大学英语分层次

大学英语分层次
大学英语分层次

大学英语分层次、分类别课程体系构建

的探索与实践

重庆大学外国语学院

2005年4月

一、改革的背景:

1. 随着中国加入WTO,社会对外语人才的需求日益增加,对大学毕业生外语水平的要求不断提高,大学外语教学的结果与社会期望值的矛盾日益加剧,进而成为各界关注的焦点之一。

2. 为了满足社会对人才多层次、多样化的需求,教育部启动了《2003-2007年教育振兴行动计划》,把实施“高等学校教学质量与教学改革工程”作为其中的重要内容,将“大学英语教学改革”列为重点工程之一,并将外语教学改革的方向明确指向提高大学生英语应用能力,特别是听说能力方面。

3. 新的《课程要求》将改革的主要内容定为:包括以信息技术为手段,深化教学改革和人才培养模式改革;改革大学公共英语教学标准、手段和考试方法,推进基于计算机的个性化英语教学,提高大学生的英语综合实用能力;建设一批基于互联网的国家级示范教学基地和基础课程实验教学示范中心,促进并提高学生的创新能力和实践能力。

为此我校启动了以调整教学目标、改革教学内容和教学方法、引进现代信息技术为主要内容的大学英语课程体系构建的探索与实践。通过对大学英语课程结构、课程内容、教学方法、考试体系等在基础与应用、理论与实践、基础外语与专业外语、必修与选修等方面进行科学有机的优化组合,我们完成了《重庆大学大学英语教学大纲》,在大学英语教学模式、教学手段、教学方法、教材编写、考试方法、课外英语学习环境建设以及在教学管理等方面进行了一系列重要改革和建设,取得了显著效果,形成了新的大学英语课程体系和与之相适应的大学英语教学管理体系。

二、大学英语课程新体系的构建

1. 制定多元化的教学目标调整大学英语的教学目标是我校近年来大学英语教学改革的主要任务。为了适应当前我国高等教育改革的形势和任务,我们进行了大学英语教学目标的调整,其特点为:①强调全面提高学生的语言应用能力,特别是听、说能力;②强调语言和文化素质教育的结合;③强调基础英语和专业英语的结合。根据学分制和分层次、分类别组织教学的思想,我们把过去以基础英语教学为主的单一的大学英语课程改为包括综合英语课程和英语提高课程在内的多种系列组合的英语课程。其中综合英语课程由语言基础和语言应用两大部分构成,英语提高课程由外国语言文学系列、外国语言文化系列、商务英语系列和专门用途英语系列20余门课程构成。学校只对综合英语的最低级别要求和英语课程的总学分进行必要的规定,学生可根据自己的兴趣和实际语言水平选择综合英语课程级别的起点和不同的提高课程,由此形成了多种形式的课程组合,其教学和学习目的也呈现多元化的趋势(见表1),最大程度满足了学生英语学习个性化的需求。

2. 强化以自主性学习为中心的现代教学理念语言学习自主性这一概念是当代语言教学研究中的一个热门问题。自主学习指学习者能够管理自己的学习行为,根据自己的情况确立学习目标、

制订学习计划、选择学习方式、监控学习过程、监控学习计划的实施以及学习技能的运用和发展,自我检测、评估学习效果。本课程体系以语言学习的自主性为基础,探索和创新新的课程体系,将知识、能力、任务、策略和素质的培养融为一体,确立了以学生互动为核心的英语教学模式,改变了传统的以讲授为主的课堂模式,突出学生的参与性,教学内容的实用性,教师作用的指导性和教学方式的实践性。以学生为主体,在照顾群体目标的同时,重视个体差异,使学生的个性得以充分发挥。允许英语水平不同、专业背景不同的学生根据需要达到相应的标准,对学生知识结构的合理构建、综合运用能力的加强和整体水平的提高起到良好的推进作用。

