欧洲文化入门重点
希腊罗马
Homer
Sappho Lyric poet
三大悲剧家：
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
喜剧家：Aristophanes
历史学家：
Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history
Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse
the greatest historian that have ever lived
哲学和科学：
Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics
Heracleitue Fire is the primary element
Democritus Materialist, one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory
Socrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical method
Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas
Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made
concrete individual realities
Euclid
Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the
weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I’ll move
the World”
Others Diogenes (the Cynics) Pyrrhon(the Sceptics) Epicurus (the Epicureans) Zeno
(the Stoics)
4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander, king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克
2.基督教和圣经
Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew 人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。
Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint
3.中世纪
开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败
5-11世纪
a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged
1054,教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
反击Moslems，开始了Crusades
Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732
St. Thomas Aquinas(Scholasticism)写了Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology 他认为feudal hierarchy(层次，等级) of society is God’s rule The power of feudal rulers is God’s will Pope is Christ’s Plenipotentiary
Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular
Roger Bacon and Experimental Science
Dante(但丁)
Chaucer
4.文艺复兴与宗教改革
14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice
Boccaccio
Petrarch
文艺复兴早期的艺术家：
Giotto
Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective
Donatello
Giorgione
意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
Raphael Known for his
Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World
Pre-Luther Religious Reformers
John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382
Jan Hus Czech Religious leader
John Calvin
Ronsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人
Montaigne
Cervantes
Thomas More
Shakespeare 作品包括<<哈姆雷特>><<麦克白>><<奥瑟罗>><<李尔王>><<威尼斯商人>><<第十二夜>><<皆大欢喜>><<罗密欧与朱丽叶>><<安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉>><<亨利四世>><<亨利五世>> crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就
Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父
Vesalius
Machiavelli Father of political science
Vosari
1492, Columbus发现了America
1487,Dias发现了the cape of good hope
1497,da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope
5. 17世纪
Copernicus
Kepler Ke pler’s Law (the three laws of planetary motion)德国the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation
Galileo
Newton
Leibniz
Milton Areopagitica，
Bacon
Hobbes
Locke
英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John Milton
Cromwell the man of action
John Milton the man of thought
Descartes 笛卡尔
Corneille 高乃依
Racine
很多科学器械在被发明：microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum
1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利
法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front
East Front of the Louvre
英国最著名建筑：St. Paul’s Cathedral
6.启蒙运动the age of reason
18th century intellectual movement starting from France
the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke’s materialist theory and Newton’s theory of gravitation
Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes
18世纪两大著名运动：
The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.
The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792
French Philosophy and Literature
Montesquieu
法国启蒙运动的先驱
Voltaire
Rousseau
Diderot
English Literature
Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason, translation of Homer, good at heroic couplet 擅长英雄双韵体
Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England
Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time
Henry Fielding Father of the English novel
Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel
18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊The Tatler 和The Spectator, Addison 和Steele经常在上面写文章
German Literature and Philosophy
Lessing
