自动化专业英语复习
自动化英语复习要点第一部分单词
1.strategy 策略
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4114831910.html,petition 竞赛
3.propagate 传播宣传
4.process control 过程控制
5.variation 变化量
6.constant 常数
7.terminology 术语，
8.negligible 可以忽略的
9.manual control 手动控制
10.automatic control 自动控制
11.fluctuation 波动，
12.damp 阻尼衰减
13.feedback control 反馈控制
14.positive feedback 正反馈，
15.feedforward control 前馈控制
16.actuator 执行器
17.encode 编码
18.switch 开关
19.value 阀
20.relay 继电器
21.override switch 过载开关
22.control configuration 控制组态
23.stability augmentation 稳定性增益
24.motivation 动机
25.bandwidth 带宽
26.gain 增益
27.sensitivity 灵敏度
28.static-system 静态系统
29.magnitude 大小幅值
30.phase 相角相位
31.stationary 静止的
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4114831910.html,mutator 整流器
33.impedance 阻抗
34.transient response 瞬时响应
35.frequency response 频率响应
36.characteristic equation特征方程
37.relative stability 相对稳定性
38.denomination polynomial 分母多项式
39.numerator polynomial 分子多项式
40.magnitude 幅值
41.angles 幅角42.criterion 判据
43.oscillatory 振动的
44.amplitude 振幅
45.saturation 饱和
46.distinct pole 孤立极点
47.triangular 三角形的
48.matrix 矩形
49.frequency-domain 频率域
50.low-order system 低阶系统
51.low-pass filter 低通滤波器
52.signal processor 信号处理器
53.distortion失真
54.step-function阶跃函数
55.cutoff frequency 切断频率
56.elude 避免
57.intuition 直觉
58.esthetic 感觉的
59.analog 模拟量
60.innovation 改革
61.disposal 处理
62.tentative 试验性的
63.methodology 方法论
64.constraint 约束强制
65.canonical 规范的
66.storage tank 存储器
67.troubleshooting control loop 故障排除控
制回路
68.orifice 孔口
69.controller tuning 控制器整定
70.trail and error 试差法
71.time-consuming 耗时的
72.vibration 振动
73.turbulence 湍流
74.residence 滞留时间
75.ultimate 最终的临界的
76.loop tuning 回路整定
77.slope 斜率倾斜
78.tangent 切线正切
79.intersect 相交交叉
80.sigmoidal S形的
81.calibration 刻度标度标准
82.autotuning 自动整定
83.microelectronic 微电子学
84.perturbation 干扰
85.equilibrium 平衡点平衡状态
86.fast fourier transform 快速傅里叶变换
87.filter 过滤器
88.recursive 循环的递归的
89.instrumentation 仪器
90.range 范围
91.mandatory 命令的强制的
92.span 跨距跨度量程
93.accuracy 精度准确度
94.division 分界线刻度线
95.thermocouple 热电偶
96.correlation 相关性相互关系
97.optimize 优化
98.readability 可读性分辨率
99.level measurement 物位测量
100.interface 接触面接口分界面101.flange 凸缘边缘法兰
102.humidity 湿度
103.primary element 主元件
104.secondary element 二级元件
105.resilient 有回弹力的有弹性的106.insulate 绝缘107.flowmeter 流量计
108.magnetic 磁性流量计
109.turbine 涡轮
110.sturdy 坚固的
111.concentric 同心的
112.perpendicular 垂直的正交的
113.electrode 电极
114.Faraday’s law of magnetic induction 法拉第电磁感应定律
115.junction 接触点接触端
116.weld 焊接
117.grounded 接地的
118.deterioration 变化恶化退化
119.oxidize 生锈氧化
120.irrelevant 不相关的不切题的
121.servomotor 伺服发电机
122.stepper motor 步进电机
123.control valve 控制阀
124.toxic 中毒的有毒的有害的
125.rotary valve 旋钮阀
126.flammable 易燃的可燃性的
127.hydraulic actuator 液动执行机构128.pneumatic actuator 气动执行机构129.modulate 调制调节
130.fragile 易碎的脆的
第二部分句子
1.In recent years the performance requirements for process plants have become increasingly difficult to satisfy.