3. 创立教学内容多模块化的教学模式本课程体系实行的多媒体环境下分类指导、分层教学的教学模式以各项语言应用能力为主要学习模块,采取基于学习活动的人机交互、师生交互的互动学习模式,将该课程内容分为五大部分:①综合英语课程;②英语提高课程;③语言文化以及学习方法指导讲座;④学生英语学习资源库;⑤网上教室教学指导(见图1)。通过建设多种课程、多种模式和多种学习渠道,构成了立体化的语言学习环境,更好地满足了不同水平学生的学习需求,实现了大学英语教学中“基础加专业、实践加知识、自学加讲解、素质加综合”的有机结合,在客观上满足了人才培养多样化、多层次的需求,为学生的大学英语学习实践创造了良好的语言环境,也为教师积极介入大学英语教学的创新实践提供了广阔的空间,弥补了英语教学师资力量的不足,在一定程度上缓解了教师紧缺的矛盾,使优秀教学资源的共享得以实现。

4. 构建形式多样的教学组织方式教学目标、教学内容以及教学模式的改革带来了教学组织形式的变化。本课程体系以课堂教学为主,课外活动为辅,在注重学生全面培养的同时,照顾学生的个性发展,采用了大班多媒体屏幕讲授、小班组织操练与学生网上和多媒体自学中心自主学习相结合以及综合训练课程与提高课程相结合等多种教学组织形式,其特点为:①多媒体环境下以学生为主体,教师为主导的大班教学以交互式阅读理论为基础,探索适合不同水平学生的具体教学措施;

②小班口语教学在时间上相对独立,设置上有语音板块,日常英语板块和讨论表达思想板块,从课堂师生扮演的角色来看,教师是课堂的设计者,任务是课堂的中心,学生是课堂任务的实践者;③学生网上和多媒体自主学习中心的自主学习把课堂教学与学生自主学习紧密有效地连接起来,成为学生提高听力的主要手段;④综合英语课程以语言技能为主,包括语言基础(大班)、语言运用(小班)和自主学习三个部分,英语提高课程旨在加强学生的文学、文化、商务和专门用途知识,学生

可根据自己的爱好、特长、专业、市场需求等进行选择。该课程为培养学生必备的文化素养,实用外语和专业外语的实际运用能力提供了条件,为大学英语后续课程的学习打下了扎实的基础。

5. 建立科学的英语课程测试体系本课程的测试体系经过多次改革,逐步走向规范,考题的设计也趋于程式化、规范化和多元化,其具体表现为:①为了强化学生英语应用能力,特别是听说能力,我们进一步加大了笔试中听力、阅读、写作等应用能力测试的比重,除传统的考试方式外,还采用多种测试方式(见表2),提高英语课程还采用写小型论文、读书提要、论文摘要、项目报告、访谈纪要等,这些测试形式充分反映了课堂教学的实际,是课堂教学活动的延伸,体现了“怎么教,就怎么考”,对教学改革起到了积极的反拨效应;②为了反映学生在多媒体环境下语言学习的情况,将期末考试成绩和课程学习的笔试和口试、网上学习和多媒体自学中心自学记录结合起来,既重视终结性测试,也重视形成性测试;③为了适应学生的分层次和分类别学习的选课方式,我们取消了补考制度,每学期期末举行一次全校性的预备级、一级、二级、三级、四级和所开英语提高课程考试,大学英语学生必须参加所选英语课程的考试,成绩合格按规定记学分,不及格者重修;④坚持教考分离制度,由专门小组负责出题、审题,以密封卷形式集体流水阅卷、集体登分,杜绝了阅卷中的不公正现象;⑤将课程考试与国家四级统考结合起来,我校学生除必须完成12个学分的大学英语课程学习外,还必须完成2个英语水平认证学分,除艺术、体育类学生的认证为学校英语水平考试外,其余学生的英语水平认证为国家四级统考。

