暴力归纳题目

Critical Reasoning

错题归纳（Reebe破题法）

一、削弱类（WEAKEN/UNDERMINE）

①措施→目的型

★（07prep1-25）Twelve years ago and again five years ago, there were extended periods when the Darfir Republic's currency, the pundra, was weak: its value was unusually low relative to the world's most stable currencies. Both times a weak pundra made Darfir's manufactured products a bargain on world markets, and Darfir's exports were up substantially. Now some politicians are saying that, in order to cause another similarly sized increase in exports, the government should allow the pundra to become weak again.

逻辑链：降低pundra币值（措施）→出口像以前一样陡增（目的）

答案：Darfir的商品生产已接近顶峰。

削弱：有其他因素阻碍目的达成。生产已达顶峰，就算贬值出口也无法再大幅增长。

★（07prep1-55）According to the Tristate Transportation Authority, making certain improvements to the main commuter rail line would increase ridership dramatically. The authority plans to finance these improvements over the course of five years by raising automobile tolls on the two highway bridges along the route the rail line serves. Although the proposed improvements are indeed needed, the authority's plan for securing the necessary funds should be rejected because it would unfairly force drivers to absorb the entire cost of something from which they receive no benefit.

逻辑链：增加过桥费（措施）→积累资金（目的）

答案：费用增加后20%的人会选择走其他的路。

削弱：有其他因素阻碍目的达成。20%的人走其他的路，无法筹到足够资金。

★（07prep2-48）Certain messenger molecules fight damage to the lungs from noxious air by telling the muscle cells encircling the lungs' airways to contract. This partially seals off the lungs. An asthma attack occurs when the messenger molecules are activated unnecessarily, in response to harmless things like pollen or household dust.

Which of the following, if true, points to the most serious flaw of a plan to develop a medication that would prevent asthma attacks by blocking receipt of any messages sent by the messenger molecules referred to above?

逻辑链：开发一种阻断所有MM发出的信息的药（措施）→防止哮喘（目的）

答案：这样的药无法区分有有毒气体产生的和由花粉粉尘引起的信息。

削弱：有其他因素阻碍目的达成。有毒气体的MSGR也屏蔽的话人体会受到伤害。

②推论→事实型

★（07prep1-63）Companies O and P each have the same number of employees who work the

same number of hours per week. According to records maintained by each company, the employees of Company O had fewer job-related accidents last year than did the employees of Company P. Therefore, employees of Company O are less likely to have job-related accidents than are employees of Company P.

逻辑链：O公司的员工比P公司的员工造成事故的可能性更小（推论）→O公司的事故比P公司少（事实）

答案：P公司对于工作事故的分类更多范围更广。

削弱：他因导致。并非因为P公司的员工更容易犯错，而是因为对事故的定义更严格，所以记录的事故更多。

③事实→推论型

★（07prep1-1）Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite. Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure,this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.

逻辑链：实验室合成富勒烯需要特殊的温度和压力条件（事实）→发现的天然富勒烯可以帮助地理学家了解形成时的地表情况（推论）

答案：天然形成的富勒烯形成于一种未知的结晶结构。

削弱：直接推翻结论。因为自然形成和实验室形成的并非同一种东西，无法用实验推自然。

★（07prep1-2）Economist: On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000. A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling. Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.

逻辑链：能减少摔跤的新治疗项目费用比急救费用贵（事实）→这个新项目不合理（推论）

答案：急救治疗中对摔跤造成疼痛的治疗的费用没有算在成本内。

削弱：直接推翻结论。加上疼痛治疗的费用可能新项目反而更便宜。

★（07prep2-8）Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Utrania was formerly a major petroleum exporter, but in recent decades economic stagnation and restrictive regulations inhibited investment in new oil fields. In consequence, Utranian oil exports dropped steadily as old fields became depleted. Utrania's currently improving economic situation, together with less-restrictive regulations, will undoubtedly result in the rapid development of new fields. However, it would be premature to conclude that the rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports, because __________.

