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There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another.Three basic ways may be described as the market system，the administered system，and the traditional system.

In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace.It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them.In a market，transactions may take place via barter or money exchange.In a barter economy，real goods such as automobiles，shoes，and pizzas are traded against each other.Obviously，finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task.Hence，the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably.In the modern market economy，goods and services are bought or sold for money.

An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions.This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced，exchanged，and consumed by each economic unit.Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy.The central plan，drawn up by the government，shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption.This is an example of complete planning of production，consumption，and exchange for the whole economy.

In a traditional society，production and consumption patterns

are governed by tradition;every person‘s place within the economic system is fixed by parentage，religion，and custom.Transactions take place on the basis of tradition，too.People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons，provide them with food and shelter，care for their health，and provide for their education.Clearly，in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone，progress may be difficult to achieve.A stagnant society may result.

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1.What is the main purpose of the passage?

A.To outline contrasting types of economic systems.

B.To explain the science of economics.

C.To argue for the superiority of one economic system.

D.To compare barter and money-exchange markets.

2.In the second paragraph，the word“real”in“real goods”could best be replaced by___，

A.high quality

B.concrete

C.utter

D.authentic.

3.According to the passage，a barter economy can generate___.

A.rapid speed of transactions.

B.misunderstandings.

C.inflation

D.difficulties for the traders.

4.According to the passage，who has the greatest degree of control in the administered system?

A.Individual households

B.Small businesses.

C.Major corporations.

D.The government.

5.Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a person‘s position in a traditional society?

A.Family background

B.Age

C.Religious beliefs.

D.Custom

答案：ABDDB

本文由“育明考博”整理编辑

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考博心得之考博英语阅读理解阅读理解在大家看来，是英语考试中最关键的部分，因为这部分所占的分数最多，在试卷中的地位举足轻重。有很多方面的书籍，介绍大家如何来提高阅读理解水平，却很少提到不同类别的英语考试试卷中，都有自己的出题特点。其结果是，大凡英语考试，大家都采用几乎一样的思考模式，这在相当程度上影响了具体类别考试复习时的针对性。首先，介绍如何提高阅读理解的基本功很多参考书中（推荐一本考博英语阅读理解精练220篇(上下册)）。都提到在阅读时，不能读出声来，要快速的阅读。要达到这个水平需要相当的训练，可惜的是大部分考生由于各种原因，没有这样的条件。根据个人的体会，阅读中，碰到的最大问题往往不是理解不了其中内容，经常让人头痛的是阅读过程中，会在一些关键地方碰到自己不认识的单词，大大影响了自己对文章的领悟。所以第一个基本功还是词汇部分，我们不需要把大纲中所有的词汇（考博英语10000词汇详解）都会拼写，因为除了写作之外，会认某个词与会写某个词没区别，即使是写作，用到的词也都是常见的。学会用自己的呼吸来控制自己的阅读，进而提高阅读速度。这点可能不少朋友没有听说过吧，对，这是我自己体会后总结出来的。针对一个句子，大家要学着在吸气的过程中，看明白前半部分的意思，而在呼气的过程中，看明白后一半的内容。开始训练时，大部分人达不到这个要求，没关系，重新吸气，呼气，直到这个句子看懂。选择的文章不要太难，但也不能过于简单，仔细体会这个过程。我比较推荐的一个方法是：充分利用选择填空题目，在要填空的位置上，先写上正确的答案，然后尝试着在一个呼吸过程中看懂它所表述的意思。这不仅将来能提高选择填空的阅读速度，也提高了语感。当训练的差不多后，可以转入阅读文章了，把呼吸和大脑的思维连贯性统一起来。其次，阅读理解过程中，需要从头读到尾吗？这个问题，我也曾经问了自己很多次。经过尝试后，我总结的经验是没必要。说起来大家可能不相信，我觉得阅读理解，如其说是阅读，不如说是把文章的内容结构搞懂：这篇阅读理解分了几个段落？每个段落中最重要的那个主旨句要表达的是什么意思？文章作者是以什么口气、什么态度来看待自己文章所描述的内容的？实际就是从宏观上把握作者的意图全面阅读有什么不？第一个就是浪费时间，考试中的时间是最宝贵的，如果费了不少时间读懂了文章的某些内容（即使是比较重要的），可偏巧这在后边的题目中又没有体现出来，不就是浪费时间和精力吗？第二就是使得人容易忘记其他部分的内容，当我们看第一段的时候，看明白它的内容了，可当你把最后一段也看懂之，第一段的内容你还能记得多少呢？这个问题在阅读理解进行到第三篇，第四篇的时候尤其突出，以至于头晕脑胀。相信很多人有这个感觉，英语考试过程中，觉得自己脑力不够用，或者考试结束后有朦胧的倦意。这对后边题目的完成绝对是个巨大威胁。第三就是缺乏对整个文章的理解，由于在全面阅读过程中，人的精力集中在具体句子的理解上，冲淡了整体的认识，而几乎每个阅读理解后的题目中，总少不了1个或2个关于文章整体概括性的题目，稍有偏差，就会出错。