近年来，对加工企业的性能要求变得日益不能满足要求。
2.The goal of control engineering is to improve, or in some cases enable, the performance of a system by the addition of sensors, control processors, and actuators. 控制工程的目的是通过增加传感器、控制处理器何执行器来改善或使能系统的运行。
3.Control configuration is the selection and placement of the actuators and sensors on the system to be controlled, and is an aspect of system design that is very important to the control engineer.
控制配置是指对系统中要控制的执行器和传感器进行选择和定位，是系统设计中的一个很重要的方面。
4.The controller or control law describes the algorithm or signal processing used by the control processor to generate the actuator signals from the sensor and command
signals it receives.
控制器或控制规律描述了控制处理器对从传感器到执行器的算法，以及对命令信号的处理机制。
5.Controllers vary widely in complexity and effectiveness. Simple controllers include the proportional (P), the proportional plus derivative (PD), the proportional plus integral (PI), and the proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controllers, which are widely and effectively used in many industries.
不同控制器在复杂性和有效性上有很大不同。简单的控制器包括比例（P）控制器，比例加微分（PD）控制器，比例加积分（PI）控制器，和在工业控制中广泛应用的比例加积分加微分（PID）控制器。
6.The motivation of using feedback, illustrated by the examples in Section (1), is somewhat oversimplified. In these examples, the use of feedback is shown to be for the purpose of reducing the error between the reference input and the system output. However, the significance of the effects of feedback in control systems is more complex than is demonstrated by these simple examples.
第一节事例中，应用反馈的动机有些过于简单。在这些例子中，应用反馈的目的是减小参考输入和系统输出间的误差。然而，在控制系统中应用反馈的重要性要比这些简单例子所示的复杂得多。减少系统误差只是其对系统产生的重要作用之一。
5.However, there are numerous situations wherein a physical system that we normally recognize as an inherently non-feedback system turn out to have feedback when it is observed in a certain manner.
但是在很多情况下，我们通常认为的非反馈的物理系统，在某些特定的观察方式下，也会表现出反馈的特性。
6.Definition of stability. An unconstrained linear system is said to be stable if the output response is bounded for all bounded inputs. Otherwise it is said to be unstable. 稳定性的定义。我们说一个无约束的线性系统是稳定的，当输出响应对所有的有界输入也是有界的。否则就是不稳定的。
7.General Stability Criterion. The feedback control system in Fig. 1.3.1 is stable if and only if all roots of the characteristic equation are negative or have negative real parts. Otherwise, the system is unstable.
通用稳定性判据：由图1.3.1所示的反馈控制系统是稳定的，当且仅当所有的特征方程的根都是负的或其实部是负的。否则，系统是不稳定的。
8. Routh Stability Criterion.A necessary and sufficient condition for all roots of the characteristic equation in Eq. (12) to have negative real parts is that all of the elements in left column of the Routh array are positive.
特征方程的所有根均具有负实部的充要条件是，劳思阵的所有的最左列元素均为正值。
9.Good design eludes(avoid) definition, but you can usually recognize something that is well designed. One characteristic of good design is that it is exactly right for the specific application. Everything necessary is present, but everything unnecessary is absent.
不存在对“好的设计”的定义，但我们通常可以认识到一些好的设计。好设计的一个特征是，它恰好完全适用于特定的场合。具有所有需要的，而不包含一切所不需要的。
10.Much of engineering is modifying existing designs. A new model of an existing product is designed to incorporate new technological advances: a new or improved sensor or actuator, a digital processor to replace an analog controller.