三、大学英语教学管理与建设

1. 创立新的教学管理形式由于学生英语学习目标的多元化,基础课程的压缩,提高课程的增加,而提高课程又带有很强的方向性,传统的大学英语或英语专业教研室均难以承担统管所有课程的重任,谁来负责提高课程的管理以及如何使广大英语教师尽快适应新的课程体系带来的变化,便成为改革中必须解决的关键问题。为解决这个问题,我们打通了大学英语、英语专业和研究生的所有英语课程,根据外语学科发展和教师梯队建设的需要进行了机构设置改革,实施了课程负责人制,将全院所有英语课程分为两大系列——综合英语课程系列和英语提高课程系列,前者包括大学体验英语课程组、新视野大学英语课程组、新版大学英语课程组、当代大学英语课程组、英语专业基础课程组、英语专业专业课程组和研究生基础英语课程组,后者包括商务英语系列课程组、语言文学系列课程组、语言文化系列课程组和专门用途英语系列课程组,课程负责人负责本课程组教学计划的落实、教学质量的监控、多媒体课件的制作、教研活动的开展等工作。全院所有教师,从教授到助教都必须承担一门综合英语课程,讲师以上教师除承担综合英语课程外,必须在其他课程组担任1-3门英语提高课程或英语专业课程。年轻教师经过几年基础课程的教学实践后,逐渐确立自己的研究方向,向各自研究的领域分流,除承担综合英语课程外,还承担各类英语提高课程和英语专业课程。实施课程负责人制后,教师的研究方向得以进一步确立,各个课程的教师梯队得以建立,教学计划和教学管理得到进一步落实,特别是英语提高课程的教学质量得到保障,教学改革更加顺利,教学秩序也更加正常化。

2. 教师考核制度面对新的要求,教师专业背景的转移,基础英语教学转向提高英语教学,一

般英语教学转向专门用途英语教学以及选修课的开放,需要大批能够承担多种课程的复合型教师,以前的大学外语教师考核办法已无法适应新课程体系带来的变化,如果我们不及时研究和修改我们的考核制度,大学英语改革将会半途而废。因此,为了有效地加强教学质量监控,使大学英语教学改革得以顺利进行,我们结合设岗聘任和教师所聘岗位职责的要求,建立了新的教师考核奖惩办法和职称评定制度,要求教师必须有自己的研究方向,教授必须给本科生上课,必须指导硕士生。此外,我们还成立了教学督导组,由学院领导、教授、各课程负责人和教务管理人员组成,设立专项奖励基金,对每位教师的工作态度和教学质量进行综合评定,包括教师自评、教师所在课程组对教师教学质量的考核(讲师以上的教师至少接受2个或2个以上课程组的考核)、学生对教师的测评、学院教学秩序检查组的评定和学院考核组考核,对教学质量高、教学效果好的教师给予奖励,并在岗位津贴上体现出来;对在测评中问题比较多或学生反映比较突出的教师,督导组和课程负责人在听课之后与该教师一起认真分析教学中出现的种种问题,最大程度地帮助其改进教学方法,提高教学质量;同时也和学生进行交流,了解学生的需要和他们在学习中出现的问题。

3.教师发展规划新的课程体系的建立,对教师知识水平和知识面提出了更高的要求,没有足够能胜任大学英语提高课程的教师,就不可能实施大面积的大学英语教学改革。为此,我们拟定了详细的青年教师进修和培养计划。近三年,共派出16名青年教师到香港大学参加“大学英语提高课程的教师培训”,4名教师到国内知名大学进修,10多名教师到国外知名大学进修,先后数十次邀请国内外知名教授到学院给青年教师讲学。为了拓宽我院教师的知识面,活跃学术气氛,提高科研和教学水平,我们还积极鼓励并从经费上支持教师参加全国性学术会议和学术活动,每年都有80余位教师到全国各地参加学术会议、学术活动或教师培训。在教师队伍建设上我院每年平均投资90万元,其中,教师在职攻读硕士和博士的学历教育经费10万元,在国内外进修和培训费用10万元,教学改革和科研经费10万元,参加全国性学术会议15万元,请专家讲学10万元,教学质量专项奖励基金20万元,课程组教学、学术活动经费5万元,图书资料和电子教学软件10万元。

