形容词、副词考点聚焦

考点聚焦一、何时形容词后臵：

（1）修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等时，例：

There is something difficult in this book.

（2）形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语的时候。例：

This is a student worth of praise.

（3）用and或or连接两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后，起强调修饰的作用。例：They will turn their motherland into a country, beautiful and modern.

（4）形容词同表示数量的词组连用时亦放在后面。例：The pipe is twelve feet long.

考点聚焦二、ly结尾的形容词：名词+ly结尾构成的词常作形容词。

friendly，lively，lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。

考点聚焦三、同根副词辨析：

1）close接近地closely 仔细地，密切地（2）free免费地freely 自由地，无拘束地

3）hard 努力地hardly几乎（4）late 晚，迟lately 近来

5）most 极，非常mostly 主要地（6）wide 广阔地widely 广泛地

7）high 高highly 高度地，非常地8）loud 大声的loudly大声地（含有喧闹意思）