很多工程是把现有的设计做一做修改。设计现有产品的新型号是为了适应新的技术进步，如一个新的或改进了的传感器或执行器，一个用于替换模拟控制器的数字处理器等。
11.ObviousIy(apparently, clearly), the sensor must produce an output of some type that will correlate predictably(可预言地,可预报地) with values of the variable being measured.
很明显，传感器必须产生与要测量的变量相关的某种类型的输出。
12.The first of the fundamental laws of process control reads as follows:All process control starts with measurement, and the quality of control obtained can never be better than the quality of the measurement on which it is based.
过程控制的第一基本原理如下：所有的过程控制起始于测量，由此得到的控制质量永远比不上它所基于的测量质量。
13.Level is defined as measurement of the position of the interface between two media.These media are typically gas and liquid,but they also could be solids,or an interface between two liquids.
物位定义为对两种媒介物介面位置的测量。典型的媒介物有气体和液体，但也包括固体，或两种液体的介面。
14.Differential pressure (dp) measurement is easy to install, has a wide range, and provides a faster response time than external(外部的,outer) cage(壳,box,case,shell) displacement(位移,distance,dislocation) transmitters(变送器,transducer). With proper modifications, such as extended diaphragm(膜片，隔膜) seals密封(件) and flange(法兰) connections, these instruments, will handle bard-to-measure fluids(难以测量的流体) (e. g. , viscous粘胶,纤维胶,粘性的; slurries泥浆, 浆; corrosive腐蚀性的，腐蚀剂; hot热的,热). In addition, they have a very limited motion of diaphragm(膜片，隔膜), and are simple and accurate. Their calibration(校准,标定) is also simple (easy adjustments to zero调零, elevation上升/suppression (抑制，取消，压缩), and span复盖,全长,满量程), and no special tools are required.
压差测量比较容易安装，测量范围宽，能提供比外壳位移变送器更快的响应。经过象扩展隔膜密封件和法兰连接等适当修改后，这类装置能够测量难以测量的
液体（如胶性的、浆状的、腐蚀性的或热的）。
15.Sonic and ultrasonic sensors (Fig. 2.7.2) consist of a transmitter发射机that converts electrical energy into acoustical(听觉的, 声学的) energy and a receiver接收机that converts acoustical energy into electrical energy.
声波和超声波传感器（图2.7.2）包含一个把电信号转换成听觉信号的发射机，和一个把声音信号转换成电信号的接收机。
16. The magnetic flowmeter design is based on Faraday's law of magnetic induction(法拉第电磁感应定律).
电磁流量计是基于法拉第电磁感应定律设计的。
17.Temperature is probably the most widely used measurement.
温度很可能是应用最广的测量方法。
18.In 1821 T. J. Seebeck塞贝克discovered that when two dissimilar(different, distinct, unlike) metals are joined together, an emf (EMF= electromotive force电动势) is generated between the hot and cold (reference) junctions (e. g. , 4 mV for 100 0C between the two junctions). An increase in temperature produces an increase in voltage output. Originally, the “cold ”junction was actually immersed in an ice bath(冰浴) to maintain a constant reference temperature; modern electronics have replaced this ice bath.
1821年，塞贝克发现，当把两个不同的金属连接到一起的时候，在热接点和冷接点之间会产生电动势（如在100 0C时接点间产生4mV的电动势）。温度的升高会使电压也升高。最初的时候，冷接点要完全被浸没在冰水中，以保持恒定的参考温度；现代的电子技术已完全取代了这种冰浴法。
19.Line connections管线连接for control valves are available in a variety of configurations. They may be flanged 用法兰连接的, threaded带螺纹的, or welded 焊接的. Flanged connections are normally used in most applications and are also used for toxic duties where screwed valves or valves clamped between flanges are unacceptable.