4. 多媒体学习环境建设将现代信息技术引入大学英语课堂是新的课程体系中非常重要的一部分。改革初期,我校先后投资600万元,建成了30余间外语多媒体教室,成为全国第一批实现大学英语多媒体教学的学校之一。2003年,我校又先后投资400万元建成了可同时容纳400学生的全国最早的英语自主学习中心和网络控制室,构建了外语学习资源库,搭建了外语学习的网络学习环境,在全国率先实现了教育部提出的基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式。语言学习中心所有教室每周一至周六早8:00-晚9:00全天向学生开放,每周接待学生人数达到5万余人次,设备使用效率极高,达到了预期的教学效果。此外,中心每周一至周五还通过音频和调频广播定时向学生播放课外英语听力材料,利用卫星广播接收系统收录BBS、CNN、NHK等境外媒体的节目作为语言教学的辅助材料。

英语自主学习中心建立的原则;

以建构主义理论为基础,利用各种信息资源来支持“学”,强调以学生为中心,注重学习环境的设计,以及“情境”和“协作学习”对意义建构的作用,强调学习过程的最终目的是完成意义建构。

英语自主学习中心的特点:

(1)学习内容多模块化:除“体验英语听说系统”外,学习中心开发了各种局域网资源,建立了网上教学指导数据库、学生英语学习资源库、名师导学讲座数据库、视频点播数据库和答疑解惑数据库等模块。学生可根据需要查阅或浏览各模块的内容,巩固课堂上所学知识,或在听、说、读、写、译方面进行有选择性的训练。

(2)学习模式多样化:学习中心采用了Student — Computer、Student — Computer — Student、Students— Teacher、BBS和Free Learning等多种学习模式,为学生提供多样化的交互方式,拓展学生的学习层面,激发他们的学习潜能,使他们不仅学到知识,提高能力,更重要的是养成良好的学习习惯。

(3)完善的自主学习质量监控和评估体系:每个学生在多媒体自主学习中心均有一个帐户,有积分,每次练习时间和成绩都由电脑自动记录,积分计入期末成绩,对学生的学习起到检测、诊断和反馈作用,对教师的教学起到导向作用。

(4)BBS论坛把课堂与课外紧密联系起来:教师和外教轮流主持BBS论坛,定期更换主题。

学生可以自由发言、讨论,凡是有关语言的困惑、难题、心得、经验等等都可以在论坛上发表,教师定期回复各种问题。学生可充分利用论坛进行交流,教师还可以通过公告等形式通知教学安排,学习注意事项等。

英语自主学习中心的实验结果抽样报告

经随机抽样,以2003级181班(62人)成绩为样本进行统计,计算得出,学生上机口语平均

成绩和上机口语时

间这两组数据的皮Array尔逊相关系数为

0.484157。折线图

演示如图1:

图1:上机口语平均成绩和上机口语时间相关折线图

同样,学生上机听力平均成绩和上机听力时间这两组数据的皮尔逊相关系数为0.40383,折线图

见图2:

上机总时间与上机总成绩的皮尔逊相关系数为0.820121。折线图见图3:

图3:上机总成绩和上机总时间相关折线图

同样,可得出上机总成绩和期末听力成绩皮尔逊相关系数为0.156413;上机总成绩和期末听写成绩皮尔逊相关系数为0.355881;上机总成绩和期末听力与听写相加成绩皮尔逊相关系数为0.313085;上机学习单元与期末总成绩皮尔逊相关系数为0.84263,;上机总成绩和期末总成绩皮尔逊相关系数为0.384941。

实验结果表明,学生在自主学习中心所花时间与他们的学习成绩有很大的相关性,说明该系统能较好地体现学生自主学习的特点,有利于促进学生听说能力的发展,满足个性化学习的初步需要。

