lecture 2

Lecture2

Time of Lesson: 45 minutes×2

Teaching Objectives: Learn Specification and Generalization in Translation.

Key Points: Apply these two methods into translation.

Teaching Procedures:

Step1: Assess students’ homework and review briefly the last lesson. Step2: Turn to Page2; Name some students to define the two kinds extensions and give at least one example to explain each extension. (Homework)

Summarize:引申是语言中的普遍现象。词语意义的引申是建立在相似联想的思维基础上，由于事物之间具有某种相似性而引起的。这种相似性，有的是外表形状相似，有的是性质相似，有的是作用相似。这些相似性容易使人产生联想，结果便使词语有了比喻义、联想义和象征义。翻译的“引申”是指语言转换中为适应译文表意或行文的需要，在原词或词组基本意义的基础上，对原文词义作必要的调整或变动。但须注意的是，引申不能带有随意性和主观武断性，不能脱离原文词义的基本范围，引申词义必须和原词词义在实质上一致或相近。需要引申的可能是词或词组，甚至可以是句子。（用以下三个例子说明在英汉互译中引申翻译法是很常见的一种翻译方法。句子较难，以边讲边译为主，可以不请学生翻译）

1．The happiness----the superior advantage of the young women round about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy. (pang: n. （肉体上）剧痛；苦闷；（精神上）一阵极度的痛苦vt. 使剧痛；折磨) (W. M. Thackeray: Vanity Fair) (若时间充足，可介绍故事情节做为调节) 描写已故穷画师的女儿蓓基离开学校后，暂住在富家小姐爱米丽亚家中，企图勾引她的哥哥以进入上流社会。此事失败后，蓓基去毕脱家当家庭教师，施展逢迎等手段。而当毕脱丧偶后向蓓基求婚时，她却已秘密嫁给乔治。纯洁的姑娘爱米丽亚钟情于轻浮的乔治·奥斯本并和他结婚。但丈夫很快就厌弃她，另寻新欢。爱米丽亚一味痴情，丈夫死后仍不肯改嫁。最后，蓓基道出乔治曾约自己私奔，爱米丽亚才另结了婚。蓓基后来又与年老丑陋的斯丹恩私通，因私情为丈夫窥破而遭抛弃。而斯丹恩也与蓓基一刀两段，蓓基就此潦倒。她晚年从另一情夫手中得到一笔遗产，热心于慈善事业。

丽贝卡看见她周围的小姐们那么福气，享受种种权利，说不出的眼红。

2. It is universally accepted that only those who master the mathematical ideas and reasoning become the father of science. 只有掌握了数学概念和推理能力的人，才能在科学上有所建树，这已是公认的了。

3．The five elements: water, fire, wood, metal, earth, are not always equally predominant ( adj. 主要的；卓越的；支配的；有力的；有影响的); the four seasons make away for each other in turn. There are short days and long days; the moon has its periods of waxing.

五行无常胜，四时无常主，日有短长，月有死生。《孙子兵法》

Step3: Use Example2 on Page4 to explain Specification. 具体化引申是将词义从抽象引向具体，从一般引向特殊，从概括到局部等。如：Carriage运输→运费duty责任、义务→税收Quotation 语录、引语→报价单transportation运输→运输工具Translation exercises

1. When we go on a Sunday outing, it is to do Musée du Louvre.

如果星期天出门，我们就逛卢浮宫。（卢浮宫，是世界上最古老、最大、最著名的博物馆之一。位于法国巴黎市中心的塞纳河北岸（右岸），最重要的镇宫三宝是世人皆知的：《米洛的维纳斯》雕像，达芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》油画和《萨莫特拉斯的胜利女神》石雕。）

2. He is a valuable acquisition to the football team.

他是该足球队不可多得的新队员。

3.The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.

我前面的那辆车停住了，我错过了可通行的时间。

4.他年轻的时候上私塾，诵读典籍。

In his younger days he was a pupil chanting the ancient Chinese classics under a private tutor. (私塾old-style private school )

5.人类这个东西，就有这么奇怪。

Man is a queer animal.

Step4: Use Example7 on Page5 to illustrate Generalization.