逻辑链：新油田会快速发展（事实）→石油出口增加（推论）

答案：经济发展导致城内用车多了。

削弱：直接推翻结论。用车多了对石油需求也多了，不一定出口增长。

★（07prep2-15）Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they

lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes. However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run. Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.

逻辑链：原先降价的公司再提价时给竞争者更好的降价机会（事实）→降价来减少竞争的方法长期来看无法有效获利（推论）

答案：原先降价的公司在出现新的竞争对手时可能会故伎重演。

削弱：直接推翻结论。这种方法可以多次使用来保证自己的市场。

★（07prep2-17）At present the Hollywood Restaurant has only standard-height tables. However, many customers come to watch the celebrities who frequent the Hollywood, and they would prefer tall tables with stools because such seating would afford a better view of the celebrities. Moreover, diners seated on stools typically do not stay as long as diners seated at standard-height tables. Therefore, if the Hollywood replaced some of its seating with high tables and stools, its profits would increase.

逻辑链：在长腿桌上吃饭的人比在标准桌上吃饭的人待的时间短（事实）→替换成长腿能增加利润（推论）

答案：好莱坞的人是特例，选长腿桌的客人待的时间不比标准桌短。

削弱：直接推翻结论。好莱坞的人时间并不短，所以就算换了获利不会提高。

★（07prep2-39）The imposition of quotas limiting imported steel will not help the big American steel mills. In fact, the quotas will help "mini-mills" flourish in the United States. Those small domestic mills will take more business from the big American steel mills than would have been taken by the foreign steel mills in the absence of quotas.

逻辑链：MM比国外工厂从ASM抢得更多生意（事实）→限量进口会促进MM发展，不会帮助ASM （推论）

答案：MM生产的都是ASM不生产的小批量钢材。

削弱：直接推翻结论。MM和ASM生产对象不同，限制国外会促进ASM发展。

★（07prep2-58）The proposal to hire ten new police officers in Middletown is quite foolish. There is sufficient funding to pay the salaries of the new officers, but not the salaries of additional court and prison employees to process the increased caseload of arrests and convictions that new officers usually generate.

逻辑链：增加警官（事实）→更多逮捕和指控（推论）

答案：该城市的警官率继续增加会遏制犯罪的发生。

削弱：直接推翻结论。增加警官反而会减少指控和逮捕。

★（08prep2-111）Kernland imposes a high tariff on the export of unprocessed cashew nuts in order to ensure that the nuts are sold to domestic processing plants. If the tariff were lifted and unprocessed cashews were sold at world market prices, more farmers could profit by growing cashews. However, since all the processing plants are in urban areas, removing the tariff would seriously hamper the government’s effort to reduce urban unemployment over the next five years.

逻辑链：加工厂都在城市（事实）→取消关税不能降低城市的失业率（推论）

答案：实施关税会导致农民无利可图而进入城市。

削弱：直接推翻结论。事实关税后大批农民进入城市，反而更不能降低失业率。

④AB对比型

★（07prep1-11）Mourdet Winery: Danville Winery's new wine was introduced to compete with our most popular wine, which is sold in a distinctive tall, black bottle. Danville uses a similar bottle. Thus, it is likely that many customers intending to buy our wine will mistakenly buy theirs instead.

Danville Winery: Not so. The two bottles can be readily distinguished: the label on ours, but not on theirs, is gold colored.