5. 课外学习环境建设学生课外学习环境建设是新的课程体系的重要组成部分,也是大学英语教学改革的重要内容,为了使学生有一个良好的校园英语学习环境,我们组织专人负责大学英语第二课堂活动,通过第二课堂的播音,自主听音以及定期组织的英语活动,如“英语角”、“英语演讲比赛”、“英语歌咏比赛”、“英语辩论赛”、“英语知识抢答竞赛”、“英语戏剧表演”、“英语诗歌朗诵”、“英语作文比赛”、“英美文化知识讲座”,“英语电影欣赏”,设立英语报刊专栏,发表学生自己的作品,为学生提供了更好的语言实践环境和更多的语言实践机会,提高了学生英语学习的积极性。每年一次的“外语文化节”让学生体验英语学习的乐趣和成功的喜悦,给重庆大学的外语学习营造了更好的英语氛围,使校园的英语学习环境得到极大的改善,有力地支持和补充了第一课堂的教学。

6. 立体化教材建设结合我校大学英语教学改革的实际需要,我们进行了综合英语课程、英语提高课程中文学与文化系列、商务英语系列、专门用途英语系列和课外自主学习系列教材的建设。近四年,公开出版各类教材33部(见表3。)这些教材中最有代表性的是《大学体验英语》(4),这套教材以教育学理论为基础,结合我国大学英语培养目标和教学实际,融入了先进的教学理念,内容实用、体系科学,是具有时代特色的全新立体化教材。面市后,得到了国内外外语教学专家及广大大学英语师生的好评和欢迎,2002年被教育部列为“普通高等教育‘十五’国家级规划教材”和教育部“新世纪网络课程建设工程”立项教材,目前使用的大学生已达数百万。

《大学体验英语》在编写上的特点:

1)与“课程要求”同步

根据“课程要求”,大学英语的教学目标是要培养学生的英语综合能力,尤其是听说能力。该教材不仅重视语言技能的训练,更注重这些技能的实际运用,尤其是听说能力。以任务为主线进行教材的编排,使课文和练习成为一个有机的整体,有利于培养学生实际使用英语进行交际的能力。选材注重趣味性和可操练性鉴于大学英语学习者的英语水平不同,对语言的认知能力和模式也各不相同,《大学体验英语》在选材上的一个突出特点就是注重文章的趣味性和可操练性。文章短小精悍,易于学习和操练。文章内容贴近学生的生活,如:College Life, Leisure Activity, Computers and Security, Love and Friendship, Family Ties等等。这些轻松的话题,再加上文章本身的难度有所下降,有助于激发不同层次的学生积极参与语言实践的欲望,体验探索语言意义、发现语言知识、使用语言进行交际的乐趣。

2)交际内容的实用性

《大学体验英语》强调交际内容的实用性,各单元在内容的编排上,注重“学?练?会?用”这一完整的学习过程。每个单元以最能激发学生主动性的“交际对话”这一技能为切入点,通过多种交际环境,循环、深化、巩固和加强听、说、读、写、译各项语言技能。·练习设计重运用练习贯彻从理解到运用,从口头到书面,从内容到语言的原则,较好地处理了领会能力(阅读)和表达能力

(口语与写作)之间的关系。

3)文章的可操练性

《大学体验英语》的一个显著特征体现在选材上。短小精悍的文章和轻松有趣的话题,为学生进行语言实践搭建起了一个平台。在教学实践中,强调培养学生的语言运用能力。体现在课堂活动的设计上,以启发学生积极思考,主动实践为重点,使课堂成为学生进行语言实践的一个重要场所。在运用语言进行交际的过程中,学生的一些语言问题(书面的或口头的)会暴露出来。这为老师提供了一个培养学生语言意识的极好机会。

7. 教学研究与实践相结合为了培养和增强教师科学研究和创新能力,提高科研水平,我们除鼓励教师积极申报学校以及省部级以上教学改革项目外,还设立了学院教改基金,对积极进行教学改革创新的教师给予经费上的支持。近四年,本课程共有公开出版的专著、教材、参考书、译著73部;省、市以上鉴定的成果和国家重点科研课题10余项;公开发表的科研论文和教研论文156篇。我们还充分利用多媒体、网络技术发展带来的契机,组织学院教师开发和制作了各种大学英语教学课件,通过校园网,利用internet上的英语资源进行教学。2002年,我们自己制作的《大学英语》(修订本)1-4册,《新编大学英语》1-4册教学课件获重庆市第三届优秀电教科研成果优秀奖,这些成果对我校的大学英语教学改革实践起到了非常有效的指导作用。