Goethe Apprenticeship/Travels> the Greatest German Poets Schiller a founder of modern German literature Kant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens> reason> The Musical Enlightenment J.S.Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical Enlightenment Handel 亨德尔 Bach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly between 1750 and 1820 Haydn Mozart Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position, leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music 7. 浪漫主义Romanticism late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise: the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book Romanticism in Germany The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress The Jena School: Schlegel Brothers, Novalis and Tieck Heine: 地位的结束 Romanticism in England Blake: The Lakers: Wordsworth and Coleridge Byron: poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny Shelley Keats Walter Scott Romanticism in France Chateaubriand : Victor Hug 法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。他于1827年发表的 Cromwell>是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。他的长篇小说 George Sand: Romanticism in Italy Manzoni: Leopardi: Romanticism in Russia Russia Romanticism began that way-adapting French plays and translating German and English poetry Pushkin: Byronic character his masterpiece is Romanticism in Poland Adam Mickiewicz: Art and Architecture Goya Spanish painter and etcher(蚀刻家)欧洲浪漫主义先驱 Execution of the Third of May> Children> David French Painter Delacroix Gericault French painter Turner English landscape painter Constable English landscape painter Turner and Constable代表了浪漫主义画派的最高成就 Music 早期浪漫主义音乐家： Beethoven(贝多芬) German Composer beginning of 19th century programme music Schubert（舒伯特）Austrian composer Chopin（肖邦）Polish composer Schumann(舒曼)German composer Mendelssohn（门德尔松）German composer后期浪漫主义音乐家： Berlioz（伯辽兹）French composer Liszt（里斯特）Hungarian composer Wagner（瓦格纳）German composer Brahms（伯拉姆斯）German composer Tchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russian composer 8. 马克思主义和达尔文主义Marxism and Darwinism The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy: Hegelian dialectics黑格尔辩证法 Feuerbach’s materialism费尔巴哈唯物论 Marxist Philosophy Dialectical materialism马克思主义辩证唯物论 Historical materialism 马克思主义历史唯物论 English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy Capital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics Surplus value was the source of profit, the source of the wealth of the capitalist class Doctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marx’s economic theory Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism Robert Owen: English industrialist and social reformer Henri de Saint-Simon: French social philosopher Charles Fourier: French social philosopher Darwinism As Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe, Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself. In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus, Galileo and Newton. Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolution Lamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject. However, he failed to produce any evidence, French naturalist（自然主义者） Lyell English geologist Karl Marx Darwin’s works and Theories: On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life The Descent of Man 9. 现实主义Realism arise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France Realism in France Stendhal 司汤达 Balzac巴尔扎克Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been called the English Balzac Flaubert福楼拜非常重视艺术形式he is often called the first French realist Zora 左拉founder of the naturalist school Maupassant 莫伯桑 Realism in Russia Gogol果戈里 Chickikov A character in Turgenev屠格涅夫the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基 Leo Tolstoy列夫托尔斯泰 Chekhov契诃夫 Sisters>三姐妹 Realism in Northern Europe Ibsen a plea for the emancipation of woman His plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama Strindberg his autobiographical works His first play is Realism in England This period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria, 这时期意味着大英帝国的顶峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整个国家内乱不断，危机重重 Charles Dickens 其小说展现了广阔的社会生活，真实情节与诗意气氛的结合，幽默、风趣与悲剧的结合 George Eliot(Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME) critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century Thackeray萨克雷 Thomas Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge> Bernard Shaw萧伯纳won the Nobel Prize in 1925 Realism in the United States Harriet Beecher Stowe: Walt Whitman: Considered to be the greatest of all American poets Mark Twain: masterpiece of humour, characterization and realism, has been considered the first modern American novel Henry James出身世家，所以关注上层人物the master beyond all masters Art Courbet库尔贝French artist 反映生活的真实是创作的最高原则 Millet米勒French artist “农民画家” Impressionism in Art印象派艺术 Manet Monet Post-Impressionism in Art后印象派艺术 Paul Cezanne赛尚 Van Gogh凡高 Paul Gauguin高更 10. 现代主义及其它思潮Modernism and other trends also called “the tradition of the new” “dehumanization of art” originating from the end of 19th century Discoveries made at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century: Rontgen: the discovery of X-rays伦琴德国物理学家发明X射线 Becquerel: the discovery of radioactive properties of uranium 贝克勒尔法国物理学家放射性现象的发现者，肯定了铀元素自发射线的性质 Marie Curie the discovery of radium居里夫人法国物理学家和放射学家发现镭 Soddy the discovery of isotopes索迪英国放射化学家同位素 Rutherford the discovery of the atomic nucleus卢瑟福英国物理学家发现原子核 Einstein Special Theory of Relativity General Principles of Relativity Contemporary Western Literature Eliot Conrad Woolf English novelist Lawrence English writer considered one of the “makers” of modern English fiction Love> Yeats Joyce Man> Irish writer Pound a leading figure of the Imagist movement Faulkner