在大量的配置中，控制阀需要进行管线连接。它们可以是用法兰连接的，螺纹连接的或焊接的。其中法兰连接是应用中最常见的，同时它也可应用到对有毒物质的密封中，而螺纹连接或在法兰之间安装阀夹是不允许的。
第三部分样卷
1.Read the following materials and answer questions:
Most current techniques for designing control systems are based on a good understanding of the plant under study and its environment. However, in a number of instances, the plant to be controlled is too complex and basic physical processes in it are not fully understood. Control design techniques then need to be augmented with an identification technique aimed at obtaining a progressively better understanding of the plant to be controlled. It is thus intuitive to aggregate
system identification and control. Often, the two steps will be taken separately. If the system identification is recursive - that is the plant model is periodically updated on the basis of previous estimates and new data - identification and control may be performed concurrently. We will see adaptive control, pragmatically, as a direct aggregation of a (non-adaptive) control methodology with some form of recursive system identification.
Abstractly, system identification could be aimed at determining if the plant to be controlled is linear or nonlinear, finite or infinite dimensional, and has continuous or discrete event dynamics. Here we will restrict our attention to finite dimensional, single-input single-output linear plants, and some classes of multivariable and nonlinear plants. Then the primary step of system identification (structural identification) has already been taken, and only parameters of a fixed type of model need to be determined. Implicitly, we will thus be limiting ourselves to parametric system identification, and parametric adaptive control.
Applications of such systems arise in several contexts: advanced flight control systems for aircraft or spacecraft, robot manipulators, process control, power systems, and others.
Adaptive control, then, is a technique of applying some system identification technique to obtain a model of the process and its environment from input-output experiments and using this model to design a controller. The parameters of the controller are adjusted during the operation of the plant as the amount of data available for plant identification increases. For a number of simple PID (proportional + integral + derivative) controllers in process control, this is often done manually, and they vary with time, automatic adjustment is needed. The design techniques for adaptive systems are studied and analyzes in theory for unknown but fixed (that is , time invariant) plants. In practice, they are applied to slowly time-varying and unknown plants.
1)Why should we use adaptive control ?
2)In what cases should the system identification be incorporated ?
3)What’s the advantage of adaptive control over non-adaptive control ?
4)What’s PID control ?
2.Translate the following words into English:
1）热电耦2) 通用稳定性判据
3）闭环控制系统4）幅值
5）频率响应6）末端操纵系统
7）液压执行器8）控制阀
9）步进电机10）法拉第电磁感应定律
11）灵敏度12）液面控制
13）流量传感器14）模数转换器
15）直接数字控制系统15）分布式控制
17）精度18）可编程控制器
19）空心球阀20）量程
3.Translate the following words into Chinese:
1) measurement range 2) trial and error tuning
3) performance objective 4) characteristic equation
5) sinusoidal 6) partial differential
7) feedback control 8) steady-state gain
9) process disturbances 10) transducer
11) differential pressure measurement 12) turbine rotor
13) capillary tubing 14) sequential control system
15) DCS 16) minicomputer
17) discrete time signal 18) adaptive control
19) digitization 20) percent resolution
4.Put the following sentences into Chinese:
1)The term step size is used to refer to the smallest increment of output (voltage or current )
that can be controlled by the binary input.
2)The fact that signals are sampled at specified intervals and held causes the system
performance to change with changes in sampling rate.
3)Bellows seals are used to prevent leakage in case the packing fails.
4)In 1812 T. J. Seebeck discovered that when two dissimilar metals are joined together, an
emf is generated between the hot and cold (reference) junctions.
5)Based on this principle, the magnetic flowmeter generates a magnetic field perpendicular
to the flow stream and measures the voltage produced by the fluid passing through the
meter as detected by the electrodes.
6) A typical pressure transmitter consists of two parts: the primary element and the
secondary element.
7)Taking samples and waiting for a laboratory to analyze them and report back the readings
does not qualify as a real-time method.
8)Mathematical models of a system are often built up from models of subsystems, which
may have been developed using different types of modeling.
9)If a process model is available, then K cu can be calculated theoretically using the stability
criteria.