三、实践效果和推广价值

1.显著的教学效果重庆大学分层次、分类别的大学英语教学改革,经过5年的探索和实践,形成了完整、科学的课程体系,学生受益面广。在课题的试验阶段,我们仅仅从2000级学生中随机选出8个班,约250学生作为被试目标,在这8个班的教学中采用新的课程体系,以后我们逐年增加了参与教改的学生人数。从2003年9月起,该改革方案在全校学生中全面推开,取得了显著的教学效果,在国内同类课程中有着重要的地位。本课程2002年被评为重庆市重点课程;2003年被教育部列为大学英语教学改革工程的试点项目之一;2004年被评为重庆市精品课程。

2. 较高的英语应用能力近五年,我校大学英语四级考试成绩呈逐年上升趋势,通过率和绩点分均在90所211学校的中线以上,在西部地区高校中位居前列(见表4);

每年,我校参加四级口语考试的学生均占重庆市的50%以上;学生的英语应用能力逐年提高,我校学生在参加重庆市及全国的各种英语竞赛中也取得好成绩(见表5)。

3. 良好的社会反响从2003年9月至今,全国已有数十所高等院校来我校参观学习大学英语教学改革成果,包括英语教师、教务处领导和实验室技术人员,其中有哈尔滨工业大学、华南理工大学、武汉大学、北京理工大学、西南交通大学、兰州大学、浙江师范大学、海南大学、南昌大学,广州近10所高校,江西近10所高校,十余省的教委高教处和大学英语教学研究会以及重庆市各高校都组织教师到我校观摩学习。2003年,我们还组织了三次英语教学改革创新示范课,并邀请了重庆市各高校的英语教师前来观摩,取得良好的效果。我们还多次应邀到中央教育电视台、全国各地的教师培训和教学研讨会上传经送宝,此外,新华社、人民日报、光明日报、中国教育报、中国青年报、中国教育电视台、重庆日报、重庆卫视等多家媒体也多次前来采访报道。凡是到我院来参观的教师,均对我们的大学英语教学改革表示赞赏,认为我们的经验值得学习和推广,纷纷向我们索取改革方案和资料,有的学校还分批派教师前来观摩。

由美国教育部副部长带队的代表团也专程来我校考察信息技术在外语教学中的使用情况,并在校领导和外语学院领导的陪同下,来到我校的语言实验室,在8608教室观摩了一堂以信息技术为基础的大学英语课,给他们留下深刻的印象,听完课后,美国专家表示,他们在美国也很难听到这样高技术含量的英语课。

2002年和2003年全国大学英语教学研讨会,全国300多所高等院校参加,我院代表在大会上作了主题发言,介绍我们大学英语教学改革的经验。我校的大学英语教学改革实践影响并带动了重庆市以及全国许多兄弟院校的大学英语教学改革,已成为全国大学英语教学改革的一面旗帜,随着中国加入WTO,我们将进一步深化教学改革,以适应新世纪社会对人才多层次、多样化的需求,为我国大学英语教学改革做出更大的贡献。

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(完整word版)大学英语一期末考试题以及答案

精心整理 大学英语(一) 行政班级分级班级姓名学号 C. A measuring system. D. A control system. 2. A. Car prices. B. Car services.

C. The company’s business. D. The company’s culture. 3. A. It’s easy to do. B. It’s challenging. dialogue, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and questions will be spoken two times. Conversation 1

6. A. Breakfast. B. Dinner. C. A 5 dollar gift card. D. Bus service to the airport. 10. A. Make an appointment with her. B. Talk with her about a new order.

C. Send her an email about the shipment. D. Call her back when receiving the shipment. Directions: This part is to test your ability to construct grammatically correct sentences. It consists of 2 sections.

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