抽象化引申是将词义从具体引向抽象，从特殊到一般，从局部到概括

等。如：

1. Brain drain has been Egypt’s number one concerns---as a

matter of fact it has been an epidemic in that area of the world. 人才外流不仅是埃及的首要问题，而且是世界上那一地区很普遍的严重问题。

2. Please don’t wake a sleeping dog.

请不要惹是生非。

3．太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。

The sun affects tremendously b both the mind and body of a man. 4．他们和群众血肉相连，休戚相关。

They maintain the closest relations with the masses and share their weal and woe. (Joe and Mary are a couple who share weal and woe.乔治和玛丽是一对患难夫妻。)

Step5: Homework

1. Public opinion is demanding more and more urgently

something must be done about noise.

公众舆论越来越强烈地要求为消除噪音采取一些措施。

2. Therefore I knew, beyond doubt or question, that the world was

mistaken about this hero: he was a fool.

因此，毋庸置疑，我断定，世人错看了这位英雄：他是个大傻瓜。

3. The publishing house has to take the readability of the novel

into consideration.

出版社不得不考虑这部小说的可读性。

4. In order to survive, to feed, clothe, and shelter himself and his

children, man has to learn to use things he finds in nature, and this means he has to study and learn about nature.

为了生存，为了自己及后代的衣、食、住，人类必须会使用从自然界获得的任何东西，也就是说，必须认识并研究自然界。

5. Read Page11-15

Step6:2009年12月英语三级考试A级真题

Part IV Translation -- English into Chinese (25 minutes) Directions: This part, numbered 61 through 65, is to test your ability to translate English into Chinese. After each of the sentences numbered 61 to 64, you will read four choices of suggested translation. You should choose the best translation and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. And for the paragraph numbered 65, write your translation in the corresponding space on the Translation/ Composition Sheet.

61. If either party wants to renew the contract, it should submit a written notice to the other party three months prior to the expiration of the contract.

A) 如果任何一方希望撤销合约，必须将撤销的理由在三个月内通知对方。

B) 如果合同一方希望重签合同，必须在合同到期三个月内写信通知

对方。

C) 如果任何一方希望更改合同，必须提前三个月向对方书面提交其理由。

D) 如果合同一方希望续签合同，必须在合同期满前三个月书面通知对方。

62. There is no sign that the world economic crisis will lessen in the next few months, although a certain degree of recovery is in sight.

A) 尽管没有人认为未来几个月内世界经济危机会消失，但是在一定程度上的复苏是肯定的。

B) 尽管世界经济复苏的迹象是肯定的，但是未来几个月内经济危机缓和的现象还不很明显。

C) 尽管已经显现出一定程度的经济复苏，但没有迹象表明世界经济危机在未来几个月会减缓。

D) 尽管没有人承认未来几个月内世界经济危机会触底，但我们肯定会看到世界经济的复苏。

63. Most of the issues concerning personnel management have been solved satisfactorily; only a few of secondary importance remain to be discussed.

A) 多数有关人员管理的问题顺利地解决了, 仅剩下几个问题还需要进行第二次讨论。

B) 大多数有关人事管理问题已经得到圆满解决，只剩下几个次要的问题还有待于讨论。

C) 很多有关人员配备问题基本上都得到了答复，只有第二个重要问题还未经过讨论。

D) 第二个重要问题是有关人员调动的问题，这次已经得到妥善解决，不必再次讨论。

64. Only in this way can Chinese enterprises improve their competitiveness and avoid being defeated by their foreign rivals after China’s entry into the WTO.

A) 只有这个方法才能帮助中国企业去参加竞争，避免在加入世贸组织后被其外国对手所击败。

B) 只有这样中国企业才能提高竞争力，并且在中国加入世贸组织后不会败给它们的外国对手。

C) 如果中国企业要想在世贸组织中参加竞争，必须通过这种办法才能击败它们的外国对手。

D) 中国企业只有通过这种途径来击败外国的对手，才能表明它们在世贸组织中具备竞争力。

65. Thank you, Mr. Black. It’s a great honor to be appointed as Overseas Sales Manager. To be honest, this promotion came as quite a surprise to me. I’d like to think it’s mainly the contr ibution of the whole team. I’d like to thank all my colleagues in the company for their support and hard work. Due to their efforts, we’ve started some overseas projects successfully. Looking to the future, I’d still like to maintain contact with everyone, even though I’ll be working

at the management level.

答案：61-64:DCAB 65:谢谢您，布莱克先生。被任命为海外销售部经理，我感到极大的荣幸。坦白说，这次升迁令我十分意外。我想这主要是整个团队的功劳。我要感谢公司全体同仁们的支持与努力。由于他们的努力，我们海外的一些项目已经顺利的启动了。展望未来，尽管我将在管理层工作，我仍希望与大家保持联系。