10)However, some of the heat energy is lost to the surrounding environment, resulting in
less than 100% efficiency of heat energy delivered to the product.
5.Put the following into English:
1) 过程测量的一个重要方面是实时性，即要求测量必须是连续的、最新的。
2)如果振荡的幅值很小，衰减很快，那么控制系统的运行状态将被认为是
令人满意的。
3)电压与导电液体的平均体积流速成正比。
4)涡轮流量计对液体密度不敏感，而且它能够产生脉冲输出信号，可直接
用于数字仪表。
5)计算机控制系统于1959年3月12日上线运行，该系统能够控制26个
流量，72个温度量，3个压力量和3个成分量。
电子信息专业英语复习资料
电子信息专业英语复习资料 一、基本术语（英译汉） 1.probe探针 2.real time operational system 实时操作系统 3.debugger 调试器 4.sourse code 源代码 5.software radio wireless LAN 软件无线电网络 6.base station 基站 7.top-down approach 自顶向下分析法 8.variable 变量 9.data compress 数据压缩 10.signal conditioning circuit 信号调理电路 11.Chebyshev Type Ⅰfilter 切比雪夫Ⅰ型滤波器 12.vertical resolution 垂直分辨率 13.device driver 设备驱动 https://www.360docs.net/doc/4114831910.html,piler 编译器 15.template 模板 16.concurrent process 并发进程 17.object recognition 目标识别 18.Discrete Time Fourier Transform 离散傅立叶变换 https://www.360docs.net/doc/4114831910.html,bined circuit 组合逻辑电路 20.impedance transform 阻抗变换器 21.voltage source 电压源22.passive component 无源器件 23.quality factor 品质因数 24.unit-impulse response 单位脉冲响应 25.noise origin 噪声源 26.Domino effect 多米诺效应 27.output load 输出负载 28.cordless phone 无绳电话 29.Antenna 天线 30.harmonic interference 谐波干涉 31.Parallel Resonant 并联谐振 32.voltage control oscillator 压控振荡器 33.adaptive delta modulation 自适应增量调制 34.amplitude modulation 调幅 二、缩略语（写出全称） 1.LSI：large scale integration 2.PMOS ：p-type metal-oxide semiconductor 3.CT：cycle threshold 4.MRI：magnetic resonance imaging 5.ROM：read-only memory 6.DRAM ：dynamic random access memory 7.TCXO ：temperature compensated X'tal (crystal) Oscillator https://www.360docs.net/doc/4114831910.html,B：Universal Serial Bus 9.DCT：discrete cosine transform
专业英语考试重点
这是考试范围，第一道大题选十个单词或词组，第二道答题选十个缩写词，第三道答题选六段翻译1.写出下列单词或词组的中文。 multimeter 万用表insulation 绝缘transistor 晶体管，三极管envelope 包络线spectrum 频谱 binary 二进制 antenna 天线harmonics 谐波attenuation 衰减capacitance 电容differential 微分bandwidth 带宽propagation 传播transmission 传输optical fiber 光纤 channel 信道 multiplex 多路复用 modulation 调制telecommunication 电信impairment 减损 sampling 抽样，取样 quantizing 量化 carrier 载波 encryption 加密 scheme 方案？计划？设计？系统？trade off 综合考虑？权衡？协调？state of art 技术发展水平performance 性能，效率 ULSI Very Large Scale Integration超大规模集成电路 fier Foundation for Instrumentation Education and Research 使用仪器教育和研究基金会 2.写出下列缩写的全称 DSBFC double-sideband full carrier双边带全载波调制 ITU International Telecommunications Union国际电信联盟 FFT Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅立叶变换 IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform 逆快速傅立叶变换 LAN local area network 局域网 MAN Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 WAN Wide Area Network 广域网 WWW world wide web 全球网、万维网 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议 GPRS General Packet Radio Service 通用无线分组业务 ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange美国信息交换标准码 ISDN integrated services digital network 综合业务数字网 ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line非对称数字用户环路 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 电气与电子工程师协会 ISO International Standardization Organization国际标准化组织 FET field-effect transistor 场效应管 USB Universal Serial Bus 通用串行总线 GSM global system for mobile communication 全球移动通信系统 CPU CentralProcessingUnit 中央处理器 LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器 CDMA Code Division Multiple Accessing 码分多址技术 3. 将下列句子译成中文。 ㈠The ratio of the capacitance with some material other than air between the plates, to the capacitance of the same capacitor with air insulation,is called the dielectric constant of that particular material.