逻辑链：我们的酒标签和他们不一样，是金色的（事实）→顾客不会买错（推论）

答案：不常买的顾客会根据瓶子最显著的特征买酒。

削弱：缩小AB的差异。就算标签不一样，两者的瓶子特征很相似，分不太清。

二、加强类（SUPPORT/STRENGTHEN）

①措施→目的型

★（07prep1-20）For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving. The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

逻辑链：提供可以容纳三分之一巴士的停车场（措施）→巴士尾气对建筑的伤害大大减少（目的）答案：旅游巴士少于四分之一的时间在送游客（四分之三的时间停着不熄火）。

加强：与措施结合更能促使目的达成。原来四分之三不熄火的时间有停车场以后不排放尾气了，加强了措施的有效性。

★（07prep1-43）Paint on a new airliner is usually applied in two stages: first, a coat of primer, and then a top coat. A new process requires no primer, but instead uses two layers of the same newly developed coating, with each layer of the new coating having the same thickness and weight as a traditional top coat. Using the new process instead of the old process increases the price of a new aircraft considerably.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly indicates that it is in an airline's long-term economic interest to purchase new airliners painted using the new process rather than the old process?

※该题的措施和目的都藏在问题中。

逻辑链：购买更贵的用新涂层的新飞机而不是老飞机（措施）→长期来看有经济效益（目的）答案：新涂层的承重能力更强，使飞机承载更多。

加强：与措施结合更能促使目的达成。新飞机的承载量更多，获益也更多，可能抵消或超过多余的成本。

★（07prep2-16）When an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, it is often repainted as well, and during the repainting no other maintenance work can be done on the plane. In order to reduce maintenance time, airline officials are considering using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint. The film takes just as long to apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.

逻辑链：用新的无毒塑料层取代涂料（措施）→减少维修时间（目的）

答案：有效期到时塑料层比涂料更容易除去。

加强：与措施结合更能促使目的达成。去除时间短减少了维修时间。

②事实推理型

★（07prep1-69）Excavation of the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus revealed a pattern of debris and collapsed buildings typical of towns devastated by earthquakes. Archaeologists have hypothesized that the destruction was due to a major earthquake known to have occurred near the island in A.D. 365.

逻辑链：在A.D.365发生了地震（原因）→该地震摧毁了Kourion这座城市（结果）

答案：A.D.365之后发行的货币没有找到，之前的有很多。

加强：举与事实平行例子支持结论。在该时间点后没有发行货币说明文明消失了，就是这场地震造成的。

★（07prep2-21）Film Director: It is true that certain characters and plot twists in my newly released film The Big Heist are strikingly similar to characters and plot twists in Thieves, a movie that came out last year. Based on these similarities, the film studio that produced Thieves is now accusing me of taking ideas from that film. The accusation is clearly without merit. All production work on The Big Heist was actually completed months before Thieves was released.

逻辑链：所有制作工作在Thieves上映前几个月就完成了（事实）→抄袭的指责毫无根据（结果）答案：两部电影相似之处在以前多部同类电影中就有出现。

加强：举与事实平行例子支持结论。并非T电影原创，以前就有先例，所以不存在抄袭一说。

★（07prep2-54）The pharmaceutical industry argues that because new drugs will not be developed unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later sales, the current 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended in the case of newly developed drugs. However, in other industries new-product development continues despite high development costs, a fact that indicates that the extension is unnecessary.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the pharmaceutical industry's argument against the challenge made above?

逻辑链：新药开发需要巨大投资（事实）→现在的20年保护需要延长（推论）

答案：新药的临床实验在上市前的20年中占了十年。

加强：举与事实平行例子支持结论。临床实验占据的时间太长了，应该延长保护时间。

★（08prep1-75）In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.

逻辑链：烟的税收提高以后销量降低8%，税收提高之前销量降低1%（事实）→烟的销量和税后价有关系（推论）

答案：税收变化前后人们对于烟的危害的信息基本没有变化。

加强：排除他因。排除了由于人们对烟观念变化导致销量变化的影响。

★（08prep2-72）A study followed a group of teenagers who had never smoked and tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. After one year, the incidence of depression among those who had taken up smoking was four times as high as it was among those who had not. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.

逻辑链：抽烟导致抑郁（推论）→研究中吸烟的青少年抑郁的概率比不吸烟的高四倍（事实）答案：在研究开始就抑郁的青少年不会比不抑郁的更容易吸烟。

加强：排除他因。如果抑郁的青少年更倾向于吸烟，则不能表明吸烟影响了心情。

三、评价类（EVALUATE）

①推论→事实型

★(07prep1-24)Tiger beetles are such fast runners that they can capture virtually any nonflying insect. However, when running toward an insect, the beetles intermittently stop, and then, a moment later, resume their attack.Perhaps ①they cannot maintain their pace and must pause for a moment's rest; but an alternative hypothesis is that ②while running tiger beetles are unable to process the resulting rapidly changing visual information, and so quickly go blind and stop.

逻辑链：①不能保持高速，需要停下来休息/②跑太快时会致盲，需要停下来恢复视力（推论）→Tiger beetles在追捕昆虫时会间歇停下来一会儿继续追（事实）

答案：每次停顿间隔时间相同。昆虫逃跑时，短暂停顿后会加速追赶。

评价：排除他因。停顿后加速说明是为了休息，如果是失明不会加速。

★（08prep1-74）In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars. When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on. Putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart. Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females. Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.

逻辑链：镇定剂中的物质抑制繁殖（推论）→经常被上项圈的母犀牛比没上项圈的繁殖率低（事实）

答案：除了戴项圈以外使用麻醉枪麻醉母犀牛的频率多高。

评价：有无他因导致。如果频率很高，则没戴项圈的母犀牛可能也被注射了麻醉剂，无法得出是

麻醉剂的问题；如果除此之外不使用，则两者区别就是是否注射过麻醉剂，可以得出该原因。

★（08prep1-80）In many scientific disciplines, scientists generally do not do highly creative work beyond the age of forty, a tendency that has normally been taken to show that aging carries with it a loss of creative capacity. However, by the age of forty most scientists have been working in their chosen field for at least fifteen years, so an alternative explanation is that spending too long in a single field reduces the opportunity for creative thought.

逻辑链：①研究者随着年龄增长创造力下降/②研究者在一个领域时间太长创造性的想法减少（推论）→科学家在40岁以后基本不做高创造力的工作

答案：是否那些在四十岁以后还从事高创造力工作的人进入领域的年纪普遍比别人大。

评价：有无他因导致。如果是，说明②的解释是合理的；如果否，则题干错误。

★（08prep1-108）Magazine Publisher: Our magazine does not have a liberal bias. It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position. Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.

逻辑链：我们杂志不偏向自由党（推论）→直到收到自由党观点我们才刊登之前就收到的保守党观点（事实）

答案：先收到自由党言论后是否会等到其他言论出现。

评价：有无他因导致。如果会，则说明没有偏见。如果否，说明有偏见。

②事实→推论型

★（07prep1-16）Most of the world's supply of uranium currently comes from mines. It is possible to extract uranium from seawater, but the cost of doing so is greater than the price that uranium fetches on the world market. Therefore, until the cost of extracting uranium from seawater can somehow be reduced, this method of obtaining uranium is unlikely to be commercially viable.

逻辑链：从海里开发铀的成本比市场上的价格还高（事实）→除非成本下降否则海里开采从商业角度来说不可行（推论）

答案：是否陆地上铀的储量即将耗尽。

评价：与A有关。如果储量充足，则陆地成本依然比海里低，推论正确；如果储量即将耗尽，成本上升可能超过海里成本，推论则相反。

★（08prep1-89）Goronian lawmaker: Goronia's Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects. Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible, whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not, the agency's cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.

逻辑链：不拒绝1%的奶酪的成本可以忽略不计（事实）→这个机构的成本比它带来的效益要多（推论）

答案：拒绝这1%的奶酪是否会阻止厂家输送次品。

评价：与A有关。如果是，则不拒绝的话的成本就很高，机构就有效；如果不会，则是否拒绝都没有影响，推论成立。

④AB对比型

★（08prep2-69）Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning?