金融保险专业建设的现状及发展论文
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4. Almost all encryption schemes used in the Internet uses asymmetric key encryption for exchanging the symmetric encryption key, and symmetric encryption for better performance. 在互联网中几乎所有的加密方案都使用非对称密钥加密来交换对称加密密钥，然后使用对称密钥以得到更好的性能。 5. Since the advent(出现，到来) of the Internet and computer network security, many people have sought for firewall. 由于互联网和计算机网络安全的出现，许多人都在寻找防火墙。 6. In other words, these protocols provide nearly all services available to today’s Netsurfer. 这就是说，这些协议为网上冲浪者提供了几乎所有可利用的服务。 7. Network-1evel protocols manage the discrete mechanics of data transfer. 网络层协议管理数据传输的离散结构。
专业建设现状
（一）专业建设现状 书法专业是我院新增专业，书法专业的建设还处于不断的探索阶段，我们参考其他院校的培养方案制定了适合我院办学特色的书法专业（师范类）的培养方案。我们的培养目标定位在为社会输送中小学书法教师的基点上来。在今后的教学中，不断完善、修正培养方案，尤其在专业课程设置、师资队伍建设、教学设施和实践工作室建设方面，要逐渐适应培养应用型人才的需要。 书法专业作为一个新设置的专业，其培养目标、课程体系、教学内容、教学方法以及学生就业方向等尚处在一个不断完善和发展的过程中，因此，怎样设置书法专业课程体系，合理安排教学内容，使之更好的体现出培养应用型人才的要求，成为我们今后逐步探讨摸索的重要课题.2013年书法专业正式开始招生，已经有37名学生报到入学。科学、合理、全面地评价书法专业建设状况对于完善与推动书法教育学科发展，树立具有我院特色的书法专业人才培养模式，促进书法教育人才培养与社会需求的对接等有着积极重要的作用 （二）13年专业建设规划 1.师资建设规划 目前书法教研室共有专职教师5名，从事书法专业班授课教师3名，其中教授1名，副教授2名，讲师以下2名。根据今后的教学需要，我们将聘请省内、外著名书法家及黑河市书法家协会骨干力量来我院授课、搞专题讲座、笔会等活动。 2.课程建设 书法专业在课程建设方面，经过专家们的多次讨论，参考其他有书法专业办学经验的院校，并结合我院办学特色，充分体现培养应用型人的需要而制定的。确立了人才培养目标和特色，从公共必修、公共选修课、专业必修课、专业选修和实践课五个方面确定了课程教学计划，其中公共必修课752学时；公共选修课744学时；专业必修课1128学时；专业选修课120学时。 3.教材建设 目前有我院专业书法教师根据本校实际情况编写的《书法教程》一书可供书法专业学生参考使用。《大学书法教材》系列教程由中国教育学会书法教育专业委员会编著，也是我们专业书法生的重要参考用书。同时我校采购了300余册历代名家经典碑帖供学生临摹鉴赏。 4.科研队伍建设 在十一五期间，积极鼓励教师参与有关书法方面的课题研究，现已结项课题两个，正在研究的课题两项。主持编写教材一部，参与编写教材三部，在省级以上报刊、杂志发表论文10余篇。书法作品、现代刻字作品在省、国家级以上展览中多次