When species are extensively hunted, individuals that reach reproductive maturity early make up a larger proportion of the population, because they have a better chance of reproducing. When species face diminished food resources, on the other hand, individuals tend to take longer to reach reproductive maturity. These considerations may help settle whether the primary cause of the gradual disappearance of North America's mastodons, prehistoric animals related to elephants, was diminished food resources or human hunting, since __________.

逻辑链：①食物短缺/②猎杀→乳齿象逐渐消失

答案：可以从化石判断乳齿象到成熟期的年龄。

评价：抓AB本质区别。两种原因的区别在于成熟期年龄不同。

四、假设类（ASSUMPTION）

★（07prep1-58）Roland: The alarming fact is that 90 percent of the people in this country now report that they know someone who is unemployed.

Sharon: But a normal, moderate level of unemployment is 5 percent, with 1 out of 20 workers unemployed. So at any given time if a person knows approximately 50 workers, 1 or more will very likely be unemployed.

Sharon's argument relies on the assumption that

逻辑链：正常的失业率是5%（事实）→每认识50个人就可能至少有一个失业（推论）

答案：失业人口并非集中在一个偏远地区。

假设：取非削弱。取非后：如果人口集中在一个偏远地区，那其他地区的人就算认识50个人其中也不一定有一个失业。

★（07prep2-11）Radio stations with radio data system (RDS) technology broadcast special program information that only radios with an RDS feature can receive. Between 1994 and 1996, the number of RDS radio stations in Verdland increased from 250 to 600. However, since the number of RDS-equipped radios in Verdland was about the same in 1996 as in 1994, the number of Verdlanders receiving the special program information probably did not increase significantly.

逻辑链：接收RDS的收音机数量不变（事实）→收听到特殊节目的居民数量不会显著增加（推论）答案：没有广播站在1994年以后给原先不在广播站范围内而有RDS收音机的居民广播。

假设：①否定句。②取非削弱。取非后：有广播站在1994年以后给原先不在广播站范围内而有RDS收音机的居民广播，则人数应该有明显上升，削弱结论。

★（07prep2-19）With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia and with previously established companies adding many jobs, a record number of new jobs were created

last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.

逻辑链：之前成立的公司今年不会提供和去年新成立时提供一样多的新工作（事实）→除非有一大批新公司成立，否则新工作数量不会打破去年的记录（推论）

答案：新成立的公司不会比去年平均每个公司提供的新工作多好多。

假设：①否定句。②取非削弱。取非后：新成立的公司每个都比去年的新公司提供了多出好多的新工作，则即使公司不多总的新工作数量还是可能打破去年的记录。

★（07prep2-50）When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results. Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier. This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.

The vicious cycle described above could not result unless which of the following were true?

逻辑链：【恶性循环】逃税导致税收不足→政府提高税率→增加纳税人负担，更多人逃税

答案：政府提高税率来增加收入时没有考虑到损失的收入来源于逃税。

假设：①否定句。②取非削弱。取非后：政府考虑到损失的收入来自逃税→不提高税率→恶性循环不会发生。

★（08prep1-98）Early in the twentieth century, Lake Konfa became very polluted. Recently fish populations have recovered as release of industrial pollutants has declined and the lake’s waters have become cleaner. Fears are now being voiced that the planned construction of an oil pipeline across the lake’s bottom might revive pollution and cause the fish population to decline again. However, a technology for preventing leaks is being installed. Therefore, provided this technology is effective, those fears are groundless.

逻辑链：防漏的技术有效（事实）→石油管道建设不会导致污染杀死鱼类（推论）

答案：湖底没有沉积的会被建设工程激发出来的有毒物质。

假设：①否定句。②取非削弱。取非后：湖底有有毒物质，建设工程开始后激发污染，削弱结论。

★(08prep1-117)Newspaper editorial:

In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher. Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses. However, this action is clearly counter to the governor's ultimate goal, since after being released from prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.

逻辑链：学过课程的犯人出狱后犯罪率要远低于其他犯人（事实）→不让犯人学习课程对降低犯罪率有反作用（推论）

答案：原先选择上课的犯人并非本身就比其他犯人再犯罪的可能性低。

假设：①否定句。②取非削弱。取非后：原先选择上课的犯人本身就比其他犯人犯罪可能性低，则犯罪率降低并非课程的功劳，取消课程不会有影响。

★（08prep-118）The ancient Nubians inhabited an area in which typhus occurs, yet surprisingly

few of their skeletons show the usual evidence of this disease. The skeletons do show deposits of tetracycline, an antibiotic produced by a bacterium common in Nubian soil. This bacterium can flourish on the dried grain used for making two staples of the Nubian diet, beer and bread.Thus, tetracycline in their food probably explains the low incidence of typhus among ancient Nubians.

逻辑链：用来制作当地人主食啤酒和面包的谷粒中的细菌能产生一种抗生素（事实）→这种抗生素使得当地疾病发生率很低（推论）

答案：在制作过程中抗生素T不会变得无效。

假设：①否定句②取非削弱。取非后：在制作过程中T变得无效，则即使被摄入也无法抑制疾病，削弱结论。

★（08prep1-122）Personnel officer: The exorbitant cost of our health-insurance benefits reflects the high dollar amount of medical expenses incurred by our employees. Employees who are out of shape, as a group, have higher doctor bills and longer hospital stays than do their colleagues who are fit. Therefore, since we must reduce our health-insurance costs, we should offer a rigorous fitness program of jogging and weight lifting to all employees, and require employees who are out of shape to participate.

逻辑链：不健康的职员医疗费比健康的更多（事实）→要求不健康职员参加严格健身项目能减少医疗费用（推论）

答案：这个项目本身不会产生比减少的费用更多的医疗花费。

假设：①否定句②取非削弱。取非后：这个项目本身会产生比能减少的医疗费用更多的花费，则总体的医疗成本还是上升，削弱结论。

五、归纳类（CONCLUDE/MUST BE TRUE）

★（07prep1-53）When a polygraph test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection on the examinee. Rather, such a judgment means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful. Nevertheless, employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.

逻辑链：测谎仪没结果不能显示应聘者是否诚实（原因）→雇主会拒绝这样的应聘者（结果）答案：测谎仪没显示结果的情况对应聘者来说不公平。

归纳：没有新信息且不加任何主观推理。如果应聘者是诚实的，却没有显示结果而被拒绝了，对应聘者来说不公平。

六、矛盾类（PARADOX）

★（07prep1-23）From 1978 to 1988, beverage containers accounted for a steadily decreasing percentage of the total weight of household garbage in the United States. The increasingly widespread practice of recycling aluminum and glass was responsible for most of this decline. However, although aluminum recycling was more widely practiced in this period than glass recycling, it was found that the weight of glass bottles in household garbage declined by a greater percentage than the weight of aluminum cans.

逻辑链：对铝的重复利用比玻璃要多（原因）×→家庭垃圾中玻璃瓶减少的重量比率比铝要多（结

果）

答案：厂家用塑料替换了很多玻璃瓶，没有替换铝罐。

解决矛盾：他因导致。因为厂家替换了玻璃瓶，所以玻璃瓶减少得更多。

★（07prep1-41）In the two years following the unification of Germany in 1989, the number of cars owned by residents of East Germany and the total distance traveled by cars in East Germany both increased by about 40 percent. In those two years, however, the number of East German residents killed each year as car occupants in traffic accidents increased by about 300 percent.

逻辑链：车和开车的总距离都只增加了40%（原因）×→车祸伤亡的人数增加了300%（结果）答案：多出来的开车距离大部分都是以前没开过车的新手开的。

解决矛盾：他因导致。新手开车多，造成事故的几率也大。

★（07prep2-4）A new machine for harvesting corn will allow rows to be planted only fifteen inches apart, instead of the usual thirty inches. Corn planted this closely will produce lower yields per plant. Nevertheless, the new machine will allow corn growers to double their profits per acre because __________.

逻辑链：新机器使种植更密集且每株产量下降（原因）×→每公顷利润翻倍（结果）

答案：密集种植形成的树荫大大减少了控制杂草和浇灌所需的高成本。

解决矛盾：他因导致。成本降低使得获利翻倍。

★（07prep2-55）The cotton farms of Country Q became so productive that the market could not absorb all that they produced. Consequently, cotton prices fell. The government tried to boost cotton prices by offering farmers who took 25 percent of their cotton acreage out of production direct support payments up to a specified maximum per farm.

The government's program, if successful, will not be a net burden on the budget. Which of the following, if true, is the best basis for an explanation of how this could be so?

逻辑链：政府为了提高棉花价格为减少25%产量的农民提供经济补偿（原因）×→这种做法不会成为财政负担（结果）

答案：低价会减少政府从农田收入中获得的税收。

解决矛盾：他因导致。低价本来就会降低政府收入，资助不会成为负担。

★（08prep1-86）Concerned about the financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because __________. 逻辑链：政府给退休老人提高养老金（原因）×→老人的生活经济上并没有变好（结果）

答案：子女会给老人提供足够生活的补助。

解决矛盾：他因导致。养老金提高导致子女撤回资金，总的生活费用没有变化。

★（08prep1-99）Denoma, a major consumer-electronics maker, had a sizable decline in sales revenue for its most recent fiscal year. This result appears surprising, because electronics

retailers report that although their overall sales were considerably lower than in the previous year, their sales revenue from Denoma models actually grew, largely thanks to some innovative and popular models that Denoma introduced.

逻辑链：零售商销售D模型的收入增加（原因）×→D公司的销售收入大大降低（结果）

答案：D的收入大部分来源于其他产品。

解决矛盾：他因导致。其他产品收入减少了导致总收入减少。

★（08prep1-114）Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.

逻辑链：疫苗很贵且一个月后才能生效爆发以后再用来不及（原因）×→接下来几年会广泛应用疫苗（结果）

答案：2到5月之后会大范围爆发FEVER。

解决矛盾：他因导致。能明确FEVER爆发的时间可以提前一个月预防。

★（08prep1-124）Researchers recently asked dozens of shoppers, chosen at random coming out of a FoodBasket supermarket, what they had purchased. The prices of the very same items at the nearest ShopperKing supermarket were totaled and compared with the FoodBasket total. The ShopperKing totals averaged five percent higher than the FoodBasket totals.Nevertheless, this result does not necessarily show that shoppers at ShopperKing would save money overall by shopping at FoodBasket instead, since __________.

逻辑链：FB超市购物的人买的东西总体比SK便宜（事实）×→在SK消费的人去FB消费不一定能更省钱（结果）

答案：在某个超市购物的人是因为经常购买的某些东西更便宜。

解决矛盾：他因导致。在FB购物的人买的是FB比SK便宜的东西，经常在SK购物的人往往买的是比FB便宜的东西，换成FB购买不一定能够省钱。

★（08prep2-89）The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely predicted to result in a corresponding decline in television viewing. Recent studies have found that, in the United States, people who own computers watch, on average, significantly less television than people who do not own computers. In itself, however, this finding does very little to show that computer use tends to reduce television viewing time, since __________.

逻辑链：有电脑的人看电视比没电脑的人看的少（原因）×→用电脑不会减少看电视的时间（结果）

答案：有电脑的那些人本身就属于看电视比别人看的少的。

解决矛盾：他因导致。这些人本身就看电视少，而不是用电脑的结果。